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3
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cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
ea
d
in
g
,
r
em
ain
s
an
u
n
d
e
r
-
r
esear
ch
e
d
ar
ea
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
c
o
n
t
ex
t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
tu
d
ies
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
A
s
tu
d
y
[
9
]
f
u
r
th
er
e
m
p
h
asized
t
h
is
lack
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
lo
wer
-
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
Hen
ce
,
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
to
e
n
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
c
r
u
cial,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
b
iq
u
ity
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
a
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
an
s
wer
to
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
lear
n
er
s
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
2
]
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
s
tu
d
y
in
a
wa
y
th
at
is
cu
s
to
m
ized
to
th
eir
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
,
allo
w
in
g
th
em
to
in
te
r
ac
t
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
th
at
is
ad
ju
s
ted
to
th
eir
o
wn
s
p
ee
d
,
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
p
r
o
m
o
tes
im
m
er
s
iv
e
an
d
h
an
d
s
-
on
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies,
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Dig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
a
r
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les
o
f
lear
n
er
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
r
elate
d
to
th
is
h
av
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
o
f
s
u
ch
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
ar
ticle
aim
s
at
ex
am
in
in
g
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
in
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ca
n
p
o
ten
tially
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
o
r
ea
liz
e
th
ese
o
b
jec
tiv
es,
th
is
p
ap
er
a
n
s
wer
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
at
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
tu
d
i
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es f
o
r
th
e
p
ast 6
y
ea
r
s
?
ii)
Ho
w
d
o
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies s
u
p
p
o
r
t r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
s
o
m
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
ar
t a
n
d
s
cien
ce
o
f
q
u
ality
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
v
ie
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
p
o
ten
tials
o
f
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
em
p
lo
y
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
d
ata
b
ases
(
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
E
R
I
C
)
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
r
e
ad
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
tu
d
ies.
I
t
a
p
p
lies
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ilter
s
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
to
s
elec
t
r
esear
ch
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
th
eir
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
f
Fil
ip
in
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
u
s
es
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ized
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
to
an
aly
ze
ch
o
s
en
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
th
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
d
is
co
v
er
p
atter
n
s
,
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
al
lis
t
o
f
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
r
es
ea
r
ch
th
em
es.
T
h
is
is
to
d
ev
el
o
p
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
o
th
e
r
esear
c
h
tr
en
d
s
th
at
r
ev
o
lv
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
t
o
p
ics
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
r
ev
iew
s
e
ek
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
i
g
h
ts
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
wh
o
wis
h
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
Fil
ip
in
o
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
b
iases
,
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
im
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
ed
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
o
urce
s
Data
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
ap
er
c
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
two
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
atab
ases
.
First,
th
is
p
ap
er
s
o
u
g
h
t
ar
ticles
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
u
s
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
q
u
er
y
b
y
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
“
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
”
(
r
ea
d
in
g
AND
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
AND
in
AND
th
e
AND
Ph
ilip
p
in
es)
an
d
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
(
d
ig
ital A
ND
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
AN
D
in
teg
r
atio
n
AND
f
o
r
AND
r
ea
d
in
g
AND
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
)
.
T
h
e
two
m
ain
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
f
o
ci
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
b
ein
g
s
o
lely
ce
n
te
r
ed
o
n
r
e
ad
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
te
x
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tials
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
Sco
p
u
s
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
r
ev
iew
o
f p
r
a
ctice
s
a
n
d
d
ig
i
ta
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
…
(
A
lla
n
J
a
y
E
s
teb
a
n
)
3665
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
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d
ex
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4
0
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5
6
2
p
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r
-
r
ev
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jo
u
r
n
als
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
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m
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t
h
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p
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Ky
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ity
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elate
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p
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t
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e.
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R
I
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at
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am
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co
llects
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d
cr
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h
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s
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atab
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p
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[
2
0
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2
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2
.
I
nclu
s
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ex
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s
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T
h
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tio
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ex
p
lain
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th
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in
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s
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an
d
ex
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s
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cr
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n
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id
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in
th
is
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ap
er
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I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
alth
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u
g
h
th
e
s
am
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k
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d
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wer
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s
ed
f
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ea
r
ch
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p
ap
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a
r
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s
o
m
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d
if
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n
ce
s
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ter
m
s
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ce
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ea
r
ch
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ea
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u
r
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u
tili
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d
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ep
ar
at
ely
f
r
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m
t
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e
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ticu
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Sc
o
p
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s
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n
th
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th
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f
ilter
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wn
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1
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ak
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th
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p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
in
clu
s
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n
c
r
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fil
ter
s
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
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u
tili
ze
d
to
s
elec
t r
elev
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t p
ap
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s
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
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s
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
I
n
c
l
u
s
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o
n
Y
e
a
r
2
0
1
8
t
o
2
0
2
3
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b
j
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c
t
a
r
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a
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s,
a
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s
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n
d
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ma
n
i
t
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s
D
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me
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t
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y
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n
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La
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2
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f
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th
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m
p
r
eh
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s
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r
ev
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s
elec
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s
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et
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r
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ly
item
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it
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ef
in
ed
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clu
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ed
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p
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th
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r
ef
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l
m
eth
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e
n
s
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r
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q
u
ality
an
d
r
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th
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ch
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en
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r
e,
p
r
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m
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g
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s
y
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tem
atic
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f
o
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s
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am
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atio
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th
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p
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o
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th
is
r
ev
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Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ilter
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et
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o
r
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n
t p
ap
e
r
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
E
R
I
C
d
atab
ase.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fil
ter
s
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
elec
t r
elev
an
t p
ap
er
s
f
r
o
m
E
R
I
C
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
I
n
c
l
u
s
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o
n
Y
e
a
r
2
0
1
8
t
o
2
0
2
3
S
u
b
j
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c
t
a
r
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La
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a
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n
st
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c
t
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se
c
o
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
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n
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c
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a
c
h
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n
g
me
t
h
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D
o
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me
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t
t
y
p
e
Jo
u
r
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l
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r
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C
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t
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2
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o
r
r
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a
d
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t
r
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h
e
s
am
e
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
E
R
I
C
d
atab
ase.
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wev
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ld
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
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d
escr
ip
to
r
s
lan
g
u
ag
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in
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tr
u
ctio
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,
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
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ag
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in
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tr
u
ctio
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,
an
d
tea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
“
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
”
was
n
o
t
lim
ited
t
o
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
to
s
p
e
cif
ic
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
c
o
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
two
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
.
First,
f
o
r
t
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
(
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es),
e
x
clu
d
ed
we
r
e
p
ap
e
r
s
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
in
v
o
lv
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
o
r
co
n
tex
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
cr
iter
io
n
w
as
n
o
t
f
o
llo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
ea
r
c
h
(
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
ap
e
r
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
te
x
t.
Seco
n
d
,
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
a
r
ticles
th
at
f
o
cu
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
o
th
er
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g
u
ag
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ills
an
d
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es
(
e.
g
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wr
itin
g
,
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ten
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m
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ase
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ca
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)
o
th
e
r
th
an
r
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in
g
we
r
e
also
ex
clu
d
ed
.
L
astl
y
,
p
a
p
er
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t in
E
n
g
lis
h
wer
e
n
o
t in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
r
ev
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
two
p
ar
t
s
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
ar
ticles
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
g
two
p
ar
ts
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
f
in
d
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n
g
s
an
d
im
p
licatio
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s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ap
er
s
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
r
ticle
s
ea
r
ch
in
r
elatio
n
t
o
th
e
f
o
ci
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
la
s
t p
ar
t d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
ten
tial in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
6
6
3
-
3
6
7
2
3666
3
.
1
.
Art
icles o
n
“
re
a
din
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n in t
he
P
hil
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pin
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ab
le
3
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ea
l
s
th
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r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
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r
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ch
in
th
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Ph
ilip
p
in
es
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
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to
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0
2
3
.
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h
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f
o
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r
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m
Sco
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s
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f
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f
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.
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ab
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3
.
Stu
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b
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b
ase
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o
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k
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wo
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d
s
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r
ch
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in
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Ph
ilip
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Ti
t
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o
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e
l
a
t
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n
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
r
ee
p
a
p
er
s
(
3
7
.
5
%)
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
2
3
,
1
2
.
5
%
in
2
0
2
2
,
1
2
.
5
%
in
2
0
2
1
,
1
2
.
5
%
in
2
0
2
0
,
an
d
2
5
%
in
2
0
1
9
,
wh
ile
n
o
p
a
p
er
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
co
u
ld
m
ea
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
f
air
ac
ad
em
ic
in
ter
est
in
o
r
r
esear
ch
b
ein
g
d
o
n
e
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
m
o
r
e
in
ter
est in
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
em
e
in
2
0
2
3
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
1
]
d
ep
ar
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
a
n
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
r
e
ad
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
cies,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
wer
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
th
em
es
(
n
=
7
)
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
etr
iev
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ata
b
ases
.
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h
ese
t
h
em
es
ar
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
(
2
8
.
5
7
%)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
ass
ess
m
en
t
(
1
4
.
3
0
%)
[
2
1
]
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
tu
d
y
(
1
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3
0
%)
[
2
4
]
,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
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n
d
a
n
aly
s
is
(
1
4
.
3
0
%)
[
2
5
]
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
(
1
4
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3
0
%)
[
2
6
]
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
(
1
4
.
3
0
%)
[
2
7
]
,
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
(
1
4
.
3
0
%)
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
in
s
ig
h
t
f
u
l
in
p
r
o
v
in
g
a
g
lim
p
s
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
ca
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
in
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
i
es f
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
3
.
2
.
Art
icles o
n
“
dig
it
a
l t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
inte
g
ra
t
i
o
n f
o
r
re
a
din
g
ins
t
ruct
io
n
”
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
atab
a
s
es
s
ea
r
ch
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
et
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
r
e
v
ea
led
n
o
ar
ticle
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
Ph
ili
p
p
in
es
co
n
tex
t
f
o
r
th
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
“
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
”
Hen
ce
,
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
was
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
alo
n
e
.
T
ab
le
4
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
s
th
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t y
ea
r
s
(
2
0
1
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
an
d
2
0
2
3
)
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Stu
d
ies o
b
tain
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
“
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
”
Ti
t
l
e
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
Y
e
a
r
)
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
t
h
e
me
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
Ti
e
r
1
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
a
r
l
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
:
A
met
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
V
a
n
b
e
c
e
l
a
e
r
e
(
2
0
2
3
)
M
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
Th
e
u
se
o
f
w
e
b
3
.
0
t
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
:
c
a
s
e
b
l
o
g
s
i
n
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
i
mb
o
-
C
a
c
e
r
e
s (
2
0
2
2
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
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l
Ec
u
a
d
o
r
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p
p
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r
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g
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n
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n
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l
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sh
f
i
c
t
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o
n
l
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t
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r
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t
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r
e
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o
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r
s
e
N
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r
i
e
v
a
(
2
0
1
8
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
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l
R
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ss
i
a
Th
e
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i
g
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t
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r
a
mew
o
r
k
B
a
x
a
a
n
d
C
h
r
i
st
(
2
0
1
8
)
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
N
/
A
V
i
d
e
o
se
l
f
-
mo
d
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l
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n
g
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s
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d
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f
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y
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f
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d
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a
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u
a
g
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s w
i
t
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d
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s
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b
i
l
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t
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e
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Ed
w
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r
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n
d
L
a
m
b
r
o
s
(
2
0
1
8
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
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S
A
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
sk
i
l
l
s:
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
Q
-
T
a
l
e
s
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
e
-
b
o
o
k
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
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o
n
Lo
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
1
8
)
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
N
/
A
Th
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
so
c
i
a
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
mart
p
h
o
n
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
S
a
u
d
i
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
’
s
o
c
i
o
-
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
u
t
o
n
o
my
i
n
EFL
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
A
l
z
u
b
i
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
1
8
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
T
h
e
ar
ticles
in
T
ab
le
4
co
v
er
ed
o
n
ly
th
r
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3667
in
2
0
1
8
,
o
n
e
ar
ticle
(
1
4
.
3
%)
i
n
2
0
2
2
,
an
d
th
r
ee
ar
ticles
(
4
2
.
9
%)
in
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
ar
ticles
o
r
ig
in
ated
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
a
l
n
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
B
elg
iu
m
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
o
n
e
m
eta
-
an
al
y
s
is
ar
ticle
[
2
9
]
,
E
cu
a
d
o
r
[
3
0
]
,
R
u
s
s
ia
[
3
1
]
,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
i
[
3
2
]
,
an
d
USA
[
3
3
]
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
y
r
esear
c
h
th
em
e
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
two
p
ap
e
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
t
o
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
r
co
u
n
tr
y
is
n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
atab
ase.
T
h
is
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
t
o
p
ics
an
d
g
lo
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
d
icate
a
w
o
r
ld
wid
e
in
te
r
est
in
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
n
o
tab
ly
l
ac
k
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ap
er
s
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
a
p
o
ten
tial
g
ap
in
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
th
is
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t i
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t.
3
.
3
.
Rea
din
g
ins
t
ruct
io
n r
esea
rc
h in t
he
P
hil
i
pp
ine
s
T
h
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
8
to
2
0
2
3
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
p
r
esen
ted
a
f
air
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
to
p
ics
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
Sig
n
if
ican
tly
,
th
ese
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
co
v
er
ed
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
p
a
p
er
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
tr
at
eg
ic
r
ea
d
in
g
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
f
o
r
lef
t
-
b
eh
in
d
lear
n
er
s
[
2
3
]
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
-
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cien
ce
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
2
]
,
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
in
t
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
o
d
u
lar
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
cr
is
is
[
2
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
a
n
aly
tical
to
o
ls
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
n
o
n
-
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
in
Fil
ip
in
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el
lin
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
to
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
[
2
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
cu
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
in
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
n
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
C
h
av
ac
an
o
as
a
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
its
im
p
licatio
n
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
lev
els
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
am
o
n
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
r
em
e
d
ial
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
an
d
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
n
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
b
r
ea
d
t
h
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
am
o
n
g
Fil
ip
in
o
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
ea
tly
aid
ed
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
ett
in
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
to
p
ics
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
th
is
f
iel
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
ts
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
e
s
e
in
q
u
ir
ies,
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
ies,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial stra
teg
ies to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
ab
o
u
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
tailo
r
ed
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
ev
e
n
ch
allen
g
es
in
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
d
e
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
licit
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
e
ad
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
ca
r
city
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ig
ital
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
o
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
ab
le
d
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
in
d
icate
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
ield
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
I
f
p
r
o
p
er
ly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
,
d
i
g
ital
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
cu
s
to
m
ized
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ad
a
p
t
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
3
6
]
.
Utilizin
g
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
s
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
c
an
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
lack
o
f
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
in
d
ig
ital
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
e
m
p
h
asizes
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies o
f
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
teac
h
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
liter
ac
y
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
3
.
4
.
Dig
it
a
l t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
inte
g
r
a
t
io
n in r
ea
din
g
ins
t
r
uct
io
n
I
n
th
e
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
p
ap
er
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
em
p
h
asized
th
e
v
ar
ied
u
s
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
ai
d
in
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
m
eta
-
an
a
ly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Van
b
ec
elae
r
e
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
T
ier
1
d
ig
ital
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
r
ea
d
in
g
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
e
d
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
.
Similar
ly
,
An
tó
n
-
San
ch
o
an
d
Sán
c
h
ez
-
C
alv
o
[
3
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
3
.
0
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
ca
s
e
b
lo
g
s
in
v
ir
tu
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wca
s
ed
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
cu
ttin
g
-
e
d
g
e
o
n
lin
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Nu
r
iev
a
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
len
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
in
an
E
n
g
lis
h
f
ictio
n
liter
atu
r
e
c
o
u
r
s
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ated
d
ig
ital
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
“T
h
e
Dig
iLit
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
”
[
3
4
]
a
n
d
“E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
”
[
3
5
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ia
l
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
o
r
g
an
ized
d
ig
ital
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
L
o
n
g
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
ci
al
tactics
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
o
f
lear
n
er
s
in
an
E
FL
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
ey
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
llectiv
ely
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
way
s
i
n
wh
ich
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
te
x
ts
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
6
6
3
-
3
6
7
2
3668
W
h
ile
th
e
s
tated
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
f
e
r
ed
v
al
u
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
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to
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
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o
lo
g
y
i
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
tab
le
g
ap
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
I
n
f
ac
t,
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
PISA
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
lis
t in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
is
s
itu
ated
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
.
T
h
e
Ph
i
lip
p
in
es sco
r
ed
a
m
ea
n
o
f
3
4
0
in
2
0
1
8
,
b
elo
w
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
a
v
er
ag
e
an
d
b
e
h
in
d
th
e
USA
(
M
=
5
0
5
)
,
B
elg
iu
m
(
M
=
4
9
3
)
,
R
u
s
s
ia
(
M
=
4
7
9
)
,
a
n
d
Sa
u
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
(
M
=
3
9
9
)
.
B
elg
iu
m
(
M
=
4
7
9
)
an
d
USA
(M
=
5
0
4
)
s
tay
ed
c
o
n
s
tan
t
b
y
2
0
2
2
,
wh
ile
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
(
M
=
3
8
3
)
s
co
r
ed
lo
wer
t
h
an
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ass
ess
m
en
t
y
ea
r
b
u
t
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
(
M
=
3
4
7
)
s
lig
h
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
ese
r
an
k
in
g
s
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
w
h
ile
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
its
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
8
an
d
2
0
2
2
,
it
s
till
lag
g
ed
b
e
h
in
d
t
h
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
ed
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
in
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
3
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
W
ith
th
e
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
av
ailab
le
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
o
wi
n
g
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
[
4
1
]
–
[
4
3
]
,
th
er
e
is
a
ch
an
ce
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ta
r
g
eted
r
esear
ch
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
t sp
ec
if
i
c
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
lac
k
o
f
s
p
ec
ializ
ed
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
in
d
icate
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
u
b
ject
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
ch
ild
r
e
n
co
u
ld
g
r
ea
tly
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
in
cr
ea
s
ed
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Hen
c
e,
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t a
m
o
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
3
.
5
.
Su
g
g
estio
ns
f
o
r
m
o
re
inn
o
v
a
t
iv
e
re
a
din
g
ins
t
ruct
io
n us
in
g
dig
it
a
l t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
e
v
ea
led
th
e
lack
o
f
s
tu
d
ies in
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
th
is
p
a
p
er
p
o
s
its
PR
E
AC
T
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
E
AC
T
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
3
.
5
.
1
.
P
o
licy
f
ra
m
ew
o
rk
f
o
r
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
u
les
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
e
ad
in
g
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
lear
n
er
s
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
ese
p
o
licies
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
d
i
r
ec
tiv
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
tr
ateg
ically
d
ep
lo
y
th
em
with
in
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
,
a
n
d
ass
ess
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
B
y
o
u
tlin
in
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
f
o
r
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
m
an
n
e
r
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
liter
ac
y
o
u
tco
m
es f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
4
]
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
f
un
din
g
a
nd
co
lla
bo
ra
t
io
n
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ag
en
cies,
an
d
tech
co
m
p
an
ies
i
s
ess
en
tial
to
co
n
d
u
ct
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
o
n
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
[
4
5
]
.
B
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
co
o
p
er
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
r
ev
iew
o
f p
r
a
ctice
s
a
n
d
d
ig
i
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l te
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o
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teg
r
a
tio
n
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
…
(
A
lla
n
J
a
y
E
s
teb
a
n
)
3669
ad
d
r
ess
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
e
ed
s
b
ey
o
n
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
b
en
e
f
itin
g
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
t
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tailo
r
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
in
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
4
6
]
.
3
.
5
.
3
.
E
m
pirica
l
re
s
ea
rc
h a
nd
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
E
n
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
em
p
i
r
ical
s
tu
d
ies
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
d
ig
ital
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
Fil
ip
in
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
[
4
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
r
esear
c
h
is
ess
en
tial
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Su
ch
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
allo
w
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
to
ass
ess
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
m
ed
iate
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
to
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
b
u
t
also
s
u
s
tain
its
b
en
ef
its
o
v
e
r
tim
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
d
ig
ita
l to
o
ls
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
Fil
ip
in
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
3
.
5
.
4
.
Ada
ptio
n o
f
curr
iculu
m
a
nd
re
s
o
urce
s
R
ev
is
itin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
d
ig
i
tal
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
lear
n
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
co
n
tex
t
[
4
8
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
o
r
ad
a
p
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
s
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
,
au
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lity
,
d
ig
ital
g
am
es
ca
n
o
f
f
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
v
en
u
es
t
o
en
g
a
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
alig
n
with
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
ef
lect
th
e
cu
lt
u
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t.
B
y
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tin
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
with
th
ese
tailo
r
ed
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
ca
ter
to
d
i
v
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
an
d
u
ltima
tely
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
3
.
5
.
5
.
Co
mm
un
it
y
eng
a
g
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
a
cc
ess
L
ev
er
ag
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
d
ev
ices
is
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
en
ef
it f
r
o
m
an
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
ass
is
ted
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
e
r
s
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
es.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
p
er
s
o
n
alize
lear
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
ca
ter
to
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
lea
r
n
in
g
s
ty
les,
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
ter
a
ctiv
e
an
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
co
n
ten
t to
e
n
h
an
ce
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
r
ete
n
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
3
.
5
.
6
.
T
ea
cher
t
ra
ini
ng
a
nd
dev
elo
pm
ent
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
f
a
cilitatin
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
is
ess
en
tial
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
lev
er
ag
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
est
in
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
u
ltima
tely
f
o
s
t
er
a
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
m
ay
ass
is
t
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
liter
ac
y
o
u
tco
m
es,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
ca
n
h
elp
n
ar
r
o
w
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
g
ap
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
at
lar
g
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
t
ed
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
ay
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ili
t
y
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
u
n
i
q
u
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
5
1
]
–
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
ese
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
m
ay
v
ar
y
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
r
eg
io
n
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
ties
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
r
ea
d
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
8
a
n
d
2
0
2
3
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
th
em
es,
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
n
o
tic
ea
b
le
g
ap
ex
is
ts
in
s
p
ec
iali
ze
d
r
esear
ch
o
n
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
E
R
I
C
d
atab
ases
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
g
lo
b
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
lack
o
f
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
i
n
th
is
ar
ea
.
Su
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
if
p
u
r
s
u
ed
,
c
o
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
o
f
f
e
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
to
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
Fil
ip
in
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
th
is
r
ev
iew
o
f
f
er
s
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
l
an
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
d
ea
r
th
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
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c
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d
b
ac
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a
p
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
V
.
I
d
u
l
o
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
i
l
i
p
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t
s’
r
e
a
d
i
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a
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l
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:
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n
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f
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p
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me
n
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,
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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o
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a
l
J
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o
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v
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l
.
2
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o
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2
,
p
p
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2
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v
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.
[
2
]
J.
B
a
u
t
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st
a
,
“
P
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sh
o
w
s
P
H
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.
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v
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:
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[
3
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C
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mm
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.
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v
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:
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[
4
]
M
.
H
e
r
n
a
n
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-
M
a
l
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p
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t
,
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[
5
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O
.
K
.
T.
K
i
l
a
g
,
D
.
C
.
C
.
P
u
l
v
e
r
a
,
R
.
C
.
G
a
b
o
t
e
r
o
,
a
n
d
E.
R
.
M
.
A
d
l
a
w
a
n
,
“
A
st
u
d
y
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s’
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
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a
d
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n
g
:
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mp
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c
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t
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o
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s
f
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d
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v
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p
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sc
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d
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p
r
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a
ms,
”
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u
r
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p
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a
n
J
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Pra
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c
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s
,
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.
1
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
6
–
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9
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
6
]
N
.
K
.
L
i
b
r
e
a
,
A
.
M
.
Lu
c
i
a
n
o
,
M
.
L.
S
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,
M
.
D
.
L
i
b
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e
s
,
a
n
d
A
.
C
.
Jr
.
,
“
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d
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c
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sk
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l
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s o
f
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p
u
p
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s i
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t
h
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P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s:
S
y
st
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ma
t
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c
r
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v
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w
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
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f
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Re
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n
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p
p
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d
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c
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d
E
n
g
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T
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y
,
v
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l
.
1
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,
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4
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p
p
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1
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,
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2
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:
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2
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1
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i
j
r
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se
t
.
2
0
2
3
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4
9
4
8
0
.
[
7
]
S
.
K
h
a
z
a
i
e
a
n
d
S
.
Eb
a
d
i
,
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x
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s.
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c
a
n
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c
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ted
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n
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c
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k
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in
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ig
ra
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h
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n
d
.
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is
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n
As
sista
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o
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h
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De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
n
g
li
s
h
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d
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m
a
n
it
ies
,
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n
tral
Lu
z
o
n
S
tate
U
n
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r
sity
(C
LS
U),
P
h
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ip
p
i
n
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
e
n
c
a
lan
g
@c
lsu
.
e
d
u
.
p
h
.
Prin
c
e
s
Ma
r
a
E.
P
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g
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d
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lt
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m
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m
b
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p
a
rtme
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t
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g
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sh
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m
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LS
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h
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is
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rre
n
tl
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d
y
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,
p
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rsu
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a
P
h
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M
u
lt
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ra
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t
M
a
h
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,
T
h
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n
d
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
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n
tere
sts
in
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lu
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e
Li
tera
ry
Crit
icism
,
G
e
n
d
e
r
S
tu
d
ies
,
M
u
lt
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l
tu
ra
l
S
t
u
d
ies
,
Cu
lt
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ra
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S
tu
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ies
,
a
n
d
F
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m
Crit
icism
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
m
p
a
g
a
d
o
r@
c
lsu
.
e
d
u
.
p
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.