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le
f
o
r
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
ig
n
o
r
e
t
h
e
cr
u
cial
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
T
PAC
K
an
d
ad
eq
u
ately
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
m
p
eten
cies
to
m
a
x
im
ize
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
An
ex
em
p
lar
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
th
is
r
e
g
ar
d
is
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
at
Ma
h
a
s
ar
ak
h
am
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
h
ig
h
ly
r
eg
ar
d
ed
f
o
r
its
ex
ce
llen
ce
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
i
n
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
f
ac
u
lty
p
lace
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
T
PAC
K
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
with
in
its
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
t
h
e
f
ac
u
lty
is
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
a
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
p
h
ase,
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
5
ye
ar
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
a
4
y
e
ar
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
No
tab
ly
,
b
o
th
cu
r
r
icu
la
s
h
ar
e
p
a
r
allel
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
e
v
id
en
t
in
c
o
r
e
s
u
b
ject
clu
s
ter
s
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
ar
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
t
h
e
4
y
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
aliza
tio
n
asp
ec
ts
to
alig
n
with
th
e
lim
ited
tim
ef
r
am
e.
T
h
is
ch
an
g
e
m
ay
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
ac
t
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
d
ed
icate
d
to
cu
ltiv
atin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
th
e
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
ted
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
a
b
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
a
v
e
h
e
ig
h
ten
ed
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
'
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
T
PAC
K.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
co
m
e
to
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze
th
e
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
eir
o
wn
lear
n
in
g
an
d
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
z
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
t
u
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
in
f
l
u
en
tial
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
t
h
at
s
h
ap
e
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
with
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
an
y
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
s
till
lack
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
T
PAC
K
to
in
teg
r
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
T
PAC
K
[
3
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ch
o
lar
ly
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
it
is
d
is
ce
r
n
ed
th
at
b
o
th
co
m
m
u
n
ities
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
(
C
o
P)
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
(
L
S)
s
tan
d
as
ef
f
icac
io
u
s
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
a
d
ep
t
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
f
a
cilitatin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tic
e
p
lace
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ab
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
lear
n
in
g
d
esig
n
.
Hen
ce
f
o
r
th
,
it m
ay
b
e
ass
er
ted
th
at
C
o
P a
n
d
L
S a
r
e
t
wo
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
clu
d
in
g
teac
h
er
s
'
T
PAC
K
[
4
]
–
[
7
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ities
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
w
h
o
s
h
a
r
e
a
m
u
t
u
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
a
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
e
n
d
e
a
v
o
r
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
ct
w
it
h
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
i
t
[
8
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
P
i
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
b
e
l
i
e
f
t
h
at
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
s
a
s
o
c
i
a
l
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
t
h
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
i
r
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
f
l
i
k
e
-
m
i
n
d
e
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
w
h
o
s
h
a
r
e
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
es
t
o
r
f
i
e
l
d
.
C
o
P
u
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
es
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
o
c
ia
l
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
en
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
i
t
s
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
a
s
a
m
e
a
n
s
t
o
f
o
s
t
e
r
t
h
e
c
u
l
t
iv
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
C
o
P
s
e
r
v
e
s
as
a
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
ti
v
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
W
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
is
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
,
as
p
i
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
s
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
i
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
n
g
ag
e
i
n
p
e
e
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
.
C
o
P
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
h
e
s
a
s
o
c
ia
l
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
f
a
c
i
l
it
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
a
ct
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
we
en
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
s
h
ar
e
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
n
t
e
r
es
ts
a
n
d
o
b
j
e
c
t
iv
e
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
,
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
d
e
a
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
i
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
es
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
f
o
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
e
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
T
P
AC
K
[
5
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
is
an
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
PAC
K
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
L
ess
o
n
s
tu
d
y
is
an
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
d
r
iv
en
b
y
teac
h
er
s
th
em
s
elv
e
s
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
co
llectiv
ely
estab
lis
h
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
e
f
o
r
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
an
aly
ze
th
eir
p
r
ac
tice
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
r
ef
u
l
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
less
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
a
n
d
teac
h
er
-
led
p
r
ac
t
ice
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ac
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
with
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
as
th
ey
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
r
ef
lect
o
n
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
[
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
L
S
is
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
o
th
e
r
teac
h
er
s
in
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
,
a
n
al
y
zin
g
,
an
d
r
e
f
lectin
g
o
n
less
o
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
l
es
s
o
n
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
cu
ltiv
ate
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
cu
ltu
r
e
am
o
n
g
t
ea
ch
in
g
teac
h
er
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
u
n
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
ar
ed
wo
r
k
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
in
s
till
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
d
esig
n
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
th
a
t
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
teac
h
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
I
t
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
d
ev
elo
p
wel
l
-
r
o
u
n
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
ass
er
ted
t
h
at
less
o
n
s
tu
d
y
is
an
o
th
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
an
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
tan
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
th
e
L
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
is
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
'
co
m
p
eten
cies,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
its
ad
ep
t
ap
p
licatio
n
with
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
ettin
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
i
t
h
as
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
teac
h
er
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
[
2
7
]
.
As
a
p
o
ten
tial
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
tea
ch
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
L
S
h
as
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
o
ls
ter
in
itiativ
es
led
b
y
teac
h
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
lear
n
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
tice,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
le
d
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
th
at
m
a
y
lack
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
class
r
o
o
m
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
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I
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
tea
ch
e
r
s
’
TPA
C
K
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
o
f c
o
mmu
n
ity
…
(
K
a
n
ya
r
a
t Co
jo
r
n
)
4239
co
m
m
u
n
ities
h
o
ld
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
em
p
o
we
r
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
in
d
iv
er
s
e
way
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
es
u
ltin
g
in
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[2
8
]
.
I
n
th
ese
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
o
r
C
o
P,
te
ac
h
er
s
ar
e
a
f
f
o
r
d
ed
th
e
ch
an
ce
to
s
h
ap
e
th
e
tr
ajec
t
o
r
y
o
f
th
eir
o
wn
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
ei
r
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
with
in
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
s
ettin
g
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
L
S
[
3
0
]
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
if
it
in
v
o
lv
es
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
t
ex
t,
with
s
im
ilar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
is
s
u
es,
it
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
L
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
ass
er
ted
th
at
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
t
is
also
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
in
L
S
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
L
S
co
n
ce
p
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
lear
n
i
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
o
r
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
with
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
co
n
tex
t
is
lik
ely
to
y
ield
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
An
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
ex
tan
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
am
alg
am
atio
n
o
f
th
e
L
S
an
d
C
o
P
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
C
o
P
an
d
L
S
co
n
s
titu
tes
a
p
o
ten
tially
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
a
u
g
m
e
n
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cy
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
2
]
–
[
34
].
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
esear
ch
g
ap
e
x
is
ts
in
th
e
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
C
o
P
an
d
L
S
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
f
o
r
T
PAC
K,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
with
d
iv
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
aim
to
em
p
ir
ically
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
o
th
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
T
PAC
K
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
tea
ch
er
s
.
C
o
P
in
v
o
lv
e
ex
ch
an
g
i
n
g
v
alu
ab
le
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
cu
ltiv
atin
g
a
s
h
ar
e
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
T
PAC
K
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
L
S
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
t
ea
ch
er
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
,
g
ain
i
n
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
r
ef
in
i
n
g
T
PAC
K
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
elv
es
in
to
h
o
w
d
is
tin
ct
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
o
Ps
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
T
PAC
K
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t te
ac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
o
P
co
m
b
in
ed
with
L
S
(
C
o
P
-
L
S)
as
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ac
tiv
ity
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
T
PA
C
K.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
will
in
v
esti
g
at
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
g
u
id
elin
e
in
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
T
PAC
K.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
will
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
C
o
P
-
L
S
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
o
P
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
ze
d
b
y
d
is
tin
ct
attr
ib
u
tes
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
li
ter
atu
r
e
o
n
T
PAC
K,
C
o
P,
an
d
L
S
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
w
ill
h
elp
to
in
f
o
r
m
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
itiativ
es a
im
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
'
T
PAC
K
an
d
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
a
ctice
s
in
th
e
d
ig
ital e
r
a.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
p
ar
allel
m
ix
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ea
m
less
ly
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
d
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
ject.
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
lly
s
elec
tin
g
8
s
tu
d
e
n
t
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
Ma
h
asar
ak
h
am
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
's
Gen
er
al
Scien
ce
Pro
g
r
am
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
b
o
th
4
-
y
ea
r
an
d
5
-
y
ea
r
tr
ac
k
s
.
T
h
is
tar
g
eted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
o
f
f
e
r
u
n
iq
u
e
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
in
ter
s
e
ctio
n
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
elec
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
in
q
u
ir
y
[
3
6
]
.
All p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
in
teg
r
al
to
b
o
th
q
u
an
titat
iv
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
is
r
o
o
ted
in
th
eir
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
to
f
u
r
n
is
h
elab
o
r
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
n
d
in
tr
icate
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
i
ns
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
to
c
o
m
b
in
e
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
with
less
o
n
s
tu
d
y
was
b
ased
o
n
C
o
jo
r
n
a
n
d
So
n
s
u
p
ap
[
3
4
]
.
I
t
was
ca
r
ef
u
lly
m
o
d
if
ied
to
s
u
it
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
r
a
ctitio
n
er
.
T
h
e
C
o
P
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
ese
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
t
ea
ch
er
s
wh
o
s
h
ar
ed
s
im
ilar
in
ter
ests
an
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
s
tag
e
s
:
elicit
in
g
,
d
esig
n
in
g
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
,
an
d
r
ef
lectin
g
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
C
o
P
-
L
S
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
ill
u
n
f
o
ld
in
cy
cles
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
all
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
p
an
el
o
f
f
iv
e
esteem
ed
ex
p
er
ts
ev
alu
ated
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
s
u
itab
ilit
y
r
atin
g
o
f
4
.
9
8
.
T
h
is
s
co
r
e
attests
to
t
h
e
ac
tiv
ity
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
alig
n
m
en
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with
o
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m
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o
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r
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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er
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4240
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
g
u
id
elin
e
b
ased
o
n
C
o
P
-
LS
C
o
P
p
l
u
s
LS
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
El
i
c
i
t
i
n
g
Th
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
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s
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h
o
t
e
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h
t
h
e
same
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b
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e
c
t
i
n
t
h
e
sam
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
a
n
d
f
a
c
e
si
mi
l
a
r
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
c
o
m
e
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
t
o
sh
a
r
e
t
h
e
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s,
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s.
D
e
si
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n
i
n
g
Th
e
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
mb
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o
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e
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o
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n
s
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v
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
P
-
LS
lear
n
in
g
a
ct
iv
ity
T
h
e
T
PAC
K
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
b
a
s
ed
o
n
Sch
m
id
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
,
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
at
in
g
s
ca
le.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ass
ess
es
al
l
s
ev
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
T
PAC
K,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
K,
C
K,
T
PK,
an
d
T
PAC
K.
E
ac
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
item
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
0
.
9
5
,
a
n
d
th
e
item
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
4
.
8
8
to
5
.
0
0
.
A
r
ec
o
r
d
o
f
a
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
was
cr
ea
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
m
ain
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
to
p
ics:
i)
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
C
o
P
-
L
S
ac
tiv
ity
;
ii)
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
o
P
-
L
S
ac
tiv
ity
;
an
d
iii)
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
o
p
-
L
S
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
in
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
b
y
co
n
s
u
ltin
g
with
f
i
v
e
ex
p
er
ts
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
item
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
to
b
e
1
.
0
0
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
item
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
4
.
8
0
to
5
.
0
0
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
less
o
n
p
lan
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
An
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
T
PAC
K
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
T
wo
d
is
tin
ct
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
C
o
P
co
u
ld
b
e
cr
ea
ted
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
f
iel
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
co
n
te
x
t
wh
ich
ar
e
:
i)
C
o
P
A
is
a
C
o
P
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
s
tu
d
e
n
t
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
c
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
n
am
ely
,
4
y
ea
r
an
d
5
-
y
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
;
an
d
ii
)
C
o
P
B
is
a
C
o
P
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
4
s
t
u
d
en
t
teac
h
e
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
B
o
th
C
o
Ps
co
n
d
u
cted
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
u
id
elin
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
co
m
b
in
ed
less
o
n
s
tu
d
y
,
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
wh
o
wer
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
ac
h
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
g
u
id
an
ce
,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
ass
is
tan
ce
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
u
id
elin
e.
Af
ter
c
o
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
em
ester
,
a
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
T
PAC
K
ev
alu
atio
n
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
wer
e
h
eld
with
b
o
th
C
o
Ps
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
ass
ess
th
e
T
PAC
K
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
f
ield
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
was
an
a
ly
ze
d
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
S.D.
)
.
T
h
ese
s
tatis
tica
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
th
en
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
Niess
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
b
y
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
r
an
g
es
4
.
2
1
–
5
.
0
0
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
a
d
v
an
cin
g
,
3
.
4
1
–
4
.
2
0
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
,
2
.
6
1
–
3
.
4
0
r
e
f
er
s
to
m
ea
n
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
a
d
a
p
tin
g
,
1
.
8
1
–
2
.
6
0
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
a
cc
e
p
tin
g
,
an
d
1
.
0
0
–
1
.
8
0
r
ef
er
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
class
if
ied
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
p
u
t
th
em
in
to
an
o
r
d
er
b
ef
o
r
e
c
ar
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
an
aly
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
T
PAC
K
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
is
a
s
s
es
s
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
r
elativ
e
g
ain
s
co
r
e
(
R
GS)
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Ka
n
jan
awa
s
ee
[
4
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
tea
ch
e
r
s
’
TPA
C
K
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
o
f c
o
mmu
n
ity
…
(
K
a
n
ya
r
a
t Co
jo
r
n
)
4241
R
elativ
e
g
ain
s
co
r
e
(
R
GS)
=
((X
2
–
X
1
)
/(
Y
-
X1
)
)
×
1
0
0
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
,
X
2
=
s
co
r
e
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
ev
al
u
atio
n
;
X
1
=
s
co
r
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
e
v
alu
atio
n
; a
n
d
Y
=
f
u
ll sco
r
e
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
T
P
AC
K
a
m
o
n
g
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
C
o
P
A
,
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
t
ea
c
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
4
y
e
a
r
a
n
d
5
y
e
a
r
S
ci
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
y
i
el
d
e
d
in
s
i
g
h
t
f
u
l
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
.
A
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
C
o
P
B
,
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
a
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
l
y
s
tu
d
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
T
PA
C
K
s
t
u
d
y
,
m
e
t
i
c
u
l
o
u
s
l
y
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
d
e
l
i
n
e
at
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
T
PA
C
K
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
b
e
t
w
ee
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
t
i
n
ct
a
n
d
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
e
c
ti
v
e
C
o
P
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
2
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
a
ly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
T
PAC
K
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
teac
h
er
s
with
in
C
o
P
A
h
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
d
ap
tin
g
s
tag
e
to
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tag
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
PK
an
d
PC
K
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ed
f
r
o
m
ad
ap
tin
g
t
o
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
,
w
h
ile
T
C
K
an
d
T
PK
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
r
o
m
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
to
a
d
v
an
cin
g
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
T
K
an
d
C
K.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
it
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
t
h
at
an
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
T
PAC
K
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
in
C
o
P
B
r
ev
ea
led
a
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ad
a
p
tin
g
s
tag
e
to
t
h
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tag
e.
Up
o
n
clo
s
er
s
cr
u
tin
y
o
f
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
it
is
ev
id
e
n
t
th
at
T
K
ex
h
i
b
its
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tag
e
to
th
e
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
s
tag
e
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
lte
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
C
K,
P
K,
PC
K,
T
C
K,
an
d
T
PK.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
x
am
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
T
PAC
K
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
em
ester
s
,
an
a
n
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
as
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
R
GS
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
in
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
co
h
o
r
ts
o
f
C
o
P
A
an
d
C
o
P
B
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
,
d
elv
in
g
in
to
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
th
e
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
elativ
e
g
ai
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
C
o
P
A
an
d
C
o
P
B
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
elu
cid
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dr
awin
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
d
ata
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
o
f
th
e
T
PA
C
K
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
C
o
P
A
an
d
C
o
P
B
,
a
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
p
atter
n
em
er
g
es.
No
tab
ly
,
b
o
th
o
v
e
r
all
T
PAC
K
an
d
its
co
n
s
titu
en
t
s
u
b
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ex
h
ib
it
a
co
n
g
r
u
e
n
t
tr
en
d
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
C
o
P
A
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ab
ly
s
u
p
er
io
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
th
eir
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
with
i
n
C
o
P
B
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
C
o
P
A
an
d
C
o
P
B
,
a
m
y
r
iad
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
em
es
s
u
r
f
ac
ed
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
co
llectiv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
ese
em
er
g
en
t
th
em
es,
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
'
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
ca
n
b
e
d
is
till
ed
in
t
o
s
ev
er
al
s
alien
t
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
en
s
u
in
g
s
u
m
m
ar
y
en
ca
p
s
u
lates th
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
g
lean
e
d
f
r
o
m
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ti
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.
”
(
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m
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C
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)
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.
“
I
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p
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s
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tin
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ty
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me
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ec
t
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h
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n
g
.
”
(
M
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m
b
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r
1
:
C
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P
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)
“
C
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a
tl
y
a
p
p
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c
i
a
t
e
d
.
”
(
M
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m
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r
1
:
C
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P
B
)
W
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“
Th
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kin
d
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d
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lts
if
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me
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o
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a
ls
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n
g
e
.
”
(
M
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m
b
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r
2
:
C
o
P
A
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
R
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d
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
tea
ch
e
r
s
’
TPA
C
K
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
o
f c
o
mmu
n
ity
…
(
K
a
n
ya
r
a
t Co
jo
r
n
)
4243
“
I
a
g
r
ee
w
ith
my
fr
ien
d
.
F
o
r
ex
a
mp
le,
in
r
eflec
tin
g
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
mes
a
n
d
imp
r
o
vin
g
o
u
r
a
ctivities,
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
b
en
eficia
l
to
h
a
v
e
s
en
io
r
mem
b
ers
w
h
o
ca
n
p
r
o
vid
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
w
h
a
t
a
d
ju
s
tmen
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ma
d
e
a
n
d
in
w
h
ic
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
p
r
o
ce
ed
.
I
f
w
e
o
n
ly
h
a
ve
i
n
e
x
p
e
r
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e
n
c
e
d
mem
b
ers
,
w
e
mig
h
t
feel
th
a
t
o
u
r
effo
r
ts
a
r
e
n
o
t
yield
i
n
g
r
esu
lts
,
b
u
t
fig
u
r
in
g
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
m
a
ke
effec
tive
a
d
ju
s
tmen
ts
w
o
u
ld
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tia
l th
o
u
g
h
t a
n
d
co
n
s
id
era
tio
n
.
”
(
Me
m
b
er
3
: Co
P A
)
“
A
t
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
o
f
o
u
r
ex
p
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r
ien
ce
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
w
ith
fr
ien
d
s
,
I
w
a
s
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
a
b
o
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t
w
h
a
t
t
o
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b
ec
a
u
s
e
w
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h
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d
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ll
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n
co
u
n
tered
s
imila
r
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
.
I
f
th
ere
w
ere
o
th
er
s
w
h
o
p
o
s
s
es
s
ed
mo
r
e
kn
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
ex
p
erien
ce
th
a
n
u
s
,
it
w
o
u
ld
likely
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
o
u
r
ex
c
h
a
n
g
es
.”
(
Me
m
b
er
3
: Co
P B
)
“
Give
n
th
a
t
w
e
h
a
ve
h
a
d
s
imila
r
ex
p
erien
ce
s
s
in
ce
o
u
r
ea
r
ly
ye
a
r
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
it
b
ec
o
mes
d
iffi
cu
lt
to
fin
d
d
is
tin
ct
to
p
ics
to
ex
ch
a
n
g
e.
I
b
eliev
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
s
o
meo
n
e
w
ith
d
iffer
en
t
p
ers
p
ec
tives
a
n
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
fr
o
m
o
u
r
s
w
o
u
ld
g
r
ea
tly
imp
r
o
ve
th
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
”
(
Me
m
b
er
2
: Co
P B
)
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
ac
tiv
ities
h
in
g
es
u
p
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
al
p
r
in
cip
les
s
u
ch
as
tr
u
s
t,
o
p
en
n
ess
,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
o
th
er
s
,
an
d
a
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
to
en
g
ag
e
in
cr
iti
ca
l
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
ti
tu
en
t
elem
en
ts
as
s
u
m
e
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
cu
ltiv
atin
g
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
clea
r
ly
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
ialo
g
u
e.
T
h
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
s
er
v
es
as
em
p
ir
ical
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
r
itical
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
to
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t o
f
a
n
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
an
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ilieu
.
“
I
n
my
o
p
in
io
n
,
tr
u
s
t
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
n
ess
a
r
e
ess
en
tia
l
fo
r
a
c
h
ievin
g
s
u
cc
ess
fu
l
r
esu
lts
in
th
ese
a
ctivities.
I
t
is
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
fr
o
m
b
o
t
h
fr
ien
d
s
a
n
d
s
en
io
r
mem
b
ers
w
ith
a
n
o
p
en
min
d
,
w
ith
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u
t
a
s
s
u
min
g
th
a
t
th
ey
a
r
e
b
la
min
g
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s
.
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s
h
o
u
ld
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illi
n
g
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n
f
r
o
m
th
ei
r
d
ivers
e
p
ers
p
ec
tives.
A
t
fir
s
t,
I
felt
d
is
h
ea
r
ten
ed
w
h
en
my
meticu
lo
u
s
ly
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la
n
n
e
d
a
ctivity
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esir
ed
o
u
tco
mes.
Ho
w
ev
er,
u
p
o
n
c
a
r
efu
lly
lis
ten
in
g
a
n
d
r
eflec
tin
g
o
n
th
e
feed
b
a
ck
p
r
o
vid
ed
b
y
a
s
en
io
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mem
b
er,
I
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
th
e
va
lid
ity
o
f
th
eir
r
ema
r
ks.
Th
erefo
r
e,
ma
in
ta
in
in
g
a
n
o
p
e
n
-
min
d
ed
a
ttit
u
d
e
is
cru
cia
l.
”
(
Me
m
b
er
1
: Co
P A
)
“
I
a
g
r
ee
w
ith
yo
u
,
a
s
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
I
a
m
a
s
en
io
r
mem
b
er,
t
h
ere
a
r
e
a
r
ea
s
w
h
ere
I
p
ercei
ve
th
in
g
s
d
iffer
en
tly
fr
o
m
o
th
er
s
.
I
t
w
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
a
llen
g
i
n
g
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
c
t
i
v
it
i
es
if
I
s
o
lely
co
n
s
id
ere
d
myself
a
s
s
u
p
erio
r
w
ith
mo
r
e
ex
p
eri
en
ce
a
n
d
d
is
mis
s
ed
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
o
th
ers
.
E
mb
r
a
cin
g
a
n
o
p
en
min
d
a
llo
w
s
u
s
to
lea
r
n
n
ew th
in
g
s
th
a
t we m
a
y
h
a
ve
o
ve
r
lo
o
ke
d
.
”
(
Me
m
b
er
4
: Co
P A
)
“
Ha
vin
g
th
e
co
u
r
a
g
e
t
o
s
p
ea
k
u
p
,
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
d
ir
ec
tly,
is
b
o
th
a
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
a
w
ea
kn
ess
.
Offeri
n
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
is
cru
cia
l,
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
lis
ten
m
u
s
t
r
esp
ec
t
a
n
d
b
e
o
p
e
n
-
min
d
e
d
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
a
cc
ep
t d
iffer
en
t p
ers
p
ec
tives.
”
(
Me
m
b
er
3
: Co
P B
)
4.
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[
4
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,
[
4
2
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
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I
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t
J
E
v
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&
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d
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,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
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b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
2
3
7
-
4
2
4
6
4244
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
i
n
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
g
r
o
wth
.
U
l
ti
m
a
t
el
y
,
t
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
en
h
a
n
c
e
s
t
ea
c
h
e
r
s
'
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
r
e
f
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
i
r
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
a
c
ti
c
es
[
2
4
]
,
[
4
3
]
, [
4
4
]
.
I
n
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
T
PAC
K
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
s
o
f
C
o
P
A
a
n
d
C
o
P
B
,
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
d
is
p
ar
ities
em
e
r
g
e.
C
o
P
A,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
m
em
b
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
m
an
if
ests
a
n
o
tab
ly
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
T
PAC
K
ev
o
lu
tio
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
its
co
u
n
t
er
p
ar
t,
C
o
P
B
,
ev
id
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
aly
s
es.
A
m
o
r
e
g
r
an
u
lar
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
es
th
at
C
o
P
A
s
u
b
s
t
an
tiates
h
eig
h
ten
ed
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
p
er
tain
in
g
to
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
T
PAC
K,
in
s
tar
k
co
n
tr
ast
to
C
o
P
B
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
C
o
P
A
s
h
o
wca
s
es
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
ed
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
tr
id
es
in
PK,
PC
K,
T
C
K,
an
d
T
PK,
with
n
o
tab
le
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
Ad
ap
tin
g
t
o
Ad
v
an
cin
g
in
PK
an
d
PC
K,
an
d
f
r
o
m
E
x
p
lo
r
in
g
to
Ad
v
an
cin
g
in
T
C
K
an
d
T
PK.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
C
o
P
B
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ad
v
an
c
em
en
ts
s
o
lely
in
th
e
T
K
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
E
x
p
lo
r
in
g
to
ad
v
an
cin
g
,
wh
i
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
C
K,
PK,
PC
K,
T
C
K,
an
d
T
PK
ex
h
ib
it
n
eg
lig
ib
le
alter
atio
n
s
.
A
ca
r
e
f
u
l
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
es
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
C
o
P
A,
wh
ile
C
o
P
B
s
h
o
ws
a
s
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e.
C
o
P
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wi
th
L
ess
o
n
Stu
d
y
,
p
r
io
r
itize
ex
p
er
t
co
ac
h
es
with
ex
ten
s
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
ey
f
ac
il
itate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
en
h
a
n
ce
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
wit
h
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
with
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
,
as e
m
p
h
asized
b
y
W
en
g
er
[
8
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
p
ee
r
s
f
o
s
ter
s
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
C
o
P
m
em
b
er
s
.
I
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
m
ain
s
lik
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
n
ewe
r
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
C
o
P
m
em
b
er
s
h
as
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
e
m
er
g
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
ac
tiv
ities
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
with
in
C
o
P
A,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
tea
ch
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
th
e
C
o
P
-
L
S,
p
r
o
v
es
to
b
e
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
g
r
ea
ter
a
d
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
T
PAC
K.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
t
tea
ch
er
s
r
ef
lect
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
ac
tiv
i
ties
o
r
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
with
in
th
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
elies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
n
its
m
em
b
er
s
,
wh
o
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
k
e
y
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
a
s
tr
o
n
g
C
o
P
with
d
iv
er
s
e
ex
p
er
tis
e.
T
h
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
lead
t
o
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
ch
a
n
g
es,
a
n
d
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
am
o
n
g
m
em
b
er
s
to
att
ain
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
5
]
–
[
4
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
,
it
will
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
LS
in
a
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
u
n
ity
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
in
ce
r
ity
,
r
ec
ip
r
o
city
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
C
o
P
an
d
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
,
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
iv
e
n
to
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
.
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
C
o
P
A,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
m
em
b
e
r
s
with
d
iv
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
a
n
d
s
er
v
in
g
in
m
en
to
r
-
m
en
tee
r
o
les,
en
g
en
d
e
r
s
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
u
tu
al
tr
u
s
t
an
d
ca
m
ar
ad
er
ie
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
s
en
io
r
m
em
b
e
r
s
m
ay
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
th
e
C
o
P,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
t
o
f
av
o
r
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
an
al
y
zin
g
b
o
th
C
o
Ps
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
lim
i
ted
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
C
K
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
th
e
Gen
er
al
Scien
ce
p
r
o
g
r
am
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Ma
h
asar
a
k
h
am
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
alr
ea
d
y
p
o
s
s
ess
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
th
e
s
u
b
jects
th
ey
will
teac
h
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
em
to
p
r
io
r
iti
ze
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
n
o
v
elty
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
o
v
er
C
K.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
C
K
r
ec
eiv
es
les
s
atten
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
ch
a
n
g
es,
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
its
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
-
teac
h
er
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
h
ed
s
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
C
o
P
-
L
S
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
is
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tal
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
n
o
tab
le
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
-
teac
h
er
s
'
T
PAC
K.
No
tab
ly
,
it
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
eir
T
PAC
K
b
u
t
also
allev
iates
th
eir
wo
r
k
lo
ad
,
in
s
till
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
teg
r
ated
C
o
P
-
L
S
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
n
o
tab
ly
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
cu
ltiv
atin
g
T
PAC
K
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
en
h
an
cin
g
T
PAC
K
in
asp
ir
in
g
teac
h
er
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
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C
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[
8
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E.
W
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,
C
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