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1
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[
4
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1
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1
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13
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6
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Dec
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itical
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
i
n
g
,
h
i
n
g
es
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
ac
i
litatio
n
,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
W
h
il
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
a
d
eq
u
at
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
[
2
7
]
,
m
an
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
lack
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
1
3
]
.
Desp
ite
lack
in
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
,
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
will
in
g
n
ess
to
teac
h
o
n
lin
e
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
r
ec
is
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
e
v
elo
p
s
E
R
OT
-
i,
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
n
o
m
in
al
g
r
o
u
p
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ex
p
e
r
t
v
alid
atio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
th
is
to
o
l,
aim
in
g
t
o
estab
lis
h
r
ea
d
in
ess
is
s
u
e
s
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
b
a
s
ed
o
n
ex
p
er
t o
p
i
n
io
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
elin
ea
tes
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
d
o
p
te
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
wer
e
ce
n
ter
e
d
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
g
r
o
u
p
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
NG
T
)
with
in
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
r
esear
ch
(
D
DR
)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
DDR
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
s
tag
es:
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Fo
r
a
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
ases
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
with
in
th
e
DDR ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
r
e
f
er
t
o
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ph
ase
an
d
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
in
DDR ap
p
r
o
ac
h
2
.
1
.
Nee
ds
a
na
ly
s
is
ph
a
s
e
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase,
an
i
n
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
DDR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
v
o
lv
es
g
ath
er
i
n
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
g
r
o
u
p
n
ee
d
s
with
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
y
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
to
r
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
p
h
a
s
e
s
er
v
es
as
a
cr
u
cial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
is
s
u
es
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
ass
es
s
in
g
n
ee
d
s
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
i
n
d
in
g
o
p
ti
m
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
r
eso
lu
tio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
lear
n
er
s
alik
e,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
m
to
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
teac
h
in
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
alig
n
ed
wi
th
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
f
o
r
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
id
en
tify
in
g
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
is
s
u
es,
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
n
ew
r
e
ad
in
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
in
th
is
p
h
ase
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
c
o
llects
d
ata
o
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
h
ases
with
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
o
p
in
io
n
s
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
NGT
[
3
0
]
.
2
.
2
.
No
m
ina
l g
r
o
up
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
T
h
e
NGT
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
llect
a
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
id
ea
s
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
p
ic
in
an
o
r
g
an
ized
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
an
n
e
r
[
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
itially
co
n
ce
iv
e
d
as
a
p
a
r
ticip
ato
r
y
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
,
it
in
v
o
lv
ed
ex
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
r
esear
ch
,
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
citizen
s
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
w
ith
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es,
an
d
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
[
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
NGT
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
e
m
p
ir
ical
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
with
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
its
p
r
im
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
with
in
h
ea
lth
s
tu
d
ies
in
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
PHA
S
E
3
E
v
al
ua
t
i
o
n
Ra
sc
h
Me
as
ur
em
ent
M
ode
l
PHA
S
E
2
D
e
si
g
n
an
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
pm
e
nt
S
e
m
i
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
Int
e
r
v
i
e
w
an
d
F
uz
z
y
D
e
l
ph
i
M
e
t
ho
d
(
F
D
M
)
PHA
S
E
1
N
e
e
d
A
na
l
y
si
s
N
o
m
i
na
l
G
r
o
up
T
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
(
N
G
T
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
o
min
a
l g
r
o
u
p
tech
n
iq
u
es to
a
s
s
ess
tea
ch
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
fo
r
o
n
lin
e
tea
ch
i
n
g
…
(
F
a
r
a
h
Da
mia
Mo
h
d
N
a
s
ir
)
3947
id
en
tify
is
s
u
es,
ex
p
lo
r
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
io
r
itize
t
h
em
.
NGT
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
u
n
f
am
iliar
g
r
o
u
p
s
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tatu
s
an
d
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
b
alan
ce
d
.
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
NGT
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
s
t
ep
s
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
NGT
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
en
g
a
g
e
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
g
en
er
ate
an
d
p
r
io
r
itize
id
ea
s
.
Firstl
y
,
in
s
ilen
t
r
ef
lectio
n
,
th
ey
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
id
ea
s
r
elate
d
to
a
g
iv
en
q
u
esti
o
n
,
jo
ttin
g
th
em
d
o
wn
with
o
u
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
en
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
b
in
,
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
h
ar
es
o
n
e
id
ea
,
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
with
o
u
t
d
eb
ate
u
n
til
all
id
ea
s
ar
e
e
x
h
a
u
s
ted
.
Nex
t,
in
clar
if
icatio
n
,
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
r
ev
iewe
d
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
m
er
g
ed
if
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
in
r
atin
g
o
f
s
tatem
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
co
r
e
ea
ch
id
ea
f
r
o
m
f
iv
e
to
o
n
e
b
ased
o
n
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
-
s
co
r
in
g
id
ea
r
ec
eiv
in
g
f
iv
e
p
o
in
ts
an
d
th
e
least
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
e
ce
iv
in
g
o
n
e.
Fo
cu
s
R
ef
lectio
n
allo
ws
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
to
d
is
cu
s
s
th
eir
th
o
u
g
h
ts
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
tatem
en
ts
with
o
u
t
in
d
iv
id
u
al
attr
ib
u
tio
n
,
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
.
Fin
ally
,
in
m
a
r
k
s
co
llatio
n
an
d
s
tatem
en
t
r
an
k
in
g
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
m
p
iles
s
co
r
es
to
r
an
k
s
tatem
en
ts
b
y
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
a
n
d
ev
al
u
ates
o
v
er
all
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
ea
ch
id
ea
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es th
o
r
o
u
g
h
i
d
ea
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
.
B
y
m
an
d
atin
g
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
v
o
tin
g
,
as
well
as
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
,
th
e
NGT
p
r
o
m
o
tes
g
en
u
in
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
NGT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
at
all
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
ac
ce
p
ted
ch
a
n
g
es
b
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
o
n
f
lip
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s
c
a
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
’
s
v
a
l
i
d
it
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
a
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
o
f
0
.
9
2
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
w
e
r
e
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
l
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
s
[
1
0
]
.
E
x
p
e
r
t
s
r
e
ce
i
v
e
d
N
G
T
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
a
d
a
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
d
s
es
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
,
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
ca
l
e
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
a
c
k
e
d
b
y
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
e
m
p
h
as
i
z
es
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
o
p
i
c
s
e
le
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
t
g
r
o
u
p
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
es
t
a
b
l
is
h
m
en
t
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
N
G
T
r
el
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
an
d
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
5
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
n
o
min
a
l g
ro
up
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
1
5
ex
p
e
r
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
o
t
h
f
r
o
m
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
t
wo
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
a
n
o
n
lin
e
NGT
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Me
et
d
u
e
to
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
ca
l
an
d
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
wa
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
a
m
o
d
e
r
ato
r
,
wh
o
s
er
v
ed
as
an
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
m
an
ag
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
NGT
s
ess
io
n
,
last
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
two
h
o
u
r
s
wh
ic
h
is
a
n
o
p
tim
al
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
NGT
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
s
tep
s
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
NGT
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
we
r
e
f
o
llo
we
d
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
[
3
7
]
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
T
ab
le
3
,
u
p
o
n
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
ess
io
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
NGT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
er
i
v
e
r
esu
lts
aim
ed
at
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
NGT
is
n
o
tab
ly
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
as
it
ce
n
ter
s
o
n
th
e
d
ete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
A
v
alu
e
o
f
7
0
%
o
r
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
is
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
ele
m
en
ts
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Step
s
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
in
NGT
S
t
e
p
s
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
S
t
e
p
1
En
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s (
e
x
p
e
r
t
s)
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
S
t
e
p
2
Th
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
sc
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
e
mp
l
e
t
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
N
G
T.
S
t
e
p
3
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
sc
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
i
n
t
o
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
f
o
r
m t
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
:
(
%
)
=
100
A
=
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
m
B
=
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
a
l
e
u
s
e
d
S
t
e
p
4
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
sh
m
e
n
t
o
n
i
ss
u
e
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
.
S
t
e
p
5
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
a
n
k
o
n
i
ss
u
e
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
n
e
w
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
t
o
l
o
w
e
st
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
o
n
lin
e
NGT
s
ess
io
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
g
ain
ed
cr
u
cial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
i
n
g
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
a
n
e
w
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
v
ia
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t.
E
x
p
er
ts
m
ar
k
ed
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
ass
ig
n
ed
s
co
r
es
t
o
ev
alu
ated
item
s
,
wh
ic
h
will
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
in
t
o
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
T
a
b
le
4
d
is
p
lay
s
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
is
s
u
es in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
to
tal
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
item
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
t
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
to
tal
s
co
r
e
b
elo
n
g
ed
to
item
7
,
“
I
ag
r
ee
lac
k
o
f
o
n
lin
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
ea
d
in
ess
is
an
is
s
u
e
in
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
r
ea
d
in
ess
”
,
s
co
r
in
g
9
5
with
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
9
0
.
4
%.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
item
2
,
“
I
ag
r
ee
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
is
to
u
g
h
”
,
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
lo
west
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
f
8
2
with
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
7
8
%.
All
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
r
atin
g
s
s
u
r
p
ass
ed
th
e
7
0
%
th
r
esh
o
ld
as
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
in
d
icati
n
g
e
x
p
er
ts
’
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
id
en
tifi
ed
is
s
u
es
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
a
b
le
5
s
h
o
wca
s
es
d
ata
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
n
e
w
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
’
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
I
tem
s
1
1
,
1
2
,
an
d
1
3
ass
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
n
ew
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
in
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
8
3
.
8
%
an
d
9
0
.
4
%
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
o
r
item
s
1
1
an
d
1
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
9
2
.
4
%
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
item
1
3
.
E
x
p
er
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
o
n
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
u
ch
an
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
NGT
f
o
r
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
,
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
Ma
la
y
s
ia
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
co
n
cu
r
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
is
s
u
es
in
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
at
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
r
elev
an
t liter
atu
r
e
o
n
o
n
lin
e
te
ac
h
in
g
,
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
e
-
lear
n
in
g
will b
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
o
min
a
l g
r
o
u
p
tech
n
iq
u
es to
a
s
s
ess
tea
ch
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
fo
r
o
n
lin
e
tea
ch
i
n
g
…
(
F
a
r
a
h
Da
mia
Mo
h
d
N
a
s
ir
)
3949
T
ab
le
4
.
D
a
t
a
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
’
r
e
a
d
i
n
es
s
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
i
o
n
s
N
o
.
I
t
e
m
Ex
p
e
r
t
s
g
r
o
u
p
sc
o
r
e
To
t
a
l
sco
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
(
%)
V
o
t
e
r
s
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
M
(
n
=
8
)
IN
(
n
=
7
)
1.
I
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
sl
y
.
48
43
91
8
6
.
7
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
2.
I
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
s
t
o
u
g
h
.
46
36
82
7
8
.
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3.
M
o
s
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
s
t
r
u
g
g
l
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
48
44
92
8
7
.
6
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4.
M
a
n
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
i
ssu
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
c
l
a
ss
e
s.
46
40
86
8
1
.
9
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
5.
M
a
n
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
i
ss
u
e
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
a
mo
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
.
44
42
86
8
1
.
9
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
6.
I
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
r
se
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
ss
u
e
s
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
.
46
45
91
8
6
.
7
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
7.
I
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
l
a
c
k
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
ss
u
e
s
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss.
50
45
95
9
0
.
4
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
8.
I
a
d
mi
t
t
h
a
t
t
i
me
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
ssu
e
s
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss.
50
44
94
8
9
.
5
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
9.
I
a
d
mi
t
t
h
a
t
l
a
c
k
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
ssu
e
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss.
48
38
86
8
1
.
9
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
0
.
I
a
d
mi
t
t
h
a
t
l
a
c
k
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
i
ssu
e
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
50
42
92
8
7
.
6
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
N
o
t
e
:
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
≥
7
0
%
T
ab
le
5
.
Data
f
in
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
n
ew
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
at
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
N
o
.
I
t
e
m
Ex
p
e
r
t
s
g
r
o
u
p
sc
o
r
e
To
t
a
l
sco
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
(
%)
V
o
t
e
r
s
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
M
(
n
=
8
)
IN
(
n
=
7
)
1
1
.
I
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
NO
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
st
r
u
m
e
n
t
mea
s
u
r
e
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
.
50
38
88
8
3
.
8
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
2
.
I
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
L
E
S
S
o
f
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
mea
s
u
r
e
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
.
50
45
95
9
0
.
4
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
3
.
I
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
e
c
e
ssar
y
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
n
e
w
i
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
t
o
mea
s
u
r
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
.
52
45
97
9
2
.
4
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
N
o
t
e
:
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
≥
7
0
%
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
t
h
e
NGT
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
n
ess
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
in
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
f
r
o
m
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia.
T
h
e
u
n
an
im
o
u
s
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
ex
p
er
ts
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
n
ew
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ch
all
en
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
in
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
em
p
h
asize
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
tailo
r
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
W
h
ile
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
lim
itatio
n
s
lik
e
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
er
t
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
la
y
s
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
with
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
p
lay
in
g
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le.
O
v
er
all,
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
alu
a
b
le
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
in
q
u
ir
y
an
d
in
itiativ
es
to
en
h
an
ce
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
alik
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
e
r
i
Ma
lan
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
u
n
d
er
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
o
f
Un
i
v
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i
Ma
lan
g
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
R
esear
ch
Mo
b
ilit
y
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
3
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
1
6
.
2
.
3
5
/UN3
2
.
3
2
/KS2
0
2
3
.
W
ith
o
u
t th
eir
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
jec
t w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
S
u
r
y
a
n
t
i
,
D
.
S
u
t
a
j
i
,
T.
N
u
s
a
n
t
a
r
a
,
a
n
d
S
u
b
a
n
j
i
,
“
A
n
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
f
o
r
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
si
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
1
1
7
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
9
3
3
/
1
/
0
1
2
1
1
7
.
[
2
]
N
.
T
.
V
a
n
,
A
.
F
.
A
b
b
a
s,
H
.
A
b
u
h
a
s
s
n
a
,
F
.
A
w
a
e
,
a
n
d
D
.
D
i
k
e
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
f
o
r
s
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