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Facu
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Ah
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id
1.
I
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RO
D
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Pre
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th
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p
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d
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to
u
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s
tan
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[
1
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.
T
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is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
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ts
,
wh
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[
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.
As
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c
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allen
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[
3
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,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
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it
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to
p
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u
n
cin
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letter
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T
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m
(
s
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p
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b
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with
s
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r
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to
th
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th
r
o
at
[
4
]
.
Fu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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P
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cia
tio
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p
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A
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R
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4213
v
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to
alwa
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v
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[
5
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,
w
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ter
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[
6
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.
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[
6
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[
7
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T
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an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
g
ain
e
d
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
is
io
n
.
Un
til
p
r
esen
t,
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
as
ce
n
ter
ed
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
n
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
SIBI)
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
B
I
SIN
DO)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
e
d
ia
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
s
k
ills
,
with
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
at
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
v
is
u
al
l
ea
r
n
er
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as
au
th
e
n
tic
o
b
jects,
r
ep
licas,
an
d
p
ictu
r
es,
as
well
a
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
i
ctu
r
e
ca
r
d
s
,
Ar
ab
ic
letter
ca
r
d
s
,
an
d
I
q
r
a
b
o
o
k
,
is
cr
u
cial
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Pro
n
u
n
ciatio
n
lear
n
i
n
g
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
d
em
an
d
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
v
is
u
al
an
d
v
is
u
o
s
p
atial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ea
r
ly
v
is
u
al
an
d
p
ar
ietal
co
r
tex
.
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
au
d
ito
r
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
is
u
al
m
o
tio
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
[
1
1
]
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
r
d
-
b
ased
m
ed
ia
t
o
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
m
e
an
in
g
a
n
d
r
ea
d
th
e
Qu
r
an
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
i
n
v
o
lv
es
Q
u
r
an
ic
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
v
is
u
al
m
o
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
th
e
v
o
ca
l
s
o
u
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
ea
ch
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
s
h
o
wn
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
ef
f
icac
y
in
h
elp
in
g
p
e
o
p
le
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
in
m
aster
in
g
ma
kh
ā
r
iju
l
ḥ
u
r
ū
f
(
th
e
p
lac
e
wh
er
e
th
e
letter
s
co
m
e
o
u
t
w
h
en
th
ey
ar
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
)
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
Qu
r
an
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
v
o
ca
l a
n
d
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
t e
x
er
cises
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
o
u
t th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
atten
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
th
er
a
p
y
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
lear
n
in
g
with
m
ed
ia
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
ices th
at
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
en
ten
ce
s
(
au
d
io
)
s
p
o
k
en
b
y
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
to
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
o
tex
t th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ee
ch
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
o
b
il
e
m
ed
ia
an
d
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
h
o
n
ics
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
[
1
9
]
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
es
ea
r
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
ed
ia
an
d
v
is
u
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
im
atio
n
,
a
s
well
as
v
o
ca
l
an
d
co
n
s
o
n
an
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ex
er
cise
s
,
ig
n
o
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
r
o
o
ted
in
t
h
e
ar
ticu
latio
n
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
b
y
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
e
r
ap
y
b
ased
o
n
ar
ticu
latio
n
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
i
s
lim
ited
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
elu
cid
ate
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
Ar
ab
i
c
letter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
m
o
tiv
atin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
th
er
ap
e
u
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es
.
T
h
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
ar
ticle
is
th
at
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ed
ir
ec
t
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
s
en
s
es
to
v
is
u
al,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
o
r
al
ex
er
cises
,
ar
ticu
latio
n
th
er
ap
y
an
d
ar
ticu
latio
n
m
ass
ag
e
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
p
ee
c
h
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
ar
ticu
latio
n
m
ass
ag
e
s
tar
ts
with
th
e
f
ac
ial
m
u
s
cles,
lip
m
u
s
cles,
to
n
g
u
e
m
u
s
cles,
n
ec
k
an
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
er
g
ir
d
le
m
u
s
cles
[
2
1
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
ar
ticle
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
au
d
ito
r
y
an
d
s
o
u
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
i
s
to
p
ic
:
i
)
it
h
ad
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
u
ch
atten
tio
n
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
;
ii
)
it
co
u
ld
h
elp
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
an
d
iii
)
th
e
th
e
r
ap
y
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
k
i
n
esth
etic
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
,
co
u
l
d
ass
is
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
th
e
Qo
tr
u
n
n
ad
a
I
s
lam
ic
Sp
ec
ial
Sch
o
o
l
(
SLB)
s
itu
ated
in
B
an
tu
l,
Yo
g
y
ak
a
r
ta
,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
is
lo
ca
tio
n
was
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
d
iv
er
s
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
v
ar
io
u
s
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
o
r
ig
i
n
s
,
an
d
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
f
o
cu
s
was sp
ec
if
ically
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
p
u
r
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
y
ag
e
a
n
d
len
g
th
o
f
th
er
a
p
y
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
elec
tio
n
was
tak
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
ag
es
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
1
5
t
o
1
9
y
ea
r
s
an
d
h
ad
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
r
ap
y
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
y
ea
r
s
,
to
talin
g
1
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
C
r
eswell
’
s
o
p
in
io
n
[
2
2
]
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
5
to
2
2
p
eo
p
le
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
1
5
an
d
1
9
y
ea
r
s
,
o
r
ig
in
ate
d
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
Pati,
B
ek
asi,
Mo
jo
k
er
to
,
T
a
n
g
er
a
n
g
,
R
em
b
a
n
g
,
Gr
esik
,
an
d
B
o
g
o
r
.
E
ac
h
ex
h
ib
ited
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
,
wh
ich
wer
e
v
alid
ate
d
b
y
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
al
as
a
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
e
r
ap
y
co
n
s
u
lt
an
t,
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
team
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
er
ap
y
,
an
d
th
e
AM
AB
A
b
o
o
k
m
ed
ia
is
u
s
ed
to
h
elp
th
em
ar
ticu
late
th
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
au
d
ito
r
y
in
p
u
t,
k
i
n
esth
etic
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
em
en
ts
.
I
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
s
tar
tin
g
with
A
lif
,
Mim
,
an
d
Ba
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ea
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ig
h
t sid
e
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
a
litativ
e
m
eth
o
d
,
r
ely
in
g
o
n
p
r
i
m
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ata
was
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
co
n
d
u
cted
at
th
e
Qo
tr
u
n
n
a
d
a
SLB
in
B
an
tu
l,
Y
o
g
y
ak
a
r
ta.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
in
clu
d
e
d
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
e
r
ap
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
n
ec
ess
itated
th
e
th
er
ap
y
.
T
h
es
e
th
r
ee
th
er
ap
ies
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
itial
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
wh
o
ten
d
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
2
1
2
-
4
2
2
4
4214
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
r
ee
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
n
am
ely
:
atten
tio
n
d
ef
icit,
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ci
n
g
f
r
icativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lty
i
n
r
eg
u
latin
g
b
r
e
ath
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
.
Seco
n
d
a
r
y
d
ata
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
j
o
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
r
elate
d
to
Ar
ab
i
c
letter
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t i
n
d
icato
r
b
o
o
k
to
ass
ess
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
wh
er
e
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
will
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
item
s
r
e
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
an
d
r
ef
lect
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
th
at
will
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
with
alm
o
s
t
o
r
cl
o
s
e
to
th
e
s
am
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
ts
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ar
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ata
th
at
will b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
ed
two
p
a
r
ties
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
n
am
ely
:
i
)
in
f
o
r
m
an
ts
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
p
u
r
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
an
d
ii
)
class
teac
h
er
s
an
d
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
an
with
a
d
esk
r
ev
iew,
f
ield
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
v
iews,
an
d
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
(
FGDs
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
a
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
ch
a
n
g
es
in
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
o
n
p
u
r
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
v
ar
y
in
g
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
a
p
y
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
I
n
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
th
r
ee
teac
h
e
r
s
(
T
P,
R
A,
an
d
GL
)
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
P,
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l p
r
in
cip
al
an
d
co
-
au
th
o
r
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
s
er
v
ed
as
a
v
alid
ato
r
o
f
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
d
ata
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
FGDs
wer
e
h
eld
to
co
n
f
ir
m
in
itial
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
th
e
r
a
p
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
AM
AB
A
b
o
o
k
s
er
v
ed
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
m
ed
i
u
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
n
u
n
cia
tio
n
th
er
a
p
y
,
an
d
it
o
f
f
e
r
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
le
ar
n
in
g
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
k
in
e
s
th
etic
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
em
en
ts
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
cti
o
n
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
co
m
m
e
n
ce
d
with
A
lif
,
Mim
,
an
d
B
a
.
Data
co
llectio
n
s
tar
ted
with
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
p
u
r
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
ile
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
AM
AB
A
b
o
o
k
,
a
n
d
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
r
esu
lts
wer
e
li
s
ten
ed
to
an
d
r
ep
ea
te
d
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
an
y
m
is
tak
es
o
r
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
th
er
ap
y
was
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
two
f
o
r
m
s
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
was
d
ata
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
a
n
d
in
ter
v
iews,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
an
d
s
y
n
o
p
s
es
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
class
if
icatio
n
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
d
ata
v
er
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
was
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
s
tar
ted
with
th
e
r
estatem
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
v
ie
ws,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
to
id
en
tify
p
atter
n
s
o
r
tr
en
d
s
in
th
e
d
ata,
an
d
co
n
clu
d
ed
with
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
co
llected
d
ata.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
f
o
r
dea
f
s
t
ud
ent
s
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ev
el
o
p
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
h
e
ar
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
an
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
th
eir
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
d
if
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
a
d
n
o
r
m
al
h
ea
r
in
g
[
7
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
tactile
p
h
ase
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
s
p
ee
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
n
o
o
b
s
tacle
s
wer
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
m
en
t
th
e
s
p
ee
ch
ab
ilit
ies
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
th
eir
im
itatio
n
was
lim
ited
to
p
h
y
s
ical
g
estu
r
es
an
d
m
o
v
em
en
ts
[
2
9
]
.
I
t
was
wid
ely
b
eliev
ed
th
at
r
ea
d
in
g
(
wr
itin
g
)
was
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
3
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
a
d
b
ee
n
c
r
iticized
f
o
r
is
o
latin
g
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
3
1
]
.
Ver
b
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
h
en
ce
,
it
n
ee
d
e
d
to
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
.
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
to
lear
n
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
a
n
d
ar
ticu
late
wo
r
d
s
with
p
r
o
p
er
a
n
d
clea
r
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
On
e
ess
en
tial
less
o
n
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ea
l
-
life
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
was
p
r
ac
ti
cin
g
o
r
al
ar
ticu
latio
n
a
n
d
g
o
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
th
er
a
p
y
,
s
u
ch
as
lear
n
in
g
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
.
َ
ص
،
َ
س
،
َ
ف
،
َ
ي
،
َ
ن
،
َ
ض
،
َ
ط
،
َ
د
،
َ
ت
،
ل
،
َ
و
،
َ
ب
،
َ
م
،
َ
ا
َ
ر
،
َ
ه
،
َ
ع
،
َ
خ
،
َ
غ
،
َ
ح
،
َ
ق
،
َ
ك
،
َ
ش
،
َ
ث
،
َ
ظ
،
َ
ذ
،
َ
ج
،
َ
ز
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
o
n
u
n
cia
tio
n
th
era
p
y
fo
r
d
ea
f stu
d
en
ts
in
co
p
in
g
w
ith
A
r
a
b
ic
letter d
iffi
cu
ltie
s
(
R
ika
A
s
ta
r
i
)
4215
3
.
2
.
Ara
bic v
o
wels a
nd
co
ns
o
na
nts pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n
T
h
e
h
u
m
an
s
p
ee
c
h
o
r
g
a
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
wer
e
class
if
ied
in
to
v
o
wels,
s
em
iv
o
wels,
an
d
c
o
n
s
o
n
a
n
ts
.
Vo
wels
wer
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
v
i
b
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ca
l
co
r
d
s
with
o
u
t
an
y
co
n
s
tr
ictio
n
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ca
l
tr
ac
t
[
3
2
]
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
air
f
lo
w
s
m
o
o
th
with
o
u
t
an
y
o
b
s
tacle
s
o
r
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
[
3
3
]
.
Ar
ab
ic
v
o
wels
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
fa
th
a
,
ka
s
r
a
,
an
d
d
a
mma
,
an
d
wer
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
b
u
z
zin
g
cr
ea
ted
b
y
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
v
o
ca
l
co
r
d
s
[
3
4
]
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
,
co
n
s
o
n
an
t
s
wer
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
o
b
s
tr
u
cti
n
g
th
e
air
f
l
o
w
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
v
o
ca
l
tr
ac
t
ab
o
v
e
th
e
g
lo
ttis
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
o
u
n
d
was
cr
ea
ted
b
y
th
e
air
f
lo
w
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
u
th
an
d
b
ei
n
g
o
b
s
tr
u
cted
at
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ticu
latio
n
p
o
in
ts
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
o
n
an
ts
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e,
f
r
icativ
e,
v
o
iced
,
o
r
v
o
icele
s
s
,
an
d
o
f
ten
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
s
o
m
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
air
f
l
o
w,
wh
eth
er
s
tr
o
n
g
o
r
wea
k
.
So
m
e
lin
g
u
is
ts
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
h
ad
2
8
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
ts
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
ile
th
er
e
was
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
s
em
iv
o
wels
an
d
c
o
n
s
o
n
an
ts
in
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
ea
lm
,
th
ey
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
am
e
in
p
r
ac
tice.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
n
o
te
th
at
s
em
iv
o
wels h
ad
b
o
th
c
o
n
s
o
n
an
t a
n
d
v
o
wel
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
3
7
]
.
3
.
3
.
Dea
f
A
p
er
s
o
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
ea
f
if
th
ey
h
av
e
a
d
is
o
r
d
er
o
r
d
am
a
g
e
in
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
te
r
,
m
id
d
le,
an
d
in
n
er
ea
r
o
r
g
a
n
s
,
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
s
p
r
o
p
er
h
ea
r
in
g
d
u
e
to
d
is
ea
s
e,
ac
cid
en
t,
o
r
o
th
er
u
n
k
n
o
wn
ca
u
s
es
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Dea
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
two
,
n
am
ely
d
ea
f
an
d
h
ar
d
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
class
if
ied
in
to
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
e
[
4
0
]
,
s
en
s
o
r
in
eu
r
al
[
4
1
]
,
c
o
n
d
u
ci
v
e
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
p
e
r
ce
p
tu
al
[
4
4
]
,
an
d
m
ix
ed
d
ea
f
n
ess
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
1
8
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
u
n
iq
u
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
eir
in
itial
ass
es
s
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
en
tailed
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
in
itial
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
ab
ilit
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
er
ap
y
,
ag
e,
a
n
d
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
er
ap
y
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
in
itial
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
ab
ilit
ies.
Six
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
an
in
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
an
y
Ar
a
b
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
eig
h
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
c
o
r
r
ec
tly
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
th
e
[
a]
s
o
u
n
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
2
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
th
e
[
wa
]
s
o
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
o
n
ly
1
(
AF)
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
u
p
to
7
s
o
u
n
d
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
ass
ess
m
en
t,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
ited
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
f
o
cu
s
ed
atten
tio
n
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
th
er
a
p
y
b
ef
o
r
e
c
o
m
m
en
ci
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g
t
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
o
f
Ar
a
b
ic
l
etter
s
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
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em
o
tio
n
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s
tates
co
m
p
r
is
ed
a
r
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g
e
o
f
b
eh
a
v
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s
,
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cl
u
d
in
g
tan
tr
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m
s
r
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g
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r
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s
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ce
llp
h
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u
s
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(
DU)
,
d
ep
r
ess
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(
YE
S),
s
u
lk
in
g
with
s
ilen
ce
(
SA)
,
lo
w
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
e
p
is
o
d
es
o
f
with
d
r
a
wn
b
eh
av
i
o
r
f
ea
t
u
r
in
g
ar
m
f
o
l
d
in
g
wh
ile
s
itti
n
g
(
I
Q)
,
s
ilen
c
e
(
DI
,
NA)
,
as
well
as a
n
g
er
an
d
s
elf
is
h
n
ess
(
J
E
,
AN,
R
A,
I
L
,
NA,
E
N,
HA)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pro
n
u
n
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n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
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d
en
ts
ag
ed
9
-
1
6
y
ea
r
s
with
a
th
er
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g
th
o
f
8
0
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9
0
m
o
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th
s
No
Le
n
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t
h
o
f
t
h
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p
y
(
m
o
n
t
h
s)
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t
i
a
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n
d
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ge
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n
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t
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a
l
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u
n
c
i
a
t
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o
n
a
b
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l
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t
y
Le
t
t
e
r
t
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t
i
s
d
i
f
f
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c
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l
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t
o
p
r
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n
c
e
/
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n
a
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
p
r
o
n
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n
c
e
d
w
e
l
l
1
90
EN
,
15
th
2
s
o
u
n
d
s (
َ
أ
,
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ل
)
،
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ح
َ
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ع
2
88
Y
A
,
1
6
th
1
s
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n
d
a
(
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أ
)
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س
،
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ش
،
،
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ف
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غ
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ه
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ي
3
80
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A
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4
80
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5
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32
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T
h
e
in
itial
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
ar
ticu
latio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
1
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
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d
v
ar
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s
ch
allen
g
es:
lack
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f
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r
al
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k
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d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
NA,
J
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AN,
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I
L
,
E
N,
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S),
ch
ao
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ticu
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s
p
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ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
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I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
2
1
2
-
4
2
2
4
4216
(
AY,
YE
S,
SA,
C
A,
R
O,
W
I
)
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
m
u
m
b
lin
g
(
R
O,
AN,
R
AI
F,
E
N)
,
im
p
er
f
ec
t
v
o
wel
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
a
n
d
p
er
s
is
ten
t
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
asal
ca
v
ity
(
DU)
,
an
d
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
to
n
es
in
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
en
d
in
g
in
/
u
/
an
d
/
i
/
(
AF,
SAlS
A,
C
A)
.
Oth
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
d
s
tiff
n
ess
in
th
e
s
p
ee
ch
o
r
g
an
s
(
C
A,
I
Q,
HA,
DI
H,
NA,
J
E
,
AN,
I
L
,
AR
,
N
A,
E
N,
AS)
,
t
i
g
h
t
clo
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
lip
s
(
NA)
,
u
n
co
o
r
d
in
ated
to
n
g
u
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
(
AN,
R
AI
F,
NAJ,
E
N)
,
s
o
f
t
v
o
ice
an
d
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
(
I
L
)
,
an
d
en
t
r
y
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
s
in
to
t
h
e
n
o
s
e
(
AR
)
.
T
h
ese
s
h
o
wed
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ar
ticu
latio
n
th
e
r
ap
y
an
d
m
u
s
cle
o
r
n
er
v
e
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
m
ass
ag
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
p
r
esen
t
a
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
a
n
d
a
r
ticu
latio
n
p
o
in
ts
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Ph
o
n
etic
Alp
h
ab
et
(
I
PA)
.
B
ased
on
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
p
lo
s
iv
e
-
v
elar
s
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
,
u
v
u
lar
o
f
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
,
f
r
icativ
e
–
d
en
tal
o
f
َ
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
,
َ
َ
ث
[
θ
a
],
f
r
icativ
e
-
alv
eo
la
r
o
f
َ
َ
س
[
sa
]
,
َ
َ
ز
[
za
]
,
p
o
s
t
alv
eo
lar
o
f
َ
َ
ش
[
ʃa
]
,
f
r
icativ
e
-
v
ela
r
of
َ
َ
خ
[
xa
]
,
َ
َ
غ
[
ɣa
]
,
p
h
ar
y
n
g
ea
l o
f
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
]
,
g
lo
ttal
َ
َ
ه
[
ha
]
,
tr
ill
-
alv
eo
lar
o
f
َ
َ
ر
[
ro
]
,
f
r
icativ
e
-
p
h
a
r
y
n
g
ea
l o
f
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
].
3
.
3
.
1
.
So
un
d pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
o
f
َ
ك
[
ka
]
T
h
e
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
clo
s
in
g
o
f
f
th
e
air
f
lo
w
with
th
e
s
o
f
t
p
alate
an
d
th
en
r
el
ea
s
in
g
it.
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
clo
s
in
g
o
f
f
t
h
e
air
f
lo
w
o
r
in
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
s
o
f
t
p
alate
with
o
u
t
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
liftin
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
a
p
y
in
c
lu
d
ed
th
e
i
n
itial
o
p
e
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
n
atu
r
ally
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
was f
o
llo
wed
b
y
g
en
tly
tap
p
in
g
th
e
p
alm
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
h
an
d
o
n
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
n
ec
k
an
d
o
p
en
in
g
th
e
m
o
u
t
h
to
s
o
u
n
d
th
e
letter
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
with
a
s
to
m
p
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pro
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
o
f
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
N
o
.
S
o
u
n
d
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
s wi
t
h
I
P
A
sy
mb
o
l
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
me
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1.
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
,
p
l
o
s
i
v
e
-
v
e
l
a
r
H
A
,
I
L,
A
R
,
C
A
,
S
A
,
R
A
,
JE
7
3
.
3
.
2
.
So
un
d
pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
of
َ
ق
[
qa
]
T
h
e
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
clo
s
in
g
o
f
f
th
e
air
f
lo
w
o
r
in
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
p
h
ar
y
n
x
/ar
ea
b
eh
in
d
th
e
to
n
g
u
e.
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
m
o
v
in
g
th
e
b
ase
o
f
t
h
e
to
n
g
u
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
p
alate
,
with
o
u
t
b
r
ea
th
f
lo
w
an
d
m
ak
in
g
th
e
c
en
ter
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
f
o
r
m
a
co
n
ca
v
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
h
o
ld
air
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
elea
s
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
i
n
clu
d
ed
th
e
in
itial
o
p
en
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
n
atu
r
ally
with
o
u
t
s
o
u
n
d
an
d
g
en
tly
tap
p
in
g
th
e
p
alm
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
h
an
d
o
n
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
n
ec
k
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
r
p
u
f
f
in
g
t
h
e
lip
s
w
h
ile
s
o
u
n
d
in
g
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
with
a
s
to
m
p
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
a
r
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pro
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
o
f
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
N
o
.
S
o
u
n
d
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
s wi
t
h
I
P
A
sy
mb
o
l
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
me
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1.
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
,
p
l
o
s
i
v
e
-
u
v
u
l
a
r
N
A
1
2
,
I
L,
A
R
,
C
A
,
S
A
,
R
A
,
JE
7
3
.
3
.
3
.
So
un
d
pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
o
f
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
a
nd
َ
ث
[
θ
a
]
T
h
e
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
n
ar
r
o
win
g
a
n
d
s
h
if
tin
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
t
o
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
teeth
,
with
th
e
tip
o
f
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
to
u
ch
in
g
th
e
u
p
p
er
i
n
ciso
r
s
,
with
o
u
t
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
ase.
T
h
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
th
ese
to
n
g
u
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
,
h
e
n
ce
th
e
th
er
ap
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
p
lacin
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
tip
b
eh
in
d
th
e
in
ciso
r
s
,
p
r
ess
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
u
n
til
a
s
lig
h
t
f
o
ld
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
is
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
n
ar
r
o
win
g
th
e
i
n
ciso
r
s
wh
ile
m
u
tter
in
g
th
e
s
o
u
n
d
“
Dzz
z
”
a
n
d
r
elea
s
in
g
air
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
d
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
ld
e
d
to
n
g
u
e.
T
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
َ
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
a
n
d
َ
َ
ث
[
θ
a
]
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
َ
ث
[
θ
a
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
tr
ictio
n
b
y
s
lid
in
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
with
th
e
t
ee
th
.
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
in
s
h
if
tin
g
th
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
t
o
n
g
u
e
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
teeth
a
n
d
allo
win
g
b
r
ea
t
h
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
lig
h
tly
p
r
o
tr
u
d
in
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
tip
to
t
o
u
ch
th
e
u
p
p
er
in
ciso
r
s
,
n
ar
r
o
win
g
two
o
f
th
e
in
ciso
r
s
,
an
d
b
lo
win
g
air
to
m
ak
e
th
e
s
o
u
n
d
“
ts
s
s
s
”
.
T
h
is
wa
s
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
u
llin
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
ac
k
in
t
o
th
e
[
a
]
s
o
u
n
d
alo
n
g
with
wid
e
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
wer
in
ciso
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
o
n
u
n
cia
tio
n
th
era
p
y
fo
r
d
ea
f stu
d
en
ts
in
co
p
in
g
w
ith
A
r
a
b
ic
letter d
iffi
cu
ltie
s
(
R
ika
A
s
ta
r
i
)
4217
T
ab
le
4
.
Pro
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
o
f
َ
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
an
d
َ
َ
ث
[
θ
a
]
N
o
.
S
o
u
n
d
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
s wi
t
h
I
P
A
sy
mb
o
l
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
me
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
.
َ
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
,
f
r
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
-
d
e
n
t
a
l
N
A
9
,
A
F
,
W
I
,
C
A
,
S
A
,
I
Q
,
R
O
,
R
A
,
JE
9
2.
َ
َ
ث
[
θa
]
,
f
r
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
d
e
n
t
a
l
I
L,
C
A
,
S
A
,
R
A
,
J
E
5
3
.
3
.
4
.
So
un
d
pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
o
f
َ
س
[
sa
]
a
nd
َ
ز
[
za
]
T
h
e
َ
َ
س
[
sa
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ictio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
a
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
a
n
d
teeth
.
T
h
e
to
n
g
u
e
tip
is
p
lace
d
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e
th
r
o
at
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ep
ig
lo
ttis
v
alv
e
an
d
th
e
th
r
o
at
wall.
T
h
e
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
d
if
f
icu
lty
p
er
ce
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in
g
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
ts
with
in
th
e
th
r
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at,
an
d
th
e
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
o
at
was
n
o
t
ea
s
ily
p
alp
a
b
le.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
was
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
clo
s
in
g
o
n
e
n
o
s
tr
il wh
ile
m
ak
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g
t
h
e
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n
g
a
’
s
o
u
n
d
.
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h
e
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ح
[
ħa
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
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ten
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r
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ce
d
f
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m
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
o
at,
with
a
s
lig
h
t
n
ar
r
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w
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
u
t
with
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u
t
d
ir
ec
t
co
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lea
d
in
g
t
o
a
th
r
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at
s
h
if
t.
T
h
e
d
e
af
s
tu
d
en
ts
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
c
h
allen
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es
in
d
is
ce
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n
in
g
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
id
d
le
t
h
r
o
at
an
d
its
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
t
h
e
th
r
o
at
wall.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
cle
an
f
r
ictio
n
s
o
u
n
d
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
v
is
u
alize
a
n
d
f
ee
l,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
lo
n
g
p
r
ac
tice
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
]
an
d
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
]
s
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
a
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
ar
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
T
ab
le
8
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
a
p
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
u
s
in
g
a
h
an
d
g
estu
r
e
r
esem
b
lin
g
th
e
letter
‘
K
’
i
n
t
h
e
SIBI
m
o
v
e
m
en
t,
p
lace
d
in
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
]
s
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
was
m
o
v
ed
o
u
twar
d
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with
th
e
air
s
en
s
atio
n
b
ein
g
f
elt
o
n
th
e
th
u
m
b
s
id
e,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
ab
le
8
.
So
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
o
f
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
]
an
d
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
]
N
o
.
S
o
u
n
d
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
s wi
t
h
I
P
A
sy
mb
o
l
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
me
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
.
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
]
,
f
r
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
p
h
a
r
y
n
g
e
a
l
EN
,
H
A
,
N
A
9
,
I
L,
A
R
,
C
A
,
S
A
,
R
A
,
JE
9
2
.
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
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,
f
r
i
c
a
t
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v
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p
h
a
r
y
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g
e
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l
EN
,
H
A
,
N
A
9
,
D
I
,
I
L,
A
R
,
C
A
,
J
E
8
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
‘
K
’
-
s
h
ap
ed
h
an
d
in
SIBI
m
o
v
em
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
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SS
N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
P
r
o
n
u
n
cia
tio
n
th
era
p
y
fo
r
d
ea
f stu
d
en
ts
in
co
p
in
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w
ith
A
r
a
b
ic
letter d
iffi
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ltie
s
(
R
ika
A
s
ta
r
i
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4219
3
.
3
.
8
.
So
un
d
pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
o
f
َ
ه
[
ha
]
T
h
e
َ
َ
ه
[
ha
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
th
r
o
at
(
a
p
o
s
itio
n
o
n
th
e
v
o
ca
l
co
r
d
s
)
,
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
Ad
am
'
s
ap
p
le
r
eg
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
ar
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s
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s
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s
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o
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d
en
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p
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ce
d
s
h
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r
tn
ess
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f
b
r
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th
wh
en
p
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
‘
h
’
s
o
u
n
d
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
r
ec
is
e
n
ar
r
o
w
in
g
at
th
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
n
ec
k
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
th
in
g
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
َ
َ
ه
[
ha
]
s
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
T
ab
le
9
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
a
p
y
in
clu
d
e
d
p
lacin
g
a
h
an
d
g
estu
r
e
r
ese
m
b
lin
g
th
e
letter
‘
H
’
in
SIBI
at
th
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
n
ec
k
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
was
in
itially
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
est
a
n
d
g
r
ad
u
ally
lear
n
ed
to
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
af
ter
m
aster
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
b
r
ea
t
h
in
g
.
T
ab
le
9
.
So
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
o
f
َ
َ
ه
[
ha
]
N
o
.
S
o
u
n
d
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
s wi
t
h
I
P
A
sy
mb
o
l
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
me
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
.
َ
َ
ه
[
ha
]
,
f
r
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
-
g
l
o
t
t
a
l
Y
A
,
H
A
,
I
L,
JE
4
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
‘
H
’
s
h
a
p
ed
h
a
n
d
in
th
e
SIBI
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
3
.
3
.
9
.
So
un
d
pro
nu
ncia
t
io
n t
hera
py
o
f
َ
ر
[
ro
]
T
h
e
َ
َ
ر
[
ro
]
s
o
u
n
d
is
o
f
ten
cr
e
ated
b
y
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
tip
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
t
o
to
u
c
h
th
e
g
u
m
s
o
f
two
u
p
p
e
r
in
ciso
r
s
,
with
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ap
p
lied
,
with
o
u
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
d
ea
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
en
c
o
u
n
ter
e
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
co
o
r
d
i
n
atin
g
th
e
air
f
lo
w,
v
ib
r
atio
n
,
an
d
to
n
g
u
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
h
is
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
wh
e
n
b
r
ea
th
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
to
n
g
u
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
h
ad
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ad
eq
u
ately
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
َ
َ
ر
[
ro
]
s
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
0
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
in
clu
d
ed
p
lacin
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
tip
b
eh
in
d
th
e
in
ciso
r
s
,
p
r
ess
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
cin
g
‘
r
’
,
w
ith
a
h
a
n
d
g
estu
r
e
r
esem
b
lin
g
th
e
letter
‘
R
in
SI
B
I
’
.
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
was
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
ch
i
n
an
d
ap
p
lied
wi
th
lig
h
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
ab
le
1
0
.
So
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
o
f
َ
َ
ر
[
ro
]
N
o
.
S
o
u
n
d
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
s wi
t
h
I
P
A
sy
mb
o
l
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
me
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
.
َ
َ
ر
[
ro
]
,
t
r
i
l
l
-
a
l
v
e
o
l
a
r
N
A
1
2
,
C
A
,
S
A
,
J
E
4
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
‘
R
’
s
h
a
p
ed
h
a
n
d
in
SIBI
m
o
v
em
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
2
1
2
-
4
2
2
4
4220
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
itial
th
er
ap
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
atten
tio
n
u
s
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
atten
tio
n
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
es).
T
h
e
ar
ticu
latio
n
th
er
ap
y
b
eg
an
wit
h
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
v
o
wel
an
d
f
r
o
n
t
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
t
s
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
f
iv
e
ty
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
th
e
r
ap
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
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en
tifie
d
,
n
am
el
y
:
i
)
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
o
f
v
ela
r
o
f
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
a
n
d
u
v
u
l
ar
o
f
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
;
ii
)
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o
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n
d
p
r
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u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
o
f
d
en
tal
o
f
َ
َ
ذ
[
ða
]
an
d
َ
َ
ث
[
θ
a
]
;
ii
i
)
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o
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n
d
p
r
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n
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e
r
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icativ
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e
o
lar
o
f
َ
َ
س
[
sa
]
,
َ
َ
ز
[
za
]
an
d
p
o
s
t
alv
eo
lar
o
f
َ
َ
ش
[
ʃa
]
;
iv
)
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
a
p
y
o
f
f
r
icativ
e
v
elar
o
f
َ
َ
خ
[
xa
]
an
d
َ
َ
غ
[
ɣa
]
,
p
h
ar
y
n
g
ea
l
o
f
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
]
,
g
lo
ttal
o
f
َ
ه
[
ha
]
an
d
tr
ill
-
alv
eo
lar
o
f
َ
ر
[
ro
]
;
a
n
d
v
)
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
t
h
er
ap
y
o
f
f
r
icativ
e
-
p
h
ar
y
n
g
ea
l
o
f
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
]
b
y
c
h
an
g
in
g
it in
to
a
n
asal so
u
n
d
o
f
[
ŋa
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws a
clea
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
th
er
ap
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
lo
s
iv
e
s
o
u
n
d
-
v
elar
َ
َ
ك
[
ka
]
an
d
u
v
u
lar
s
o
u
n
d
o
f
َ
َ
ق
[
qa
]
wer
e
tr
ea
ted
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
,
as
w
ell
as
th
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
ar
y
n
g
ea
l
f
r
icativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
o
f
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
]
is
tr
ea
ted
b
y
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
r
icativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
t
o
th
e
n
asal
s
o
u
n
d
[
ŋ
]
.
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
v
el
u
m
(
s
o
f
t
p
alate
)
in
th
eir
m
o
u
th
is
u
n
a
b
l
e
to
clo
s
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
s
e
an
d
th
e
th
r
o
at,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
s
o
u
n
d
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
th
r
o
at.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
v
el
u
m
i
n
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
u
s
es
air
to
a
lway
s
f
lo
w
in
to
th
e
n
asal
ca
v
ity
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
"h
id
d
en
to
n
g
u
e"
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
g
lo
ttis
en
co
u
n
ter
s
n
o
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciati
o
n
o
f
f
r
icativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
was
tr
ea
ted
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
T
a
b
les
3
-
8
(
e
x
ce
p
t
َ
َ
ع
[
ʕa
]
)
an
d
th
e
tr
ill
ra
s
o
u
n
d
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
t
o
n
g
u
e
s
tiff
n
ess
an
d
c
h
allen
g
in
g
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
s
i
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
v
er
tically
o
r
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
two
Ar
ab
ic
l
etter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
ies
wer
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
Qo
tr
u
n
n
a
d
a
SLB
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
ese
th
er
ap
ies
ar
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
co
m
m
o
n
ch
allen
g
es
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Firstl
y
,
th
ey
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
m
ain
tain
in
g
atten
tio
n
f
o
c
u
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
y
en
c
o
u
n
ter
e
d
g
r
ea
ter
d
if
f
icu
lty
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ci
n
g
f
r
icativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
lo
s
iv
e,
n
asal,
tr
ill,
an
d
later
al
s
o
u
n
d
s
.
Plo
s
iv
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
wer
e
tar
g
eted
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
er
cises
s
u
ch
as
r
elea
s
in
g
s
o
u
n
d
s
with
b
u
r
s
ts
,
s
wallo
win
g
ex
er
cises
(
f
o
r
v
el
ar
s
o
u
n
d
s
)
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
r
o
at
o
p
e
n
in
g
an
d
lip
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
Fric
ativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
wer
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
e
r
cises
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
m
o
o
th
b
r
ea
th
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
jaw
m
o
v
em
en
ts
,
b
r
ea
th
in
g
ex
e
r
cises
u
s
in
g
ca
n
d
les
an
d
o
th
er
b
lo
win
g
to
o
ls
,
an
d
th
r
o
at
v
ib
r
atio
n
.
T
r
ill
s
o
u
n
d
s
wer
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
er
cises
t
h
at
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
to
n
g
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e
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
r
ep
etitiv
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
o
n
g
u
e
an
d
v
o
ca
l c
o
r
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sp
ee
c
h
th
er
a
p
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
T
h
is
ad
d
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
d
if
f
icu
lt
ies
in
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
two
f
ac
to
r
s
,
n
am
ely
o
r
g
an
ic
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
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al
[
4
8
]
.
Or
g
a
n
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
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ed
h
ea
r
in
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ess
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ab
n
o
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m
al
o
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in
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m
p
lete
p
h
y
s
ical
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tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
a
n
d
f
ac
e
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
1
]
,
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
o
n
g
u
e
-
lip
-
teeth
-
p
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ter
ac
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n
s
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in
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r
r
ec
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jaw,
li
p
,
an
d
to
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g
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e
m
o
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em
en
ts
,
an
d
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
co
n
tr
a
d
icto
r
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lan
g
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ag
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s
tim
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
b
y
p
ar
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
o
n
u
n
cia
tio
n
th
era
p
y
fo
r
d
ea
f stu
d
en
ts
in
co
p
in
g
w
ith
A
r
a
b
ic
letter d
iffi
cu
ltie
s
(
R
ika
A
s
ta
r
i
)
4221
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
t
o
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
i
n
v
es
ti
g
ati
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
in
ly
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
s
p
e
ec
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
d
e
af
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
r
ep
ea
te
d
o
r
a
l
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
[
7
]
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
li
p
s
o
r
f
a
cia
l
ex
p
r
ess
i
o
n
s
[
3
]
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
i
s
u
al
lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
e
d
ia
,
s
u
c
h
as
o
b
j
ec
ts
a
n
d
p
i
ct
u
r
es
,
as
wel
l
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
i
m
at
e
d
s
i
g
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
wit
h
li
p
r
ea
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
ap
y
is
t
h
at
i
t c
a
n
n
o
t
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
p
r
o
n
u
n
ci
ati
o
n
o
f
s
i
m
il
a
r
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
َ
َ
ح
[
ħa
]
a
n
d
o
f
َ
َ
ه
[
ha
]
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
es
ea
r
c
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
m
o
r
e
ac
ti
v
e
r
o
l
e
f
o
r
te
ac
h
e
r
s
as
f
ac
il
ita
to
r
s
o
f
c
o
ll
ab
o
r
at
iv
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
.
Pro
n
u
n
ci
ati
o
n
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
b
y
p
r
a
c
tici
n
g
d
ir
ec
tl
y
wit
h
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
h
o
wi
n
g
h
o
w
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
a
r
ti
cu
lat
io
n
(
p
h
o
n
eti
ca
l
ly
)
,
n
am
el
y
b
y
t
h
e
t
e
ac
h
e
r
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
i
r
r
o
r
,
to
u
c
h
i
n
g
wh
en
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ci
n
g
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
f
i
n
g
e
r
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
,
g
es
tu
r
es
c
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
iat
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
er
ap
ies
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
a
m
o
n
g
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
s
ev
er
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
s
k
ills
.
Firstl
y
,
it
i
s
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
u
b
lic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
o
r
aise
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ee
ch
th
er
a
p
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
attitu
d
es
an
d
ac
tio
n
s
to
war
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
ir
n
ee
d
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
th
er
a
p
y
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
i
n
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
.
Fin
ally
,
v
ar
io
u
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
R
elig
io
u
s
Af
f
air
s
,
ar
e
ex
p
e
cted
to
b
e
ac
tiv
ely
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
izin
g
s
p
ee
ch
th
er
ap
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
an
d
Qu
r
an
r
ec
itatio
n
.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
ese
th
r
ee
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
t
h
at
s
p
ee
ch
th
e
r
ap
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
ea
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ar
ab
ic
letter
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
r
ee
im
p
air
m
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
:
i
)
atten
tio
n
d
ef
icit
d
is
o
r
d
er
;
ii
)
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
cin
g
f
r
icativ
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
;
an
d
iii
)
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
in
r
eg
u
latin
g
b
r
ea
th
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
th
er
ap
y
h
as
led
to
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
th
r
ee
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
asp
ec
ts
.
Fir
s
t,
it
b
eg
in
s
with
atten
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ex
er
cise,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
th
er
ap
y
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
in
clu
d
e
s
p
h
o
n
etic
th
er
a
p
y
,
wh
ich
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ar
ticu
latio
n
,
b
r
ea
th
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
ew
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
o
f
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
to
p
ic
h
as
o
n
ly
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia,
b
u
t
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
er
ap
ies f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
atten
tio
n
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
p
h
o
n
etics.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
s
em
b
o
d
ie
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
th
er
ap
y
m
o
d
el/alter
n
ativ
e
th
at
s
er
v
es
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
a
id
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
letter
s
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
lim
ited
to
o
n
e
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
t
h
e
s
p
ec
ial
s
ch
o
o
l
1
lev
el.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
ef
f
ica
cy
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
th
er
a
p
ies f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
a
lar
g
er
s
ca
le,
s
u
ch
as th
o
s
e
with
ADHD
,
in
tellectu
al
d
is
ab
ilit
y
,
au
tis
m
,
ce
r
e
b
r
al
p
alsy
,
s
lo
w
lear
n
er
s
,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
r
eg
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
clu
d
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
-
im
p
air
ed
d
ata.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
will
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
h
er
ap
ies f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
e
af
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
S
.
K
e
r
m
i
t
,
“
P
a
ss
i
n
g
f
o
r
r
e
c
o
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i
t
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o
n
–
d
e
a
f
c
h
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l
d
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’
s
mo
r
a
l
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r
u
g
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a
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c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
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rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
–
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,
p
p
.
1
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–
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3
2
,
J
u
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9
,
d
o
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:
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0
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8
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4
6
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3
1
5
4
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
5
6
1
7
8
3
.
[
2
]
E.
S
.
Ja
c
k
s
o
n
,
L.
R
.
M
i
l
l
e
r
,
H
.
J.
W
a
r
n
e
r
,
a
n
d
J.
S
.
Y
a
r
u
ss,
“
A
d
u
l
t
s
w
h
o
s
t
u
t
t
e
r
d
o
n
o
t
st
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t
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e
r
d
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r
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n
g
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
sp
e
e
c
h
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Fl
u
e
n
c
y
D
i
s
o
rd
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
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p
.
1
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:
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.
j
f
l
u
d
i
s.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
5
8
7
8
.
[
3
]
F
.
B
e
r
g
e
r
o
n
,
A
.
B
e
r
l
a
n
d
,
D
.
D
e
mers
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
o
b
e
i
l
,
“
C
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
p
e
e
c
h
a
n
d
o
r
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
c
a
r
e
f
o
r
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e
a
f
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
‐
o
f
‐
h
e
a
r
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n
g
c
h
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l
d
r
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n
u
si
n
g
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
Me
d
i
c
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n
e
,
v
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l
.
9
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n
o
.
2
,
p
.
3
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8
,
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a
n
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2
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i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
c
m
9
0
2
0
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7
8
.
[
4
]
P
.
Li
r
i
o
,
“
U
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
h
o
n
e
t
i
c
A
l
p
h
a
b
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t
a
s
a
t
o
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t
o
t
e
a
c
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si
n
g
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
Ro
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
C
o
m
p
a
n
i
o
n
t
o
I
n
t
e
r
d
i
sci
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
S
t
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d
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e
s
i
n
S
i
n
g
i
n
g
,
A
.
J.
C
o
h
e
n
,
C
.
B
e
y
n
o
n
,
H
.
R
.
G
u
d
m
u
n
d
s
d
o
t
t
i
r
,
a
n
d
K
.
Lu
d
k
e
,
E
d
s.,
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
–
2
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
1
3
1
5
1
6
2
6
0
7
-
17.
[
5
]
G
.
Y
u
l
e
,
T
h
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
:
C
a
mb
r
i
d
g
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
2
2
.
[
6
]
S
.
R
.
M
o
i
si
k
,
E.
C
z
a
y
k
o
w
s
k
a
-
H
i
g
g
i
n
s,
a
n
d
J.
H
.
Es
l
i
n
g
,
“
P
h
o
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
r
v
o
c
a
l
t
r
a
c
t
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ph
o
n
e
t
i
c
Ass
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
3
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
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1
,
d
o
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:
1
0
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1
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7
/
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0
0
2
5
1
0
0
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1
8
0
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0
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0
3
.
[
7
]
M
.
L
.
H
a
l
l
,
W
.
C
.
H
a
l
l
,
a
n
d
N
.
K
.
C
a
se
l
l
i
,
“
D
e
a
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
n
e
e
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
n
o
t
(
j
u
s
t
)
sp
e
e
c
h
,
”
F
i
rst
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
7
–
3
9
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
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,
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:
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1
7
7
/
0
1
4
2
7
2
3
7
1
9
8
3
4
1
0
2
.
[
8
]
R
.
S
u
c
i
n
i
n
g
r
u
m,
S
.
Y
.
S
l
a
me
t
,
a
n
d
H
a
r
t
o
n
o
,
“
C
r
o
ssw
o
r
d
p
u
z
z
l
e
-
b
a
se
d
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
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n
o
f
I
C
T
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s
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n
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o
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l
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r
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g
i
n
p
r
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mar
y
sch
o
o
l
s,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
1
s
t
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
e
m
i
n
a
r
S
T
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ME
I
F
(
S
c
i
e
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c
e
,
T
e
c
h
n
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l
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g
y
,
E
n
g
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n
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a
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d
M
a
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a
t
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e
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r
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t
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Fo
r
u
m
)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
2
5
6
–
2
6
0
.
[
9
]
P
.
G
.
R
i
d
w
a
n
a
n
d
E
.
K
o
e
st
i
n
i
,
“
T
h
e
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se
o
f
P
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p
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p
b
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s
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t
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B
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LA
B
Le
m
b
a
n
g
,
W
e
st
B
a
n
d
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n
g
R
e
g
e
n
c
y
,
”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
)
,
I
N
C
L
U
S
I
V
E:
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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p
e
c
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a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
–
2
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
1
0
]
L.
S
.
R
i
z
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
o
n
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e
p
t
a
n
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m
p
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e
me
n
t
a
t
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t
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d
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a
f
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f
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d
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