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3618
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ere.
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Ethno
cultural
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y:
R
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8
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2
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Mar
7
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2
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14
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2
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ims
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t
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ra
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l
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n
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c
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t
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s
S
a
sa
k
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a
l
wisd
o
m
(e
-
k
o
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isa
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d
e
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t
sta
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e
u
se
s
th
e
sta
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s
o
f
a
n
a
ly
sis,
d
e
sig
n
,
d
e
v
e
lo
p
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e
n
t,
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
(AD
DIE).
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h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
d
ig
it
a
l
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o
m
ic
m
e
d
ia
o
rien
ted
t
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rd
s
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a
sa
k
lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
fro
m
m
a
teria
l
e
x
p
e
rts
in
c
a
teg
o
ry
1
is
fe
a
sib
le,
a
n
d
m
a
teria
l
e
x
p
e
rts
i
n
c
a
teg
o
ry
2
a
re
p
o
ss
ib
le.
T
h
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
m
ic
m
e
d
ia
fr
o
m
M
e
d
ia
e
x
p
e
rt
1
is
in
th
e
a
tt
a
i
n
a
b
le
c
a
teg
o
ry
,
a
n
d
m
e
d
ia
e
x
p
e
rt
2
is
v
e
ry
d
o
a
b
le.
T
h
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
lea
rn
in
g
d
e
sig
n
e
x
p
e
rts
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
e
x
p
e
rts
is
in
th
e
v
e
ry
d
e
c
e
n
t
c
a
teg
o
ry
.
Tri
a
ls o
n
stu
d
e
n
t
s sh
o
w t
h
a
t
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
m
ic m
e
d
ia i
s p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
i
n
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
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e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
tes
t
sh
o
w
ed
sig
.
(
2
-
tailed
)<
0
.
0
5
H
o
is
re
jec
ted
,
a
n
d
Ha
is
a
c
c
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p
ted
,
m
e
a
n
in
g
a
s
ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
iffere
n
c
e
e
x
ists
b
e
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e
n
t
h
e
p
re
tes
t
a
n
d
p
o
sttes
t
a
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ra
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s.
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o
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v
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p
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it
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ti
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.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
Dev
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p
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Dig
ital c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
E
th
n
o
cu
ltu
r
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I
n
teg
r
ated
t
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em
atic
L
o
ca
l
Sas
ak
wis
d
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m
T
h
is i
s
a
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p
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n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
I
d
a
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m
ian
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Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
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u
ca
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Scien
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,
Gan
esh
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
St.
Ud
ay
an
a
No
.
1
1
,
B
an
y
u
asri,
B
u
lelen
g
,
B
ali
8
1
1
1
6
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
er
m
ian
a@
u
n
d
ik
s
h
a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
m
u
s
t
g
r
o
w
an
d
d
ev
e
lo
p
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
i
n
wh
ich
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tak
es
p
lace
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
al
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
in
lear
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
eser
v
e
d
an
d
cu
ltiv
ated
s
o
th
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
a
d
e.
I
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
ar
e
lo
s
t
an
d
f
a
d
ed
,
it
is
f
ea
r
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
lack
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es,
an
d
th
e
r
ap
id
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ay
g
r
ad
u
ally
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
r
eg
io
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
L
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
a
way
o
f
life
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
life
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
tak
e
to
a
d
d
r
ess
v
ar
io
u
s
is
s
u
es
an
d
m
e
et
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
[
3
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
ten
d
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
;
th
e
teac
h
e
r
,
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
ca
u
s
es st
u
d
en
ts
to
p
ass
iv
ely
o
n
ly
lis
ten
an
d
m
em
o
r
ize
th
e
m
ater
ial
[
1
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
d
o
wn
p
lay
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
s
en
s
e
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
g
r
ess
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
ev
en
[
4
]
.
Usi
n
g
l
o
ca
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
lea
r
n
in
g
is
o
n
e
way
to
ap
p
l
y
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
tea
ch
in
g
to
o
ls
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
5
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
wh
en
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
wis
d
o
m
ar
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
r
elate
d
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
th
n
o
cu
ltu
r
a
l wi
s
d
o
m
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f e
-
c
o
mic
(
I
d
a
E
r
mia
n
a
)
3619
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
eten
t
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
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cr
ea
te
cu
r
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ic
u
la
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
lo
ca
l
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
to
lea
r
n
in
g
[
2
]
.
L
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
a
n
an
ce
s
tr
al
tr
ad
itio
n
th
at
p
e
o
p
le
b
eliev
e
ca
n
m
o
u
l
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
.
I
t
is
a
v
ital
cu
ltu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
am
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
in
tellig
en
ce
to
b
ec
o
m
e
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
icien
t
[
2
]
,
[
7
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
lo
ca
l c
u
ltu
r
e
is
ev
en
p
ar
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
[
6
]
.
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
v
al
u
es
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
eth
ics
o
f
s
o
cial
life
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
cu
s
to
m
s
o
f
th
e
S
asak
tr
ib
e,
wh
ich
g
iv
e
r
is
e
to
th
e
attitu
d
es,
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
a
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
Sas
ak
p
eo
p
le.
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
co
n
tex
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
tau
g
h
t
in
lear
n
in
g
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
lo
ca
l
v
alu
es
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
b
eliev
e
d
to
th
is
d
ay
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
g
am
es,
c
u
l
tu
r
al
f
esti
v
als
[
1
0
]
,
d
an
ce
s
an
d
f
o
lk
s
o
n
g
s
[
1
1
]
o
r
m
ak
in
g
m
u
s
ic
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ed
ia.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
wis
d
o
m
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ed
ia
u
s
ed
s
o
f
ar
i
n
lear
n
in
g
s
till
lack
s
v
ar
iety
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
co
m
es
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
v
iews
co
n
d
u
cted
with
5
9
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
in
th
e
city
o
f
Ma
tar
am
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
m
ed
ia,
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
m
ed
ia
b
ein
g
p
ictu
r
es,
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
th
e
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
Po
wer
Po
in
t.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
m
e
d
ia.
T
h
is
is
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
a
f
ailu
r
e
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ed
ia
as
a
teac
h
in
g
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
k
id
s
.
T
h
e
o
wn
ed
m
ed
ia
is
s
till
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al,
a
n
d
teac
h
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
it
to
its
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
.
No
o
n
e
h
as
y
et
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
d
ig
ital
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
f
o
r
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
tain
s
in
te
g
r
ativ
e
t
h
em
atic
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
m
ater
ial
i
n
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
o
llo
w
th
em
atic
lear
n
in
g
[
1
2
]
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
th
is
m
ak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ass
iv
e,
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
u
s
in
g
m
ed
ia
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
o
n
o
to
n
o
u
s
a
n
d
n
o
t
b
y
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
d
ig
ital
-
b
ased
an
d
ac
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
d
eliv
er
in
g
m
ater
ial
o
n
lin
e
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
,
w
h
ich
is
cr
iticized
,
it
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
t
h
at
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
also
r
ec
eiv
in
g
atten
tio
n
o
n
h
o
w
it
ca
n
b
e
in
cl
u
d
e
d
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
1
4
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
ar
e
em
er
g
in
g
as
e
s
s
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
life
,
s
h
o
win
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
o
f
all
ag
es
lo
s
in
g
b
alan
ce
in
d
ig
ital
r
ea
d
in
g
with
p
r
in
t
r
ea
d
in
g
[
1
5
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
w
in
ter
e
s
t
wh
en
co
m
ic
b
o
o
k
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
a
teac
h
in
g
to
o
l
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
m
ics
ar
e
a
tea
ch
in
g
t
o
o
l
t
h
at
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
co
n
v
ey
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
co
m
b
i
n
e
tex
t
an
d
im
ag
es.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
ey
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Yo
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
a
r
e
f
a
m
iliar
with
c
o
m
ics,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ea
d
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
s
to
r
ies
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
th
e
y
n
ee
d
i
n
a
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
a
n
n
er
[
1
8
]
.
M
ater
i
al
is
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
an
d
e
asier
to
lear
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
s
e,
p
o
etr
y
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
i
m
ag
es th
an
m
ater
ial
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
e
r
ies o
f
s
y
llab
les o
r
n
u
m
b
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
Sas
ak
ar
e
a
n
ativ
e
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
an
d
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
o
n
th
e
is
lan
d
o
f
L
o
m
b
o
k
,
wh
ic
h
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
W
est
Nu
s
a
T
en
g
g
ar
a
an
d
is
a
s
m
all
is
lan
d
ea
s
t
o
f
B
ali.
L
ik
e
o
th
er
tr
ib
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
Sas
ak
tr
ib
e
h
as
a
wea
lth
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ar
t
ef
ac
ts
[
2
0
]
.
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
an
id
ea
o
f
life
th
at
th
e
Sas
ak
p
eo
p
le'
s
an
ce
s
t
o
r
s
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
h
elp
th
em
ac
h
iev
e
h
ap
p
in
ess
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
er
ity
in
th
is
life
as
we
ll
as
th
e
n
ex
t.
I
t
is
ac
ce
p
ted
as
ac
cu
r
ate,
an
d
as
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
g
u
id
i
n
g
p
r
in
cip
l
es
in
d
a
y
-
to
-
d
ay
af
f
air
s
[
9
]
.
C
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia,
f
u
ll
o
f
lo
ca
l
w
is
d
o
m
an
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
t
o
b
e
ab
le
to
a
d
ap
t
m
o
r
al
v
alu
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
1
]
.
C
o
m
ic
m
e
d
ia
ca
n
co
n
cr
etize
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
2
]
.
C
o
m
ic
s
h
av
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
,
s
tar
tin
g
t
o
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pix
to
n
E
d
u
p
latf
o
r
m
[
2
3
]
.
Dig
ital c
o
m
ics ca
n
cr
ea
t
e
a
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l le
ar
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t w
h
er
e
th
e
m
ater
ial
ta
u
g
h
t
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
liv
es,
an
d
c
o
m
ics
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
tex
t
u
al
if
th
ey
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
lo
ca
l w
is
d
o
m
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
ex
am
p
les
g
iv
en
ar
e
s
o
lely
f
r
o
m
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
;
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
as
a
r
ef
lectio
n
s
till
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ev
id
en
t
in
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
h
av
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
lo
ca
l
Sas
ak
wis
d
o
m
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
th
em
e
m
ater
i
al
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
life
v
alu
es.
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
ctiv
ely
u
s
e
Sas
ak
's
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
aily
liv
es,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
ce
n
ter
ed
a
r
o
u
n
d
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e.
E
lem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
m
ater
ial
co
n
ten
t
is
in
teg
r
ativ
e
th
em
atic
o
r
ien
ted
t
o
war
d
s
Sas
ak
'
s
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
h
o
p
ef
u
lly
,
t
h
is
e
-
co
m
i
c
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
Sas
ak
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
th
em
atic
lear
n
in
g
in
g
r
a
d
e
5
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
an
d
n
ee
d
s
in
th
e
f
ield
,
it
is
d
ee
m
ed
u
r
g
en
t
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
m
o
r
e
i
n
-
d
ep
th
an
aly
s
es
an
d
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
lead
s
u
s
to
lo
o
k
f
o
r
an
s
we
r
s
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i
)
h
o
w
to
d
ev
elo
p
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
th
at
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
an
d
p
r
ac
tical?
;
ii
)
h
o
w
to
d
e
v
elo
p
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
o
r
ie
n
ted
t
o
S
asak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
th
at
is
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es in
th
e
m
e
8?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
ev
a
lu
atio
n
(
ADDI
E
)
m
o
d
el
is
b
ei
n
g
u
s
ed
in
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
is
es
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
ati
o
n
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
e
-
co
m
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
6
1
8
-
3
6
2
7
3620
m
ed
ia
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
Sas
ak
’
s
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el
h
as
s
y
s
tem
atic
wo
r
k
s
tag
es.
E
ac
h
p
h
ase
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
ev
al
u
atio
n
an
d
r
e
v
is
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tep
s
p
ass
ed
s
o
th
at
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
e
-
co
m
ic
p
r
o
d
u
cts
b
ec
o
m
e
v
alid
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
tag
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
g
o
als
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es,
ex
am
in
e
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
id
en
tify
co
n
tex
t
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
an
d
in
h
ib
it
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
f
in
d
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Desig
n
s
tag
e,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
lan
s
b
as
ed
o
n
n
ee
d
s
a
n
aly
s
is
,
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
es,
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
test
s
.
D
ev
elo
p
s
tep
s
,
cr
ea
te
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
cr
ea
te
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
o
r
ien
ted
to
lo
ca
l
Sas
ak
wis
d
o
m
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tag
e,
test
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
an
d
u
s
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
tag
e
is
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
m
ad
e
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
ata
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
lan
.
T
est
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
cr
ea
ted
,
with
s
ix
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
two
m
e
d
ia
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
two
m
ater
ial
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
o
n
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ex
p
e
r
t,
an
d
o
n
e
lear
n
in
g
d
esig
n
ex
p
e
r
t.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
E
le
m
en
tar
y
Sch
o
o
l
1
5
C
ak
r
an
eg
ar
a.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
en
g
ag
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
wh
o
h
ad
s
tu
d
ied
T
h
em
e
8
a
b
o
u
t
“
O
u
r
f
r
ien
d
s
’
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
”
Satu
r
ated
s
am
p
lin
g
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
e
n
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
u
s
ed
as
a
s
am
p
le
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
class
es,
th
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
test
in
g
was
1
class
o
f
2
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ac
t
icality
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
Sas
ak
wis
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
an
d
te
s
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
llected
is
an
aly
ze
d
q
u
alitativ
ely
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
ely
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
u
s
es
ANOV
A
to
test
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia.
T
h
e
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
co
llect
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
d
ata
is
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
Sas
ak
’
s
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
.
Me
d
ia
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tic
ality
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
with
f
iv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
co
r
es
in
to
f
iv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
u
s
es
a
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
co
r
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
Fau
zi
et
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
ch
a
n
g
in
g
s
co
r
es is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sco
r
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
wit
h
s
ca
le
5
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
>
̅
+
1
.
8
V
e
r
y
w
o
r
t
h
y
V
e
r
y
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
̅
+
0
.
6
<
≤
̅
+
1
.
8
W
o
r
t
h
y
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
̅
−
0
.
6
<
≤
̅
+
0
.
6
Q
u
i
t
e
w
o
r
t
h
y
Q
u
i
t
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
̅
−
1
.
8
<
≤
̅
−
0
.
6
Le
ss w
o
r
t
h
y
Le
ss
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
≤
̅
−
1
.
8
N
o
t
w
o
r
t
h
y
N
o
t
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
T
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
ed
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
5
s
tatem
en
t
item
s
;
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
is
f
iv
e,
an
d
th
e
lo
west
s
co
r
e
is
1
,
s
o
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
1
5
x
5
=
7
5
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
1
5
x
1
=
1
5
,
̅
=
4
5
a
n
d
=
1
0
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
cr
iter
ia
in
ter
v
al
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
a
f
ter
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
i
d
ea
l
s
co
r
e
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la.
T
h
is
in
ter
v
al
is
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
to
s
ee
h
o
w
v
alid
t
h
e
e
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
is
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
'
s
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t.
T
h
e
tab
le
o
f
v
alid
ity
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
e
-
co
m
ic
m
e
d
ia
b
ein
g
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ac
ticality
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
ed
,
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
s
tatem
en
t
item
s
;
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
item
is
f
iv
e,
an
d
t
h
e
lo
west
s
co
r
e
is
1
,
s
o
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
1
0
x
5
=
5
0
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
1
0
x
1
=
1
0
,
̅
=
3
0
an
d
=
6
,
6
7
.
W
ith
th
es
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
in
ter
v
als
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
e
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Fo
r
in
ter
v
al
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
ic
p
r
ess
,
r
ef
e
r
in
T
ab
l
e
3
.
I
n
th
e
cr
iter
ia,
t
h
e
m
e
d
ia
i
s
s
aid
to
b
e
f
ea
s
ib
le;
at
least,
e
-
co
m
ic
p
r
ess
is
in
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ter
v
al.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
t,
e
-
co
m
ic
p
r
ess
is
s
aid
to
b
e
m
in
im
ally
ap
p
licab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
th
e
g
ap
with
t
h
e
ap
p
l
icab
le
cr
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
d
ia
elig
i
b
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
>
63
V
e
r
y
w
o
r
t
h
y
51
<
≤
63
W
o
r
t
h
y
39
<
≤
51
Q
u
i
t
e
w
o
r
t
h
y
27
<
≤
39
Le
ss w
o
r
t
h
y
≤
27
N
o
t
w
o
r
t
h
y
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
d
ia
p
r
ac
ticality
cr
i
ter
ia
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
>
42
V
e
r
y
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
34
<
≤
42
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
26
<
≤
34
Q
u
i
t
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
18
<
≤
26
Le
ss
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
≤
18
N
o
t
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
th
n
o
cu
ltu
r
a
l wi
s
d
o
m
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f e
-
c
o
mic
(
I
d
a
E
r
mia
n
a
)
3621
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ce
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
th
at
is
f
ea
s
ib
le,
p
r
ac
tical,
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e.
Me
d
ia
ex
p
er
ts
,
m
ater
ial
ex
p
er
ts
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
ex
p
er
ts
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
d
esig
n
ex
p
er
ts
h
av
e
all
co
n
d
u
cted
f
e
asib
ilit
y
test
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
ad
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
wer
e
g
iv
en
p
r
ac
ticality
test
s
in
th
e
in
ter
im
.
ANOV
A
test
s
wer
e
r
u
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
u
s
in
g
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
co
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
ADDI
E
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
e
-
co
m
ic
p
r
ess
h
as led
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
3
.
1
.
1
Ana
ly
s
is
s
t
a
g
e
Du
r
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
s
tag
e,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
at
m
e
d
ia
th
ey
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
d
if
f
icu
lt
-
to
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x
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ter
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ield
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ts
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tical
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atic
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.
1
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2
.
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A
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ch
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C
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ty
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ip
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[
3
0
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.
3
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1
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atin
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1
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o
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lear
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ased
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Fig
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ater
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4
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ased
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User
ass
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m
en
t r
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(
u
s
er
s
)
T
h
e
r
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f
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s
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m
en
ts
,
n
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ely
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o
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at
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ely
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m
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1
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3
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4
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5
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6
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8
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d
9
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ile
t
h
r
ee
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d
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7
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d
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e
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lity
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e
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ased
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n
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e
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en
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ab
le
4
.
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ased
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le,
it
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o
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n
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at
u
s
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ess
m
en
ts
o
f
e
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co
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ic
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ar
e
in
a
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tical
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ter
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e
s
co
r
e
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3
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.
6
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.
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en
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h
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ly
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e
ass
ess
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en
t
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eo
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Data
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U
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t
To
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r
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r
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a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
32
Q
u
i
t
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
3
5
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
33
Q
u
i
t
e
p
r
a
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t
i
c
a
l
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
4
3
4
36
P
r
a
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c
a
l
4
5
3
3
4
5
5
3
3
4
39
P
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t
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c
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l
3
4
5
4
3
5
3
5
3
5
40
P
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6
2
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65
70
75
80
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78.5
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83.1
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75
87
Us
er
As
s
es
s
m
ent
Res
u
lts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
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3
6
1
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3624
3
.
1
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4
.
I
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plem
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im
p
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en
tatio
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tag
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lo
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wis
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m
-
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ien
ted
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co
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ic
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in
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p
r
esen
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Fig
u
r
e
6
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u
r
e
6
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Use o
f
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e
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alu
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lts
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m
in
e
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ac
h
iev
em
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ts
o
f
s
tu
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ts
wh
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h
a
v
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ed
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co
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f
f
ec
tiv
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co
m
ic
p
r
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d
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cts.
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h
e
d
ata
n
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r
m
ality
test
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
r
etest
d
ata
is
av
er
ag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
s
ig
.
(
0
.
5
0
4
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)
,
an
d
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0
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.
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t,
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p
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etest
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co
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u
cte
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to
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eter
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e
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ec
tiv
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o
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th
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e
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co
m
ic
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ed
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ed
in
lear
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g
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s
tical
test
s
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tiv
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ased
o
n
th
e
tab
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th
e
Sig
.
v
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e
is
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b
tain
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.
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2
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tailed
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is
0
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0
0
5
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0
5
,
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ea
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is
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t
d
if
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b
etwe
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etest
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d
p
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ttes
t
av
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ag
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ased
o
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th
is
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e
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co
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ic
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ed
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b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
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s
d
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m
is
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iv
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,
it
is
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d
u
s
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g
th
e
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test
,
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d
th
e
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
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is
0
.
1
6
,
w
h
ich
is
i
n
th
e
l
o
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
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co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
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ak
wis
d
o
m
h
as
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co
m
m
o
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
at
e
-
co
m
ics
m
ed
ia
b
e
u
s
ed
with
m
o
r
e
v
ar
ied
m
o
d
els;
e
-
co
m
ics
m
ed
ia
m
u
s
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lear
n
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Pair
ed
s
am
p
les test
r
e
s
u
lts
P
a
i
r
e
d
sa
mp
l
e
s
t
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s
t
P
a
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df
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t
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M
e
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d
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v
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a
t
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t
d
.
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r
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p
p
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r
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.
0
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5
3.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
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B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
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elim
in
ar
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n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
,
an
e
-
co
m
ic
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
o
n
T
h
em
e
8
was
cr
ea
ted
in
th
e
f
if
th
g
r
ad
e
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
is
e
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
co
n
tain
s
in
teg
r
ate
d
th
em
atic
m
ater
ial
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ater
ial
in
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
,
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
ir
e
ctly
u
s
e
it
i
n
lear
n
in
g
,
with
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
s
an
d
ex
am
p
les
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
d
aily
life
o
f
Sas
ak
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
a
g
u
id
e
to
life
b
ec
au
s
e
cu
ltu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
g
u
id
e
to
life
[
1
0
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Af
ter
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
to
b
e
u
s
ed
,
n
am
ely
C
an
v
a,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
p
r
o
d
u
cts
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
Ma
ter
ial
ex
p
er
ts
o
f
f
er
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
:
i
)
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
ater
ial
in
teg
r
atio
n
as
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
g
o
als
(
KD
)
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
;
ii
)
ex
ce
llen
t
m
ater
ial
d
ep
th
an
d
b
r
ea
d
th
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
KD
a
n
d
i
n
d
ic
ato
r
s
;
iii
)
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ev
er
y
d
ay
liv
es;
iv
)
p
r
ac
tice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
as
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
KD
an
d
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cy
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
d
icato
r
s
;
a
n
d
v
)
q
u
esti
o
n
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
th
at
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
Su
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
m
ed
ia
ex
p
er
ts
in
clu
d
e
:
i
)
T
h
er
e
is
s
ti
ll
wr
itin
g
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
m
p
l
y
with
g
r
a
m
m
ar
,
s
u
ch
as
ca
p
ital
letter
s
i
n
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
wo
r
d
s
/s
en
ten
c
es;
th
is
ca
n
s
t
ill
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
;
ii
)
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
t
h
e
v
id
eo
/im
a
g
e
is
m
o
r
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
to
w
r
ite
b
elo
w
th
e
v
id
eo
/im
ag
e
i
n
s
m
all
f
o
n
t
s
o
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
wr
itten
in
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
lis
t
a
t
th
e
en
d
;
a
n
d
iii
)
T
h
e
id
en
tit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
er
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
en
t a
s
p
ec
t o
f
co
m
ic
m
ater
ial
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l w
is
d
o
m
c
u
ltu
r
e
i
s
ess
en
tial
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
th
n
o
cu
ltu
r
a
l wi
s
d
o
m
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f e
-
c
o
mic
(
I
d
a
E
r
mia
n
a
)
3625
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
in
p
u
t f
r
o
m
lin
g
u
is
ts
is
:
i
)
T
h
e
tex
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
r
er
ea
d
to
r
ev
is
e
th
e
wr
itin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
p
ital
l
etter
s
,
letter
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
italicized
,
p
u
n
ctu
atio
n
,
wo
r
d
ch
o
ices
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
m
atch
wo
r
d
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
,
a
n
d
r
ep
ea
ted
w
o
r
d
c
h
o
ices
in
o
n
e
s
en
ten
ce
;
ii
)
R
ea
d
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
f
o
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
n
ee
d
to
b
e
wr
itten
en
tire
ly
s
o
th
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
c
h
ild
r
en
is
co
n
v
e
y
ed
well;
iii
)
Pictu
r
es su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
p
tio
n
ed
;
iv
)
E
lem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l c
h
i
ld
r
en
n
ee
d
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ial
with
g
o
o
d
g
r
am
m
ar
s
o
th
at
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ill
s
ar
e
well
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e,
s
o
th
ey
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
wh
at
th
e
y
r
ea
d
[
1
2
]
;
v
)
Dialo
g
u
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als;
vi
)
R
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ch
ec
k
ed
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
d
is
p
lay
o
f
s
o
m
e
d
is
p
lay
s
th
at
ar
e
u
n
clea
r
;
th
e
ty
p
e
an
d
s
ize
o
f
letter
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ch
o
s
en
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
s
o
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
s
ca
n
th
em
,
an
d
th
e
f
o
n
t is p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
[
1
2
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
d
esig
n
e
x
p
er
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
:
i
)
Giv
e
ca
p
tio
n
s
to
p
ictu
r
es
o
f
r
ice
f
ield
s
;
ii
)
E
x
p
la
n
atio
n
o
f
m
a
ter
ial
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
cr
ee
n
s
,
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
to
o
m
an
y
s
en
ten
ce
s
o
n
o
n
e
s
cr
ee
n
;
iii
)
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
u
s
in
g
im
ag
es
ar
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
co
h
er
e
n
t
im
ag
es
o
r
s
to
r
ies
with
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
will
ea
s
ily
in
teg
r
ate
r
eg
io
n
al
m
o
r
al
v
alu
es
[
1
2
]
;
iv
)
Pro
v
id
e
a
p
ictu
r
e
o
r
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
a
m
a
r
k
et
o
r
s
h
o
p
;
v
)
I
n
th
e
a
n
s
wer
k
ey
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ex
p
lan
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
f
th
e
an
s
wer
k
ey
;
vi
)
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
o
r
m
ed
ia
m
ee
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
ts
o
n
th
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
f
o
n
t
t
y
p
e,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
Stu
d
e
n
ts
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l,
it wa
s
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
r
e
n
e
Flo
r
en
tin
a
f
o
n
t t
o
u
s
in
g
C
ar
d
o
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
ize
o
f
1
6
.
So
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
t
h
at
th
e
r
ea
d
a
b
ilit
y
le
v
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
it
is
l
eg
ib
le.
W
r
itin
g
a
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
ec
eiv
e
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
ar
e
cl
o
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
s
p
ellin
g
,
ca
p
ital
letter
s
,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
a
n
d
p
u
n
ctu
atio
n
,
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
Af
ter
all,
e
-
co
m
ics
ar
e
a
v
is
u
al
m
e
d
iu
m
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
in
tellin
g
s
to
r
ies
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
th
at
co
n
tain
m
ater
ial
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
u
t
s
till
p
ay
in
g
atten
tio
n
to
g
r
am
m
ar
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
x
am
p
les
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
wr
itin
g
o
r
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
All su
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
r
ev
is
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
test
ed
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
Sas
ak
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
in
lear
n
in
g
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
n
th
e
n
o
r
m
alit
y
test
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
r
etest
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
(
0
.
5
0
4
>0
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
ata
is
av
er
ag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
s
ig
(
0
.
3
0
9
>0
.
0
5
)
.
C
o
n
tin
u
e
d
with
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
test
in
g
,
Sig
.
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
(
2
-
tailed
)
<0
.
0
5
H
o
is
r
ejec
ted
,
an
d
Ha
is
ac
ce
p
ted
;
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
av
er
ag
es.
An
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
e
o
f
0
.
1
6
is
in
th
e
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
e
-
co
m
ic
m
e
d
ia
h
as
a
co
m
m
o
n
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
et
h
n
o
c
u
ltu
r
al
m
ater
ial
in
s
u
b
jects
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
E
-
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
Sas
ak
wis
d
o
m
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
.
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
was
d
ec
la
r
ed
f
ea
s
ib
le,
p
r
ac
tical,
an
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e,
lik
e
th
e
c
o
m
ics
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Sah
in
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
5
]
wh
ich
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
attitu
d
es
t
o
war
d
s
lear
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
C
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
if
it
in
teg
r
ates
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
to
u
s
e
it
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
C
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
ed
as
a
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
ca
n
h
elp
teac
h
er
s
in
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
th
e
o
r
ies
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
e
-
co
m
ic
m
e
d
ia
is
v
er
y
f
ea
s
ib
le,
p
r
ac
tical,
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
th
em
atic
m
ater
ial
is
in
e
-
co
m
i
c
m
ed
ia
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ater
ial
is
ea
s
ier
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lea
r
n
;
ex
am
p
les
an
d
illu
s
tr
atio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
,
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
eir
r
eg
io
n
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
Sas
ak
tr
ib
e.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
m
ater
ial
f
o
llo
w
s
o
n
g
o
in
g
th
e
m
atic
lear
n
in
g
.
Pre
s
en
tatio
n
o
f
m
ate
r
ial
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
to
r
ies
th
at
is
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e,
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
,
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
s
s
tu
d
en
t
to
ler
an
ce
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
till
u
s
ed
in
a
s
co
p
e
th
at
is
s
till
li
m
ited
to
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
an
d
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
les.
Sas
ak
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
o
r
ien
te
d
e
-
co
m
ic
m
ed
ia
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
o
cialize
d
an
d
u
s
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
to
test
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les;
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
e
-
co
m
i
c
m
ed
ia
m
ea
s
u
r
es lea
r
n
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
v
ar
iab
les.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
an
k
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
to
t
h
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
at
Ma
tar
am
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
,
w
h
o
g
a
v
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
to
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
,
th
e
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
wh
o
h
av
e
o
f
f
er
e
d
th
eir
tim
e
,
an
d
th
e
alm
a
m
ater
,
Ga
n
e
s
h
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
U
g
e
,
A
.
N
e
o
l
a
k
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Y
a
si
n
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
c
i
a
l
st
u
d
i
e
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
l
o
c
a
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
5
–
3
8
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
3
3
/
i
j
i
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
2
3
2
3
a
.
[
2
]
U
.
T
o
h
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
I
.
K
u
r
n
i
a
w
a
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
F
i
s
h
e
r
,
“
S
u
n
d
a
n
e
se
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
a
me
‘
B
e
b
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
n
’
(
C
a
st
l
e
)
:
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
met
h
o
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
S
u
n
d
a
n
e
s
e
l
o
c
a
l
w
i
sd
o
m,”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
–
2
0
9
,
2
0
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