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As
Sar
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[
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2
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[
3
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–
[
6
]
.
T
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p
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[
9
]
–
[
1
1
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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13
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6
,
Dec
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2
0
2
4
:
3
7
4
1
-
3
7
5
1
3742
Fo
r
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h
as
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
en
h
an
cin
g
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
b
u
ild
in
g
u
p
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
,
i
n
s
t
i
l
l
i
n
g
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
r
a
i
s
i
n
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
T
E
I
s
)
,
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
o
l
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
n
am
ely
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
ex
te
n
s
io
n
,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
it
is
r
esear
ch
th
at
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
cr
u
cial
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
an
t
o
f
ce
n
ter
o
f
e
x
c
ellen
ce
(
C
OE
)
an
d
ce
n
te
r
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
C
OD)
s
tatu
s
to
th
e
T
E
I
s
’
c
u
r
r
icu
la
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
R
esear
ch
an
d
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ig
h
est
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
3
0
%)
in
ev
alu
atin
g
T
E
I
s
f
o
r
C
OE
an
d
C
OD,
n
ex
t
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
a
lity
(
4
5
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ex
ten
s
io
n
an
d
lin
k
a
g
es
(
2
0
%
)
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
q
u
alif
icati
o
n
(
5
%).
I
t
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
at
least
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
es
in
r
ep
u
tab
le
jo
u
r
n
als.
Als
o
,
at
least
th
r
ee
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
es
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
wh
ic
h
s
h
all
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
lo
c
al
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ac
cr
ed
itin
g
ag
en
cies
co
n
s
id
er
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
f
o
r
q
u
al
ity
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
to
co
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
is
an
ad
v
an
tag
e
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
r
esear
ch
-
b
ased
an
d
q
u
ality
e
x
ten
s
io
n
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Pre
m
is
ed
o
n
th
e
cited
co
n
tex
t,
r
esear
ch
in
d
u
b
itab
ly
p
lay
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
les
b
o
th
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les,
in
ter
ests
,
attitu
d
es,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
,
an
d
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
to
war
d
s
lear
n
in
g
co
u
ld
also
b
e
ascer
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esear
ch
.
E
x
p
r
ess
ly
,
teac
h
er
s
u
tili
ze
r
esear
ch
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
wo
r
th
y
teac
h
i
n
g
-
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
5
]
.
Ultim
ately
,
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
er
v
e
as
b
ases
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
f
er
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
is
also
r
ea
lized
in
e
x
ten
s
io
n
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ices
as
it
s
er
v
es
it
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
o
cieta
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
ev
e
n
tu
ally
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
r
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
eo
p
le’
s
liv
es.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
h
as
g
ar
n
er
ed
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
o
f
atten
tio
n
in
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
Sin
ce
Dep
E
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
alize
d
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
f
o
r
eig
n
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
el
s
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
p
u
r
e
p
er
ce
p
t
u
al
an
d
s
u
r
v
ey
ty
p
e.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
tu
d
y
d
ea
lt
with
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
o
l
wh
ich
will b
e
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
ev
id
e
n
t,
th
er
e
is
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
a
v
ailab
le
v
alid
ated
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
an
o
b
jecti
v
e
test
g
a
u
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ill,
an
d
attitu
d
e
in
co
n
ce
p
tu
alizin
g
,
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
,
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
g
ap
s
in
r
esear
ch
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
.
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
way
o
f
ass
es
s
in
g
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
alo
n
g
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
is
o
n
th
is
p
r
em
is
e
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
I
ts
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jecti
v
es
wer
e
to
:
i
)
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
r
esear
c
h
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
test
(
R
C
T
)
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
th
at
is
g
en
d
er
-
s
en
s
itiv
e,
cr
iter
io
n
-
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
,
a
n
d
co
n
te
x
tu
alize
d
;
ii
)
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
R
C
T
's
d
if
f
icu
lty
,
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
i
n
d
ices a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
cies;
iii
)
as
ce
r
tain
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
R
C
T
in
d
ices;
an
d
iv
)
estab
lis
h
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Alo
n
g
with
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
ex
ten
s
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
r
esear
ch
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
a
HE
I
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
to
d
o
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ed
ien
t
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ess
in
g
s
o
cieta
l
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
is
s
u
es,
s
tar
tin
g
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
well
-
d
esig
n
e
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
R
C
T
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
’
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
g
o
o
d
titl
e;
in
m
ak
in
g
lo
g
ical
an
d
o
r
g
an
ized
ab
s
tr
ac
t
an
d
in
t
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
;
in
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
m
e
asu
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
p
e
cif
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
;
in
d
esig
n
in
g
a
r
esear
ch
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
;
in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
a
th
em
atic
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w;
an
d
in
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
m
eth
o
d
,
d
ata
g
ath
er
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
s
tatis
tical
to
o
ls
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
is
R
C
T
also
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
’
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
p
r
esen
tin
g
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
tab
l
es
an
d
g
r
ap
h
s
;
in
wr
itin
g
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
;
in
wr
itin
g
a
b
r
ief
,
co
n
cise,
im
p
ac
tf
u
l,
an
d
r
o
u
s
in
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
a
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
;
an
d
in
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
APA
s
ty
le
f
o
r
m
at
in
wr
itin
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
in
-
tex
t
citatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
R
C
T
item
s
wer
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
cr
af
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
eten
cies
wh
ich
aim
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
ce
p
t
u
alize
,
im
p
lem
en
t,
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
r
ese
ar
ch
.
T
h
e
R
C
T
u
n
d
er
wen
t
r
i
g
id
v
alid
atio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
its
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
a
nd
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
to
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
s
k
ill,
an
d
attitu
d
e
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
d
e
alin
g
with
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
a
n
d
v
a
lid
a
tio
n
o
f res
ea
r
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
test
fo
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
(
Ja
y
-
ce
n
Ta
ma
yo
A
ma
n
o
n
ce
)
3743
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
u
t
p
u
t m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
esig
n
was
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
in
ce
its
m
a
in
f
o
cu
s
is
to
estab
li
s
h
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
R
C
T
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
i
n
d
ex
,
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
t
h
e
R
C
T
wer
e
ascer
tain
ed
.
T
h
es
e
in
d
ices
an
d
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial in
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
as a
cr
iter
io
n
-
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
test
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
pro
ce
du
re
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h pa
rt
icipa
nts
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ilo
t
test
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
:
i
)
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
at
least
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
;
ii
)
h
an
d
le
g
en
e
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
t
ea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
u
r
s
es
;
iii
)
th
ey
ar
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
;
an
d
iv
)
willin
g
ly
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
HE
I
s
in
th
e
C
ag
ay
an
Valley
R
eg
io
n
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ilo
t te
s
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
clu
d
ed
5
2
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
C
ag
ay
an
as
in
t
er
n
al
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
in
iti
al
s
am
p
le
s
ize
aim
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
with
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
an
d
g
at
h
er
d
iv
er
s
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es f
r
o
m
a
s
izab
le
g
r
o
u
p
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ilo
t
test
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
elec
ted
3
4
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
I
s
ab
ela
as
ex
t
er
n
al
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
am
p
le
aim
ed
to
d
i
v
er
s
if
y
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
s
am
p
le
p
o
o
l
b
y
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
r
o
v
in
ce
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
r
eg
i
o
n
.
I
n
b
r
ief
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
th
e
n
ee
d
to
en
co
m
p
ass
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
f
ac
u
l
ty
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
HE
I
s
in
th
e
C
ag
ay
an
Valley
R
eg
io
n
,
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
u
m
b
er
s
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
esire
d
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
a
r
iab
les,
r
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
an
k
s
was
d
o
n
e.
T
h
is
m
o
v
e
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
r
an
k
s
f
r
o
m
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
to
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
in
th
e
t
ests
co
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
f
id
en
tly
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
r
esear
ch
r
ath
er
t
h
an
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
em
ic
r
an
k
s
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
i
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
p
ilo
t
test
was
a
1
2
0
-
item
team
-
m
ad
e
to
o
l
d
esig
n
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
r
esear
ch
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
E
ac
h
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
item
h
a
s
f
o
u
r
o
p
tio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
R
C
T
h
as
1
0
0
item
s
af
ter
th
e
f
ir
s
t
item
an
aly
s
is
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
f
in
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
R
C
T
h
as
8
0
item
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
f
ac
e
an
d
co
n
t
en
t
v
alid
atio
n
wh
ich
r
esu
lted
to
an
o
v
er
all
s
ca
le
(
S
-
C
VI
)
o
f
0
.
9
5
6
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
th
e
item
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
co
m
p
eten
cies.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
its
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
wh
ich
r
esu
lted
to
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
0
4
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
2
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
v
alid
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
test
(
R
C
T
)
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
ev
er
al
cr
u
cial
s
tag
es
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
ed
id
en
tif
y
in
g
k
e
y
co
m
p
et
en
cies
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
'
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
d
r
awin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
ll
ab
i,
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
.
A
tab
le
o
f
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
7
4
1
-
3
7
5
1
3744
cr
ea
ted
,
a
n
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
g
en
e
r
ate
R
C
T
item
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
h
o
r
tlis
t
o
f
1
2
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
atio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
a
p
an
el
o
f
f
o
u
r
e
x
p
er
ts
with
ex
ten
s
iv
e
q
u
alif
icati
o
n
s
in
r
esear
ch
an
d
te
ac
h
in
g
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ts
ass
ess
e
d
th
e
item
s
f
o
r
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
,
clar
ity
,
an
d
r
elev
an
c
e,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
9
9
item
s
an
d
r
ev
is
io
n
o
f
2
1
o
th
er
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
test
u
n
d
er
w
en
t
a
f
ir
s
t
tr
y
-
o
u
t
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
in
ter
n
al
teac
h
er
-
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
with
d
ata
g
ath
er
ed
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
itial
item
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
ev
alu
ate
d
ea
ch
item
'
s
d
if
f
icu
lty
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ices,
g
u
id
in
g
r
ev
is
io
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
n
l
y
d
esira
b
le
item
s
co
v
er
in
g
s
p
e
cif
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies
wer
e
r
etain
ed
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
tr
y
-
o
u
t
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
a
m
o
n
g
teac
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
f
ac
u
lty
f
r
o
m
an
o
t
h
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
am
in
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
tr
y
-
o
u
t
test
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
ec
o
n
d
item
a
n
aly
s
is
wh
ich
em
p
lo
y
ed
cr
iter
ia
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t,
an
d
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
was
co
m
p
u
ted
t
o
estab
lis
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
item
an
a
ly
s
is
,
th
e
te
s
t
item
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
f
u
r
th
er
r
ev
is
io
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
s
tem
s
an
d
o
p
tio
n
s
wh
er
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Fin
ally
,
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
R
C
T
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
ex
p
er
t
p
r
o
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
lay
o
u
t
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
an
d
d
esig
n
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
to
f
in
aliz
e
th
e
test
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
e
v
alu
atin
g
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
'
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
2
.
5
.
E
t
hica
l
co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
Ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
s
o
u
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
o
f
f
icer
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
wen
t
an
eth
ical
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
wr
itten
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
etailin
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
b
o
u
t
wh
at
th
eir
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
wo
u
l
d
en
ta
il.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
r
ee
,
p
r
io
r
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
(
FP
I
C
)
was
ex
p
lain
ed
to
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
g
iv
en
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
af
ter
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
C
o
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
o
th
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ilo
t
test
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tag
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
a
n
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
w
o
u
ld
b
e
h
a
n
d
led
with
u
tm
o
s
t
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
it
y
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
t
h
eir
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
ig
h
ts
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
th
at
t
h
eir
p
ar
tici
p
atio
n
was
en
tire
ly
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
ck
n
o
wled
g
e
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
eir
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
a
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
to
av
o
id
in
g
co
e
r
cio
n
o
r
u
n
d
u
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tak
e
n
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
ll
ec
ted
,
th
e
eth
ical
p
r
ac
tices
o
u
tlin
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t,
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
,
an
d
v
o
l
u
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
a
tio
n
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
W
h
en
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
f
u
lly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
,
willin
g
ly
p
ar
ticip
ate,
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
th
at
th
eir
d
ata
will
b
e
h
an
d
l
ed
co
n
f
i
d
en
tially
,
it
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
th
at
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
will
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lect
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
in
r
esear
ch
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t
welf
ar
e,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
d
ata
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
d
ex
,
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
lik
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
u
n
t,
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
tem
d
if
f
icu
lty
was
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
ck
er
an
d
Alg
in
a
[
2
1
]
(
Dif
f
icu
lty
in
d
e
x
=
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
ex
am
i
n
ee
s
wh
o
an
s
wer
ed
an
item
co
r
r
ec
tly
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
o
v
e
r
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
am
in
ee
s
)
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
1
0
0
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ted
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
d
e
x
was
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
u
id
elin
e
o
f
Gr
eg
o
r
y
[
2
2
]
,
n
am
el
y
:
i
)
8
6
-
100%
(
Ver
y
ea
s
y
)
;
ii
)
7
1
%
-
85%
(
E
asy
)
;
iii
)
4
0
%
-
70%
(
Desira
b
le
);
i
v
)
1
5
%
-
39%
(
Dif
f
icu
lt
);
a
n
d
v
)
1
4
%
an
d
b
elo
w
(
Ver
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
)
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ev
er
y
item
,
p
o
in
t
-
b
is
er
ial
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
was
em
p
l
o
y
ed
.
Sin
ce
th
is
s
tatis
tica
l
test
in
clu
d
es
all
ex
am
in
ee
s
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
o
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
o
f
d
eter
m
in
in
g
item
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ex
was c
o
n
s
tr
u
ed
alo
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
v
alu
es:
i
)
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
+0
.
3
0
(
Ver
y
g
o
o
d
);
ii
)
b
e
twee
n
+0
.
0
9
an
d
+
0
.
3
0
(
R
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
g
o
o
d
);
an
d
iii
)
less
th
an
+0
.
0
9
(
Po
o
r
)
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
tab
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ices
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
b
asis
in
r
etain
in
g
an
d
r
ejec
tin
g
item
s
in
th
e
R
C
T
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
was
in
ter
p
r
eted
u
s
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia
u
t
ilized
b
y
Ma
h
jab
ee
n
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
,
to
wit,
if
less
th
an
5
%
o
f
th
e
ex
am
in
ee
s
ch
o
s
e
th
e
in
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
wer
s
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
n
o
n
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
s
(
NFD)
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
was
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
alo
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
v
alu
es:
i)
3
NFD:
0
%
Dis
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
i
cien
cy
;
ii)
2
NFD:
3
3
.
3
%
Di
s
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
;
iii)
1
NF
D:
6
6
.
6
%
Dis
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
;
a
n
d
iv
)
0
NFD:
1
0
0
%
Dis
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fin
ally
,
C
h
i
-
Sq
u
a
r
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
test
in
g
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
R
C
T
item
in
d
ices
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
ascer
tain
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
.
A
test
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
eliab
le
if
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
ted
v
al
u
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
.
7
0
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
a
n
d
v
a
lid
a
tio
n
o
f res
ea
r
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
test
fo
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
(
Ja
y
-
ce
n
Ta
ma
yo
A
ma
n
o
n
ce
)
3745
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
tab
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ices
D
f
/
D
s
P
o
o
r
R
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
y
g
o
o
d
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
V
e
r
y
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
j
e
c
t
D
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
t
a
i
n
R
e
t
a
i
n
D
e
si
r
a
b
l
e
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
t
a
i
n
R
e
t
a
i
n
Ea
sy
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
t
a
i
n
R
e
t
a
i
n
V
e
r
y
e
a
s
y
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
j
e
c
t
R
e
j
e
c
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
I
t
em
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
f
irst
pil
o
t
t
est
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
1
2
0
-
item
R
C
T
ex
h
ib
ited
a
d
esira
b
le
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
,
with
an
av
er
a
g
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
d
ex
o
f
5
4
.
0
5
(
r
a
n
g
e=
1
1
.
5
4
t
o
9
4
.
2
3
)
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
item
s
,
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
3
0
t
o
9
2
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
at
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
s
u
itab
ly
ch
allen
g
in
g
,
a
f
ew
co
u
l
d
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
r
ev
is
io
n
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
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2252
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8
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2
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Desig
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3747
T
ab
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7
p
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at
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ile
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ile
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ased
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27
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To
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32
52
1
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*
R
e
t
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e
d
;
#
R
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d
3
.
3
.
Rela
t
io
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hip
bet
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n t
he
R
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qu
a
lity
ind
ices
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
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8
,
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c
iatio
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etwe
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th
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T
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alit
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ased
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th
e
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lt
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th
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ec
o
n
d
item
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aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
i
n
d
e
x
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
elate
d
to
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
(
x
2
=6
7
.
3
5
3
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
im
p
lies
th
at
R
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T
i
tem
s
with
m
o
r
e
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ec
tiv
e
d
is
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to
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s
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d
to
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s
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ess
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ig
h
er
d
if
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lty
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t
d
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d
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to
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s
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r
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m
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r
e
e
f
f
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t,
it
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m
es
m
o
r
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ch
allen
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o
r
less
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p
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in
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s
to
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tify
th
e
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r
r
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t
a
n
s
wer
.
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ar
li
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
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o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
test
item
s
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tu
r
in
g
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p
tio
n
s
th
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s
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o
n
g
ly
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ac
t
te
s
t
-
tak
er
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
[
3
2
]
.
Hen
ce
,
ex
am
i
n
ee
s
wh
o
ar
e
ab
le
t
o
an
s
wer
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt item
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ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
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t
o
o
v
er
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o
m
e
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
8
.
Ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
d
ex
,
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
I
n
d
i
c
e
s
D
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
C
h
i
-
sq
u
a
r
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v
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l
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P
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v
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l
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e
D
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f
f
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t
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n
d
e
x
a
n
d
d
i
scr
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n
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t
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n
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x
8
1
1
.
4
6
4
0
.
1
7
7
D
i
f
f
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c
u
l
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
a
n
d
d
i
st
r
a
c
t
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
12
6
7
.
3
5
3
0
.
0
0
0
D
i
scri
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
a
n
d
d
i
st
r
a
c
t
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
6
5
.
7
1
1
0
.
4
5
6
3
.
4
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bi
lity
o
f
t
he
RCT
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
co
n
t
en
t
an
d
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
c
o
n
t
en
t
v
alid
ity
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
ca
le
(
S
-
C
VI
)
o
f
0
.
9
5
6
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
s
ca
le
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
clo
s
er
th
e
S
-
C
VI
is
to
1
.
0
,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
[
3
3
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
wa
s
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
s
ee
k
in
g
f
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d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
an
el
o
f
v
alid
at
o
r
s
.
T
h
ese
v
alid
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r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
co
m
m
e
n
ts
an
d
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s
tio
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s
,
h
elp
in
g
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
test
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
it
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wh
at
it
is
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
a
n
el,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
e
test
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
cr
ed
i
b
le
to
p
o
ten
tial
u
s
er
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
R
C
T
h
a
s
b
o
th
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
(
a
s
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
S
-
C
VI
)
an
d
ad
e
q
u
ate
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
(
as
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
o
f
v
alid
a
to
r
s
)
,
m
ak
in
g
it a
q
u
ality
t
o
o
l f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
co
m
p
eten
cies.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
was
a
s
s
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a,
a
s
tatis
t
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
r
test
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ted
v
alu
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
α
=0
.
9
0
4
)
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
i
n
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
th
e
R
C
T
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
y
p
ically
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
v
al
u
es
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
,
with
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
A
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
0
4
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
co
r
r
elate
d
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
s
r
eliab
le
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
il
ities
o
f
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
ac
u
lty
.
T
h
e
s
tatem
en
t
also
alig
n
s
with
Neu
m
an
[
3
5
]
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
a
r
eliab
le
test
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
y
ield
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
wh
en
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
7
4
1
-
3
7
5
1
3748
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
to
th
e
s
am
e
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
(
0
.
9
0
4
)
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
R
C
T
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
r
eliab
le
an
d
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
o
u
tco
m
es
wh
en
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
ac
u
lty
.
3
.
5
.
G
ender
-
s
ens
it
iv
e
a
nd
co
nte
x
t
ua
lized
RCT
it
e
ms
On
e
o
f
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
R
C
T
is
it
s
g
en
d
er
-
s
en
s
itiv
ity
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
“
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
”
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
an
d
a
“r
esear
ch
er
”
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
is
g
en
d
e
r
n
eu
tr
al
wh
ic
h
s
u
g
g
ests
tr
ea
tin
g
m
en
an
d
wo
m
en
ev
en
l
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
en
d
er
f
air
lan
g
u
ag
e
less
o
n
s
g
en
d
er
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
an
d
s
ter
eo
ty
p
in
g
[
3
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
R
C
T
item
s
wer
e
s
itu
ated
with
in
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
la
n
d
s
c
ap
e
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
ield
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
item
n
u
m
b
er
5
5
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
ce
n
ter
ed
a
r
o
u
n
d
E
m
er
g
en
c
y
R
em
o
te
T
ea
ch
in
g
,
a
t
o
p
ic
r
eso
n
atin
g
with
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
Pan
d
em
ic.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
item
7
0
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
d
elv
ed
in
t
o
t
h
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
ch
o
o
l
a
n
d
co
lleg
e,
a
r
elev
an
t
s
u
b
ject
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el.
C
o
n
tex
tu
alizin
g
th
e
R
C
T
i
n
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
er
s
e
ca
n
aid
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
ea
c
h
test
ite
m
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
g
iv
en
th
at
cr
af
tin
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
alig
n
ed
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
r
a
ctice
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
e
[
3
7
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sam
p
le
item
s
in
t
h
e
R
C
T
wh
ich
ar
e
g
en
d
er
n
eu
tr
al
lik
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
(
a)
a
“
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
”
an
d
(
b
)
a
“r
esear
c
h
er
”
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sam
p
le
item
s
in
t
h
e
R
C
T
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
s
u
ch
as to
p
ics o
n
(
a
)
e
m
er
g
en
cy
r
em
o
te
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
(
b
)
s
ch
o
o
l a
n
d
c
o
lleg
e
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
R
C
T
is
a
v
alid
test
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
I
t
p
o
s
s
ess
es d
esi
r
ab
le
item
d
if
f
icu
lty
,
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
g
o
o
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
an
d
h
ig
h
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
e
R
C
T
ex
h
ib
its
ex
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
its
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
d
ex
an
d
d
is
tr
ac
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
u
s
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
test
’
s
s
o
u
n
d
n
ess
an
d
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Fir
s
t,
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
R
C
T
is
lim
ited
to
b
asic
r
esear
ch
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
ed
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
test
is
b
ased
o
n
ly
o
n
test
s
co
r
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
in
clu
d
es
teac
h
er
s
o
n
l
y
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
HE
I
s
.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
R
C
T
m
ay
b
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
v
alid
atio
n
test
s
i
n
o
th
er
HE
I
s
at
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
an
d
n
atio
n
al
lev
els
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Pil
o
t
test
in
g
th
e
R
C
T
to
a
lar
g
er
s
co
p
e
m
ay
also
estab
lis
h
an
alter
n
ativ
e
way
o
f
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
o
r
m
-
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
HE
I
s
m
ay
u
s
e
th
e
R
C
T
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
eir
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
as
a
b
aselin
e
in
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
th
eir
co
lleg
e
r
esear
ch
r
o
a
d
m
a
p
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
m
ay
u
tili
ze
th
e
R
C
T
as a
n
ad
m
is
s
io
n
o
r
a
co
m
p
lem
en
t to
th
eir
cu
r
r
e
n
t g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
ch
o
o
l a
d
m
is
s
io
n
test
in
ac
ce
p
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
s
u
f
f
icien
t r
esear
ch
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
a
n
d
v
a
lid
a
tio
n
o
f res
ea
r
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
test
fo
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
(
Ja
y
-
ce
n
Ta
ma
yo
A
ma
n
o
n
ce
)
3749
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
e
x
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
est
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
C
ag
ay
an
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
R
esear
ch
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
E
x
ten
s
io
n
(
C
SU
R
DE
)
o
f
f
ice
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
v
in
g
an
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
(
Sp
ec
ial
Or
d
er
No
.
OP
-
5005
-
SO
-
2023
-
02
-
1
5
5
)
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
e
q
u
all
y
g
r
atef
u
l
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
t
v
ali
d
ato
r
s
wh
o
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
c
r
itiq
u
ed
t
h
e
item
s
in
th
e
R
C
T
an
d
th
e
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
c
ato
r
s
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t a
n
d
s
e
co
n
d
p
il
o
t te
s
tin
g
o
f
th
e
R
C
T
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
S
a
r
w
a
r
,
A
.
Zi
a
,
R
.
N
a
w
a
z
,
A
.
F
a
y
o
u
mi
,
N
.
R
.
A
l
j
o
h
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
-
U
.
H
a
ss
a
n
,
“
W
e
b
o
me
t
r
i
c
s:
e
v
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d
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
9
–
5
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
3
1
5
/
e
i
m
j
2
0
1
9
.
1
1
.
2
.
6
.
[
3
4
]
K
.
S
.
T
a
b
e
r
,
“
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
c
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s a
l
p
h
a
w
h
e
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
r
e
sea
r
c
h
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s i
n
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
3
–
1
2
9
6
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
1
6
5
-
0
1
6
-
9
6
0
2
-
2.
[
3
5
]
W
.
L.
N
e
u
ma
n
,
S
o
c
i
a
l
r
e
se
a
rc
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s:
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
.
U
K
:
P
e
a
r
so
n
,
Esse
x
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
3
6
]
S
.
S
c
z
e
s
n
y
,
M
.
F
o
r
ma
n
o
w
i
c
z
,
a
n
d
F
.
M
o
s
e
r
,
“
C
a
n
g
e
n
d
e
r
-
f
a
i
r
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
g
e
n
d
e
r
st
e
r
e
o
t
y
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
?
”
F
ro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
s
y
g
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
0
0
2
5
.
[
3
7
]
A
.
A
h
me
d
a
n
d
A
.
P
o
l
l
i
t
t
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s:
a
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
o
c
u
s,
”
Ass
e
ssm
e
n
t
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
Pri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s,
P
o
l
i
c
y
&
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
–
2
3
2
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
6
9
5
9
4
0
7
0
1
4
7
8
9
0
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Jay
-
c
e
n
Ta
m
a
y
o
Am
a
n
o
n
c
e
is
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Tea
c
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
u
g
u
e
g
a
ra
o
Cit
y
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
,
P
h
il
i
p
p
i
n
e
s.
He
is
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
o
f
D
o
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
(P
h
D) i
n
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
His
p
re
v
io
u
s
a
d
m
i
n
istrativ
e
d
e
sig
n
a
ti
o
n
s
a
re
Ca
m
p
u
s
Qu
a
li
t
y
As
su
ra
n
c
e
Co
o
rd
i
n
a
to
r
,
Ca
m
p
u
s
IS
O
F
o
c
a
l
P
e
rso
n
,
a
n
d
Co
ll
e
g
e
D
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
Offic
e
r.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
,
tea
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
o
n
li
n
e
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
,
c
o
l
leg
e
re
a
d
in
e
ss
,
a
n
d
l
ice
n
su
re
e
x
a
m
in
a
t
io
n
f
o
r
tea
c
h
e
rs.
He
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
in
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
a
n
d
AS
EAN
Cit
a
ti
o
n
In
d
e
x
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
Also
,
h
e
p
re
s
e
n
ted
h
is
sc
h
o
larl
y
wo
r
k
s
in
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
f
o
ra
.
No
tab
ly
,
h
e
wa
s
a
re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
Ou
tstan
d
i
n
g
F
a
c
u
lt
y
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
2
0
2
1
a
n
d
2
0
2
2
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
t
h
ro
u
g
h
h
is
e
m
a
il
a
d
d
re
ss
jay
c
e
n
.
a
m
a
n
o
n
c
e
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Rud
o
lf
Ta
m
a
n
g
e
n
Ve
c
a
l
d
o
is
a
n
Ac
c
re
d
it
e
d
F
u
ll
-
fle
d
g
e
d
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Tea
c
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
u
g
u
e
g
a
ra
o
Cit
y
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
,
P
h
il
i
p
p
i
n
e
s.
He
is
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
o
f
Do
c
to
r
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(E
d
D)
a
n
d
a
re
g
u
lar
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Div
isio
n
VIII
(S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s)
o
f
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
Co
u
n
c
il
o
f
th
e
P
h
il
i
p
p
i
n
e
s.
He
is
a
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Tea
c
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l.
Im
p
re
ss
iv
e
ly
,
h
e
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
t
h
e
Ou
tstan
d
i
n
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
2
0
2
1
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
c
o
ll
e
g
e
re
a
d
in
e
ss
,
tea
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
b
e
li
e
fs
s
y
ste
m
,
c
u
lt
u
re
,
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
in
q
u
iry
,
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
.
He
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
i
n
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
,
Web
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
a
n
d
ASE
AN
Cit
a
ti
o
n
In
d
e
x
jo
u
rn
a
ls.
He
p
re
se
n
ted
h
is
sc
h
o
larl
y
wo
rk
s
i
n
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
fo
ra
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
is
e
m
a
il
a
d
d
re
ss
ru
d
v
e
c
to
p
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ma
r
ib
e
l
F
o
n
ti
v
e
r
o
s
M
a
la
n
a
is
a
n
Ac
c
re
d
it
e
d
F
u
ll
-
fled
g
e
d
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Tea
c
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
u
g
u
e
g
a
ra
o
Cit
y
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
,
P
h
il
i
p
p
i
n
e
s.
S
h
e
is
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
o
f
Do
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
lo
so
p
h
y
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
P
h
D)
m
a
jo
r
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
S
h
e
a
lso
fin
ish
e
d
a
Dip
l
o
m
a
Co
u
rs
e
in
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
S
t
u
d
ies
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
s
a
sc
h
o
lar
o
f
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
th
e
P
h
i
li
p
p
in
e
s
-
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Op
e
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
tea
c
h
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
c
o
u
rse
s.
S
h
e
is
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
to
r
o
f
th
e
Co
l
leg
e
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
lan
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
st
u
d
e
n
t
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
.
S
h
e
h
a
d
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
rti
c
les
i
n
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
p
a
p
e
r
in
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
f
o
ra
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
e
r
e
m
a
il
a
d
d
re
ss
m
fo
n
ti
v
e
r
o
s.m
a
lan
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Co
n
c
h
ita
M
a
len
a
b
Te
m
p
o
r
a
l
is
a
n
Ac
c
re
d
it
e
d
F
u
ll
-
fled
g
e
d
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Tea
c
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
u
g
u
e
g
a
ra
o
Cit
y
,
Ca
g
a
y
a
n
,
P
h
il
i
p
p
i
n
e
s.
S
h
e
is
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
o
f
D
o
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(P
h
D)
m
a
jo
r
in
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
les
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
li
tera
tu
re
c
o
u
rse
s
b
o
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
u
n
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