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Dig
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a
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reduction:
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study
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e
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t
f
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a
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K
ey
w
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s
:
C
y
b
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b
u
lly
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Dig
ital h
y
g
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k
ills
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
On
lin
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s
af
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Stru
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eq
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m
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T
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ag
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CC
BY
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C
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p
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A
uth
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r
:
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lzh
an
Niy
az
o
v
a
C
o
m
p
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ter
Scien
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Dep
ar
tm
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o
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Kaz
ak
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k
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h
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
29
B.
Sattar
k
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T
u
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tan
,
1
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,
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p
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tim
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ly
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m
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d
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m
of
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o
lo
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ical
d
is
tr
ess
on
v
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s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
W
ith
th
e
ev
e
r
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
elian
ce
on
d
ig
ital
tech
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lo
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ed
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am
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g
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lly
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h
as
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[
3
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,
[
4
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.
C
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Acc
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Patch
in
[
5
]
,
cy
b
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r
b
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s
to
“
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.
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in
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I
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2252
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8
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2
2
Dig
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yg
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s
kills
a
n
d
cy
b
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u
llyin
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
:
a
s
tu
d
y
a
mo
n
g
teen
a
g
ers
in
K
a
z
a
kh
s
ta
n
(
Din
a
r
a
B
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)
4171
ag
g
r
ess
iv
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b
eh
av
io
r
s
s
u
ch
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.
Similar
ly
,
Ko
walsk
i
et
a
l.
[
6
]
d
ef
i
n
ed
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
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g
as
“t
h
e
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s
e
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tr
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m
m
u
n
icatio
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to
b
u
lly
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e
r
s
o
n
,
ty
p
ically
by
s
en
d
in
g
m
ess
ag
es
of
an
in
t
im
id
atin
g
or
th
r
ea
ten
i
n
g
n
atu
r
e.
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er
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o
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r
s
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o
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s
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a
n
d
e
v
e
n
s
u
icid
e
in
ex
tr
em
e
ca
s
es
[
7
]
.
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
tak
es
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
can
h
av
e
s
ev
er
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
f
o
r
its
v
ictim
s
.
On
e
co
m
m
o
n
ex
am
p
le
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
is
h
ar
ass
in
g
m
ess
ag
es,
wh
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
s
en
d
h
u
r
tf
u
l
an
d
o
f
f
en
s
iv
e
m
ess
ag
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
or
m
ess
ag
in
g
ap
p
s
to
tar
g
et
an
d
h
ar
m
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
er
s
o
n
[
8
]
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
ev
alen
t
f
o
r
m
is
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
of
o
n
lin
e
r
u
m
o
r
s
an
d
g
o
s
s
ip
,
w
h
er
e
f
alse
an
d
m
alicio
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
cir
cu
lated
ab
o
u
t
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
with
t
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
of
d
am
ag
in
g
t
h
eir
r
ep
u
tatio
n
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
tan
d
in
g
[
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
m
a
y
in
v
o
lv
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
an
d
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
e
r
p
etr
ato
r
d
elib
e
r
ately
ex
clu
d
es
th
e
v
ictim
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
ac
tiv
ities
,
or
ev
e
n
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
f
ee
lin
g
s
of
lo
n
elin
ess
a
n
d
alien
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
I
m
p
er
s
o
n
atio
n
is
an
o
th
er
in
s
id
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
wh
er
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
cr
ea
te
f
ak
e
p
r
o
f
iles
or
ac
co
u
n
ts
to
m
asq
u
er
ad
e
as
th
e
v
icti
m
an
d
p
o
s
t
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
or
em
b
ar
r
ass
in
g
co
n
ten
t
on
th
eir
b
eh
alf
.
Fin
ally
,
cy
b
er
s
talk
in
g
,
a
m
o
r
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
an
d
in
tr
u
s
iv
e
f
o
r
m
of
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
in
v
o
lv
es
r
elen
tles
s
o
n
lin
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
of
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al’
s
ac
tiv
ities
,
o
f
t
en
with
th
e
in
ten
t
to
g
ath
er
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
u
s
e
it
to
in
tim
id
ate
or
th
r
ea
ten
th
e
v
ictim
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
can
be
f
ar
-
r
ea
c
h
in
g
an
d
d
ev
astatin
g
.
E
m
o
tio
n
ally
,
v
ic
tim
s
o
f
ten
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lev
els
of
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
elen
tles
s
o
n
lin
e
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
th
ey
en
d
u
r
e.
T
h
ese
em
o
tio
n
al
ef
f
ec
ts
can
be
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
d
e
tr
im
en
tal
to
th
e
m
en
tal
wel
l
-
b
ein
g
of
y
o
u
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
on
v
ictim
s
’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
s
tr
ess
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
tu
r
m
o
il
m
ay
lead
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
a
b
s
en
teeism
,
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lty
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
on
s
ch
o
o
lwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
o
cial
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ar
e
eq
u
ally
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
,
as
v
ict
im
s
m
ay
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
b
o
t
h
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e,
to
av
o
i
d
f
u
r
th
er
h
a
r
m
an
d
em
b
ar
r
as
s
m
en
t.
Su
ch
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
can
e
x
ac
er
b
ate
th
e
e
m
o
tio
n
al
d
is
tr
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
by
v
ictim
s
,
lead
in
g
to
a
s
en
s
e
of
h
el
p
less
n
ess
an
d
alien
atio
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Alb
ik
a
wi
[
1
4
]
f
o
u
n
d
h
ig
h
r
ates
of
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
x
iety
,
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
in
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
,
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
er
p
etr
atio
n
,
an
d
v
ictim
izatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
f
em
ale
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
Self
-
esteem
an
d
in
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
p
r
ed
icted
b
o
th
c
y
b
er
b
u
l
ly
in
g
an
d
v
ictim
izatio
n
.
W
r
ig
h
t
an
d
W
ac
h
s
[
1
5
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
p
ar
e
n
ts
b
u
f
f
er
e
d
d
ep
r
es
s
io
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
elem
en
tar
y
,
m
id
d
le,
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
a
n
d
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
er
ea
s
f
r
ie
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
n
ly
b
u
f
f
er
e
d
m
i
d
d
le
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
r
ed
icted
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Fin
ally
,
Xia
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
v
ictim
iza
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
o
cial
an
x
iety
in
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
c
e
an
x
iety
an
d
lo
wer
in
g
s
elf
-
e
s
teem
s
eq
u
en
tially
,
with
s
elf
-
esteem
's
ef
f
ec
t
on
s
o
cial
an
x
iety
b
ein
g
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
f
o
r
f
em
ales.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
'
s
n
eg
ativ
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
im
p
ac
ts
,
with
s
o
m
e
ag
e
an
d
g
en
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
s
er
io
u
s
an
d
f
ar
-
r
ea
ch
in
g
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
wo
r
k
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
to
co
m
b
at
th
is
i
s
s
u
e.
C
r
ea
tin
g
a
s
af
er
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
v
o
lv
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
but
also
ac
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
em
p
at
h
y
,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
1
7
]
.
By
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
of
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
i
n
clu
s
iv
ity
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
p
ac
e,
we
can
cr
ea
te
a
h
ea
lth
ier
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
p
r
o
tects
ad
o
lescen
ts
f
r
o
m
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
eir
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
8
]
.
Pre
v
en
tin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
t
ee
n
ag
er
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
eir
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
al
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
r
in
g
ad
o
lescen
ce
[
1
9
]
.
C
y
b
er
b
u
ll
y
in
g
can
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
a
ct
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
s
en
s
e
of
s
elf
,
s
elf
-
esteem
,
a
n
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
eir
e
m
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
As
d
ig
it
al
n
ativ
es,
teen
ag
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
en
ts
on
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
o
n
lin
e
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
ten
tial
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ca
n
also
d
is
r
u
p
t
s
o
cia
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
f
ee
lin
g
s
of
is
o
latio
n
.
To
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies
is
es
s
en
tial
to
cr
ea
te
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
of
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t
o
n
lin
e
.
By
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
i
g
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
teen
a
g
er
s
can
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
o
n
lin
e
wo
r
l
d
s
af
e
ly
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
t
h
eir
o
v
er
all
g
r
o
wth
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
in
th
e
d
ig
i
tal
ag
e.
Dig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
en
co
m
p
ass
a
s
et
of
co
m
p
eten
cies
a
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
em
p
o
wer
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
teen
ag
er
s
,
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
s
af
ely
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
,
an
d
eth
ical
ly
.
In
th
e
er
a
of
ev
er
-
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
u
b
iq
u
ito
u
s
in
ter
n
et
ac
c
ess
,
p
o
s
s
es
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
young
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
p
r
iv
a
cy
,
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
th
e
m
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
,
an
d
en
g
ag
e
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
By
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
teen
a
g
er
s
with
th
ese
v
ital
s
k
ills
,
we
can
em
p
o
wer
t
h
em
to
m
a
k
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
av
o
i
d
p
o
ten
ti
al
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
th
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
af
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
f
o
r
all
u
s
er
s
.
Desp
ite
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
on
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
on
teen
a
g
er
s
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
co
n
c
er
n
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
1
7
0
-
4
1
8
8
4172
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
th
eir
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
cy
b
e
r
b
u
ll
y
in
g
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
r
elev
an
t
to
teen
ag
er
s
,
b
u
t
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
all
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
is
lack
in
g
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
co
r
r
elatin
g
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
with
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
i
n
cid
en
ce
ar
e
n
e
ed
ed
to
em
p
ir
ically
v
alid
ate
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
how
th
ese
s
k
ills
ad
ap
t
to
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
on
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
in
t
er
s
ec
tio
n
ality
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies.
L
o
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
on
tee
n
ag
er
s
’
o
n
lin
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
also
r
e
q
u
ir
e
i
n
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
r
esear
c
h
g
a
p
s
can
in
f
o
r
m
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
f
o
s
ter
a
s
af
e
r
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teen
a
g
er
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
of
our
s
tu
d
y
was
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
am
o
n
g
teen
ag
er
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
We
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
i
n
cid
en
ts
am
o
n
g
th
is
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
By
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
our
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
of
liter
atu
r
e
on
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
lic
y
m
ak
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
to
d
ev
el
o
p
ta
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
To
ac
h
iev
e
o
u
r
o
b
jectiv
e
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
es
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
Ho
w
do
teen
ag
e
r
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
of
p
r
ac
ticin
g
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
t
h
eir
v
alu
e?
ii)
Ho
w
do
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ie
n
e
s
k
ill
s
h
elp
teen
ag
er
s
p
r
o
tect
t
h
e
m
s
elv
es
ag
ain
s
t
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
v
ictim
izatio
n
?
W
h
ich
s
k
ills
ar
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e?
iii)
W
h
at
d
if
f
icu
lties
do
teen
ag
er
s
f
ac
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
p
r
ac
tices?
W
h
at
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
or
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wo
u
ld
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
is
?
By
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
ese
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
of
th
e
r
o
le
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
to
f
o
s
ter
a
s
af
er
an
d
more
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
i
g
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teen
ag
er
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
s
k
ills
th
at
can
be
e
m
p
h
asized
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
itiativ
es
an
d
p
o
licies
to
r
ed
u
ce
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
will
h
elp
g
u
id
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
on
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
an
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
s
ev
er
al
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
f
ield
of
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
teen
ag
er
s
in
Ka
za
k
h
s
tan
.
First,
by
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
et
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
r
elev
an
t
to
th
is
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
es
a
v
alu
ab
l
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
ca
n
g
u
id
e
p
o
l
icy
m
ak
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
p
ar
en
ts
in
d
esig
n
in
g
tar
g
ete
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
v
alid
atio
n
of
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
ev
id
en
ce
of
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
th
ese
s
k
ills
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
o
n
lin
e
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
is
e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
of
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
a
m
o
n
g
teen
a
g
er
s
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
e
x
am
in
atio
n
of
co
n
te
x
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
c
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
o
f
f
er
s
n
u
an
ce
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
tailo
r
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
p
ec
if
i
c
o
n
lin
e
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
u
s
er
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
am
o
n
g
teen
a
g
er
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
Sectio
n
2
estab
l
is
h
es
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
by
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
th
at
id
e
n
tifie
s
th
e
k
ey
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Sectio
n
3
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
am
p
le,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
on
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Sectio
n
5
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
d
elv
in
g
in
to
th
e
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
e
s
u
lts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
to
th
e
f
ield
an
d
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
6
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
of
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
of
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
in
m
it
ig
atin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
ci
d
en
ts
am
o
n
g
teen
ag
er
s
in
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
.
2.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
F
RAM
E
WO
RK
C
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
r
ep
r
esen
t
two
cr
itical
ar
ea
s
of
r
esear
ch
with
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
C
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
an
d
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies
th
at
h
av
e
en
ab
le
d
em
e
r
g
in
g
r
is
k
s
s
u
ch
as
o
n
lin
e
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
Dig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
p
h
er
e
s
af
ely
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
b
u
ild
on
th
ese
two
b
o
d
ies
of
k
n
o
wled
g
e
by
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ill
s
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
es
am
o
n
g
teen
ag
er
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
id
en
tify
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ills
th
at
ca
n
em
p
o
wer
teen
ag
er
s
to
p
r
o
te
ct
th
em
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
e
v
iews
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
d
o
m
ain
s
,
f
ir
s
t
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l h
yg
ien
e
s
kills
a
n
d
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
:
a
s
tu
d
y
a
mo
n
g
teen
a
g
ers
in
K
a
z
a
kh
s
ta
n
(
Din
a
r
a
B
erd
i
)
4173
th
at
ex
ac
er
b
ate
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
an
d
th
en
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
th
at
m
a
y
h
e
lp
p
r
e
v
en
t
it.
T
h
e
d
u
al
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
itu
ates
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
of
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
an
d
d
ef
icits
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
te
x
t
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
r
o
le
in
m
itig
atin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
am
o
n
g
teen
a
g
er
s
.
2
.
1
.
Cy
berbull
y
ing
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
elib
er
ate
an
d
r
e
p
ea
ted
u
s
e
of
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
em
ail,
or
m
ess
ag
in
g
a
p
p
s
,
to
h
ar
ass
,
in
tim
id
ate,
or
h
ar
m
o
th
er
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
of
o
n
lin
e
a
b
u
s
e,
s
u
c
h
as
s
en
d
in
g
t
h
r
ea
ten
in
g
m
ess
ag
es,
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
r
u
m
o
r
s
,
or
s
h
a
r
in
g
h
u
r
tf
u
l
co
n
ten
t,
wh
ich
can
h
av
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
t
s
on
t
h
e
m
e
n
tal
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
of
th
e
tar
g
eted
in
d
iv
id
u
als
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
is
a
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
is
s
u
e
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
teen
ag
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
on
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
h
av
e
r
ev
ea
led
its
n
eg
a
tiv
e
im
p
ac
t
on
v
ictim
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lev
els
of
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
[
2
4
]
.
R
esear
ch
a
ls
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
o
le
of
th
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
in
p
er
p
etu
atin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
e
n
ts
[
2
5
]
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
lack
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ie
n
e
s
k
ills
m
ay
be
more
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
l
e
to
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
,
eith
er
as
v
ictim
s
or
p
er
p
etr
at
o
r
s
[
2
6
]
.
H
en
ce
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
it
al
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
l
ly
in
g
is
cr
u
cial
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
2
.
2
.
Dig
it
a
l
hy
g
iene
s
k
ills
D
i
g
i
t
al
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
ar
e
v
ital
in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
esp
ec
ially
teen
ag
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
a
b
ilit
ies
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
d
ig
it
al
wo
r
ld
s
af
ely
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
en
co
m
p
ass
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
,
each
of
w
h
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
in
d
is
tin
ct
way
s
.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ie
n
e
s
k
ills
is
b
ased
on
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
of
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e,
cu
lm
in
atin
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
riv
a
c
y
pro
t
ec
t
io
n
Priv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
of
teen
ag
er
s
to
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
p
r
esen
ce
to
p
r
ev
en
t
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
m
is
u
s
e
[
2
7
]
.
It
in
v
o
lv
es
ad
o
p
tin
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
on
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
b
ein
g
ca
u
tio
u
s
wh
ile
s
h
ar
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
etails,
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
n
li
n
e
o
v
e
r
s
h
ar
in
g
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
Pri
v
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
k
ill
in
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
cy
b
e
r
b
u
llies
o
f
ten
u
s
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
o
n
lin
e
to
tar
g
et
v
ictim
s
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
ar
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
ab
o
u
t
s
h
a
r
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
ac
tiv
el
y
m
an
ag
e
th
ei
r
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
on
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ictim
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
p
r
io
r
itiz
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
R
am
ez
an
ian
an
d
Niem
i
[
3
1
]
u
s
ed
p
r
i
v
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
to
d
e
tect
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
an
d
Fau
c
h
er
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
also
s
h
o
wed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
p
r
i
v
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
in
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
of
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
ed
u
ce
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
(
H1
)
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
f
e
re
po
rt
ing
Saf
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
an
d
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
of
teen
ag
er
s
to
r
ep
o
r
t
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
en
ts
or
h
ar
m
f
u
l
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
in
a
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
3
3
]
.
It
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
h
av
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
i
b
le
an
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
ch
an
n
els
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
v
icti
m
s
to
s
ee
k
h
elp
an
d
d
is
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
p
e
r
p
etr
atio
n
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Saf
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
is
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
of
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
ar
e
awa
r
e
of
how
to
r
ep
o
r
t
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
in
cid
en
ts
to
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
au
th
o
r
ities
or
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
ar
e
more
lik
ely
to
tak
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
ac
tio
n
wh
en
th
ey
en
co
u
n
ter
or
witn
ess
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
[
3
4
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
d
icate
d
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
wh
o
b
eliev
e
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
ar
e
more
lik
ely
to
in
ter
v
en
e
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
tim
ely
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
e
r
p
etr
at
o
r
s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
wr
itten
as:
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
af
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
s
k
ills
r
ed
u
ce
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
(
H2
)
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Crit
ica
l
t
hin
k
ing
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
of
teen
a
g
er
s
to
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
m
ess
ag
es
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
o
n
lin
e
[
3
6
]
.
It
in
v
o
l
v
es
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
an
d
au
th
e
n
ticity
of
o
n
lin
e
co
n
te
n
t,
id
en
tif
y
in
g
p
o
t
en
tial
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
or
m
a
n
ip
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
m
ak
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
av
o
i
d
f
allin
g
v
ictim
to
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
tactics
[
3
7
]
.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
i
d
en
tify
in
g
p
o
te
n
tial
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
av
o
id
in
g
f
allin
g
v
ictim
to
d
e
ce
p
tiv
e
o
n
lin
e
co
n
ten
t.
Ad
o
le
s
ce
n
ts
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
more
lik
ely
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
s
ig
n
s
of
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
wh
en
th
ey
en
c
o
u
n
ter
h
ar
m
f
u
l
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
of
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ten
d
to
en
g
ag
e
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
en
g
ag
e
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
th
ir
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as:
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
(
H3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
1
7
0
-
4
1
8
8
4174
2
.
2
.
4
.
Cy
berbull
y
ing
identif
i
ca
t
io
n
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
p
er
tain
s
to
teen
ag
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
a
n
d
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
s
tan
ce
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
o
n
li
n
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
It
in
v
o
lv
es
id
e
n
tify
in
g
m
alicio
u
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
s
u
ch
as
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t,
th
r
ea
ts
,
or
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ar
m
f
u
l
r
u
m
o
r
s
,
wh
ich
all
o
ws
f
o
r
tim
ely
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
v
ictim
s
an
d
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
[
4
0
]
.
B
ein
g
a
b
le
to
id
en
tify
s
ig
n
s
of
c
y
b
er
b
u
ll
y
in
g
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
v
ictim
s
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
ar
e
ad
ep
t
at
r
ec
o
g
n
izi
n
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
ev
en
in
s
u
b
tle
or
in
d
ir
ec
t
f
o
r
m
s
,
can
o
f
f
e
r
tim
ely
ass
is
tan
ce
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
.
Stu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
s
k
ills
ar
e
more
lik
ely
to
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
p
ee
r
s
an
d
s
h
o
w
e
m
p
ath
y
to
wa
r
d
v
ictim
s
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
of
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
s
k
ills
r
ed
u
ce
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
(
H4
)
.
2
.
2
.
5
.
P
his
hin
g
a
nd
s
ca
m
a
wa
re
nes
s
Ph
is
h
in
g
an
d
s
ca
m
awa
r
e
n
ess
in
v
o
lv
e
b
ein
g
v
ig
ilan
t
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
a
b
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
o
n
lin
e
s
c
h
em
es
an
d
tactics
u
s
ed
by
m
alicio
u
s
ac
to
r
s
to
d
ec
eiv
e
an
d
ex
p
lo
it
in
d
iv
id
u
als
[
4
2
]
.
T
ee
n
ag
e
r
s
with
h
i
g
h
er
awa
r
e
n
ess
can
b
etter
d
etec
t
an
d
av
o
id
f
allin
g
in
to
tr
ap
s
,
th
u
s
m
in
im
izin
g
th
eir
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
attem
p
ts
.
Ph
is
h
in
g
an
d
s
ca
m
awa
r
en
ess
is
an
ess
en
tial
s
k
ill
in
av
o
id
in
g
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
ay
be
lu
r
ed
in
t
o
s
h
ar
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
or
en
g
a
g
in
g
in
h
ar
m
f
u
l
b
e
h
av
io
r
u
n
k
n
o
win
g
ly
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
ar
e
awa
r
e
of
co
m
m
o
n
p
h
is
h
in
g
an
d
s
ca
m
tactics
ar
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
cy
b
er
b
u
llies
wh
o
m
ay
u
s
e
th
ese
d
ec
ep
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
[
4
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
s
ca
m
awa
r
en
ess
ten
d
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
less
r
is
k
y
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
a
n
d
a
r
e
less
lik
ely
to
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
i
n
cid
en
ts
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
if
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
o
u
tlin
ed
as:
p
h
is
h
in
g
a
n
d
s
ca
m
awa
r
en
ess
r
ed
u
ce
s
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
(
H5
)
.
2
.
2
.
6
.
P
o
s
it
iv
e
o
nli
ne
beha
v
io
r
Po
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
is
r
elate
d
to
teen
ag
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
th
e
d
i
g
ital
s
p
h
er
e
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
It
en
co
m
p
ass
es
b
ein
g
em
p
ath
etic,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ate
in
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
Pro
m
o
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
a
k
ey
asp
ec
t
of
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
af
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Ad
o
lesce
n
ts
wh
o
co
m
m
it
to
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
an
d
k
i
n
d
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
ar
e
more
lik
ely
to
s
tan
d
up
ag
ain
s
t
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
d
icate
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
s
en
s
e
of
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
ar
e
less
l
ik
ely
to
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ictim
s
or
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
ix
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
of
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
in
d
u
cted
as:
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
r
ed
u
ce
s
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
(
H6
)
.
2
.
2
.
7
.
Dig
it
a
l
f
o
o
t
print
a
wa
r
eness
Dig
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
awa
r
e
n
ess
r
ef
er
s
to
teen
ag
e
r
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
of
th
e
tr
ail
of
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
ey
leav
e
b
e
h
in
d
wh
ile
en
g
ag
in
g
in
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ities
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
is
v
ar
ia
b
le
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
m
an
ag
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
o
n
e’
s
d
ig
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
to
p
r
o
tect
o
n
eself
f
r
o
m
p
o
ten
tial
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
r
is
k
s
[
5
2
]
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
o
n
lin
e
ac
tio
n
s
on
o
n
e
’
s
d
ig
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
is
cr
itical
in
av
o
id
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
at
m
ay
h
a
v
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
a
r
e
m
in
d
f
u
l
of
t
h
eir
d
ig
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
en
g
ag
e
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
co
n
s
cio
u
s
of
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
r
ep
er
cu
s
s
io
n
s
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
d
ig
i
tal
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
awa
r
en
ess
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
p
r
io
r
itize
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
s
af
e
ty
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
s
ev
en
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
s
:
d
ig
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
awa
r
en
ess
r
ed
u
ce
s
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
(
H7
)
.
2
.
2
.
8
.
O
nli
ne
et
iqu
et
t
e
(
net
iqu
et
t
e)
On
lin
e
etiq
u
ette,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
n
etiq
u
ette,
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
s
et
of
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
co
u
r
teo
u
s
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
o
n
lin
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
5
6
]
.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
le
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
of
p
r
ac
ticin
g
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
an
d
p
o
l
ite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
n
lin
e,
wh
ich
can
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
m
itig
ate
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
e
n
ts
[
5
7
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
Ad
h
e
r
in
g
to
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
o
r
m
s
o
n
lin
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
of
en
g
a
g
i
n
g
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
or
ac
tio
n
s
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
v
alu
e
o
n
lin
e
etiq
u
ette
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
en
g
ag
e
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
a
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
5
9
]
–
[
6
1
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
s
tr
o
n
g
n
etiq
u
ette
s
k
ills
ten
d
to
h
av
e
h
ea
lth
ier
o
n
lin
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
less
cy
b
er
b
u
ll
y
in
g
[
5
8
]
,
[
6
2
]
,
[
6
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ei
g
h
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
wr
itten
as:
o
n
lin
e
etiq
u
ette
lead
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
(
H8
)
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
s
af
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
an
d
s
ca
m
awa
r
en
ess
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
d
i
g
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
etiq
u
ette
(
n
etiq
u
ette)
as
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
th
at
th
ese
s
k
ills
h
elp
teen
ag
er
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
es.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l h
yg
ien
e
s
kills
a
n
d
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
:
a
s
tu
d
y
a
mo
n
g
teen
a
g
ers
in
K
a
z
a
kh
s
ta
n
(
Din
a
r
a
B
erd
i
)
4175
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
am
o
n
g
teen
a
g
e
r
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
A
q
u
an
tita
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ch
o
s
en
to
q
u
an
tify
th
e
lev
els
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
all
o
ws
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
to
estab
li
s
h
em
p
ir
ical
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
en
a
b
les
us
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ic
tiv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
of
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
ig
it
al
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
e
n
ts
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
esig
n
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
in
clu
d
es
item
s
b
ased
on
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ill
s
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
to
as
s
ess
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
teen
ag
er
s
f
r
o
m
to
wn
an
d
d
is
tr
ict
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
T
u
r
k
is
tan
R
eg
io
n
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
can
be
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
T
ab
le
1
.
To
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
by
Kr
ejcie
a
n
d
Mo
r
g
an
[
6
4
]
f
o
r
a
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
of
645
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
ad
es
7
-
9
in
to
wn
an
d
d
is
tr
ict
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
B
ased
on
th
eir
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
2
0
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
n
ticip
atin
g
p
o
ten
ti
al
non
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
or
in
co
m
p
lete
d
ata,
we
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
38
s
tu
d
en
t
s
,
y
ield
in
g
a
f
i
n
al
s
am
p
le
of
238
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Su
r
v
ey
in
g
th
is
s
lig
h
tly
lar
g
er
s
am
p
le
h
elp
s
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
an
d
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
tr
ata,
ev
en
if
s
o
m
e
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
n
ee
d
to
be
ex
clu
d
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
to
tal
s
am
p
le
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
s
ize
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ataset
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
tr
atif
ied
in
t
o
to
wn
an
d
d
is
tr
ict
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
g
r
a
d
es
7
-
9
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
am
p
led
f
r
o
m
each
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e
b
ased
on
ag
e
an
d
g
e
n
d
er
q
u
o
tas
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
of
th
ese
s
eg
m
en
ts
in
th
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
on
th
e
b
asis
of
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
of
d
ata
co
llect
io
n
an
d
s
tatis
tical
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
ch
o
s
en
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
will
be
g
iv
en
clea
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
on
how
to
c
o
m
p
lete
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
an
d
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
o
cc
u
r
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
to
Ma
y
2023.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
with
Sm
ar
tPLS
4
.
0
.
T
h
is
s
tati
s
tical
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
PLS
-
SEM
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
c
o
m
p
lex
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
wh
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all,
m
ak
in
g
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
o
u
tlin
in
g
t
h
e
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
th
e
attain
m
e
n
t
of
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
1
7
0
-
4
1
8
8
4176
T
ab
le
1
.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
N
o
.
I
t
e
m
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
PP1
I
a
m c
a
u
t
i
o
u
s
a
b
o
u
t
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
my
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
.
PP2
I
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
ma
n
a
g
e
my
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
se
t
t
i
n
g
s
o
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms.
PP3
I
a
m a
w
a
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
s
a
sso
c
i
a
t
e
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4177
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RE
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p
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ter
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r
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r
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r
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ately
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ately
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ict
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icate
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ts
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e
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th
g
r
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d
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T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
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lts
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
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an
d
v
alid
ity
an
a
ly
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
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,
wh
ich
ass
ess
es
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
item
s
in
a
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
I
t
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
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1
,
wh
er
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
alu
es in
d
icate
g
r
ea
ter
in
ter
n
a
l c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
I
n
T
ab
le
3
,
all
v
ar
iab
les h
av
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
C
r
o
n
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ac
h
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h
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v
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es
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g
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g
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r
o
m
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9
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o
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9
2
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in
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icatin
g
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e
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s
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in
ea
ch
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ar
iab
le
r
eliab
ly
m
e
asu
r
e
th
e
tar
g
eted
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
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is
an
o
th
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
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eliab
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th
at
ev
alu
ates
th
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n
ter
n
al
co
n
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f
th
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s
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le
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s
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Similar
to
C
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s
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it
r
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n
g
es
f
r
o
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with
h
i
g
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er
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alu
es
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icatin
g
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etter
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eliab
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y
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I
n
T
ab
le
3
,
all
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a
r
iab
les
ex
h
ib
it
s
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o
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g
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R
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with
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alu
es
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g
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n
g
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r
o
m
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8
2
1
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0
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9
3
9
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
item
s
.
Av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
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ass
ess
e
s
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
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ea
s
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r
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en
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m
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d
el,
in
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icatin
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th
e
am
o
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n
t
o
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ar
ian
ce
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p
tu
r
ed
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y
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e
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t
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n
s
tr
u
ct
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elativ
e
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
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r
.
AVE
v
alu
es
r
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g
e
f
r
o
m
0
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1
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d
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
s
ig
n
if
y
b
etter
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
I
n
T
ab
le
3
,
all
v
ar
ia
b
les
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
AVE
v
alu
es,
r
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g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
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5
6
8
to
0
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7
8
4
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
ite
m
s
with
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
ar
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
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s
alp
h
a
an
d
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R
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an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
a
lid
ity
(
AVE
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o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les in
T
a
b
le
3
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t in
s
t
r
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
v
alid
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
tar
g
eted
d
ig
ital h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
of
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
N
u
mb
e
r
To
t
a
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
2
3
8
A
g
e
r
a
n
g
e
of
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
10
-
17
y
e
a
r
s
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
(
5
3
%)
F
e
mal
e
(
4
7
%)
S
c
h
o
o
l
t
y
p
e
To
w
n
mi
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
s
(
7
3
%)
D
i
st
r
i
c
t
m
i
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
s
(
2
7
%)
G
r
a
d
e
l
e
v
e
l
7
(
M
i
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
)
(
4
3
%)
8
(
M
i
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
)
(
3
5
%)
9
(
M
i
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
)
(
2
2
%)
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
an
aly
s
is
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
ia
b
les
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
CR
AVE
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
8
6
4
0
.
8
7
6
0
.
6
7
3
S
a
f
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
0
.
8
9
2
0
.
9
3
8
0
.
5
6
8
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
0
.
8
9
2
0
.
8
4
2
0
.
6
7
1
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
8
7
7
0
.
8
4
7
0
.
6
2
6
P
h
i
s
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
sc
a
m
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
0
.
8
5
8
0
.
8
9
2
0
.
6
0
6
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
0
.
8
8
1
0
.
8
5
2
0
.
6
8
3
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
f
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
0
.
8
2
1
0
.
8
4
1
0
.
7
8
4
O
n
l
i
n
e
e
t
i
q
u
e
t
t
e
0
.
8
8
5
0
.
9
3
9
0
.
7
2
9
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
0
.
7
9
2
0
.
8
2
1
0
.
6
2
1
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
d
i
g
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
tab
le
in
clu
d
es
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tatis
tical
in
d
icato
r
s
of
each
v
ar
ia
b
le
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
co
lu
m
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
r
elate
d
to
each
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
le.
Var
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el.
In
th
is
tab
le,
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
es
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
to
2
.
8
,
in
d
icati
n
g
th
at
th
er
e
is
no
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
lo
ad
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
item
s
an
d
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
v
ar
iab
les).
Hig
h
er
l
o
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
(
clo
s
er
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I
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ex
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as
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r
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Fig
u
r
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3.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
u
c
I
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2252
-
8
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Dig
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4179
Fig
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R
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T
ab
le
5
.
R
esu
lts
of
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
e
s
β
S
.
D
.
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
H1
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
3
3
0
1
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
1
9
C
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
H2
S
a
f
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
3
6
1
1
.
1
8
0
0
.
0
7
2
N
o
t
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
H3
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
2
4
8
1
.
0
4
6
0
.
0
2
1
C
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
H4
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
5
7
8
0
.
9
6
3
0
.
0
2
3
C
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
H5
P
h
i
s
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
sc
a
m
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
5
8
4
1
.
0
2
8
0
.
0
1
5
C
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
H6
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
2
0
7
1
.
0
3
7
0
.
0
9
0
N
o
t
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
H7
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
f
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
2
8
1
1
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
1
9
C
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
H8
O
n
l
i
n
e
e
t
i
q
u
e
t
t
e
-
>
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
-
0
.
4
6
3
1
.
0
8
4
4
0
.
0
8
6
N
o
t
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
Ho
wev
er
,
not
all
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
i
en
e
s
k
ills
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
on
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
r
elate
d
to
s
af
e
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
(
H2
)
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
(
H6
)
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
eti
q
u
ette
(
H8
)
do
not
ex
h
ib
it
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
of
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
W
h
ile
th
e
non
-
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
in
d
icate
th
at
s
af
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
etiq
u
ette
m
ay
not
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
on
r
ed
u
cin
g
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
p
o
te
n
tial
co
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
m
a
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
n
u
an
c
es
of
th
ese
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
an
d
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
o
th
er
s
ettin
g
s
or
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
R
2
=0
.
7
8
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
78%
of
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
th
e
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
of
s
tu
d
en
ts
can
be
e
x
p
lain
ed
by
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ie
n
e
s
k
ills
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
h
av
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
on
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
a
n
d
r
elev
an
ce
of
t
h
ese
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
of
d
ig
ital
h
y
g
ien
e
s
k
ills
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
of
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
on
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
of
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
ess
en
tial
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
to
f
o
s
ter
a
s
af
er
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
(
H1
)
p
o
s
ited
th
at
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
wo
u
l
d
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
on
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
more
v
ig
ilan
t
ab
o
u
t
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
in
g
th
eir
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
lin
e
wo
u
ld
e
n
co
u
n
ter
f
ewe
r
in
s
tan
ce
s
of
cy
b
er
b
u
ll
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
wa
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
is
in
d
ee
d
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
p
r
iv
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
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