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v
a
lua
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n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
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n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
2
7
~
3
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3827
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ttp
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ere.
ia
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Clo
sing
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tal div
ide in
educati
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n:
a
n inno
v
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tive
revi
ew of
dema
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ly
side policies
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four
ASEA
N
me
mber states
Da
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R
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May
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Th
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ra
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it
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tec
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ies
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e
d
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c
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ti
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n
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i
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e
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As
ian
Na
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ASE
AN
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g
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k
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e
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s
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s
y
ste
m
a
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o
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in
C
a
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M
a
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Th
a
il
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d
,
a
n
d
t
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e
P
h
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li
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p
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s
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ll
o
win
g
a
fra
m
e
wo
rk
sy
n
t
h
e
sis
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
Th
r
o
u
g
h
d
e
s
k
re
se
a
rc
h
,
d
a
ta
wa
s
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e
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b
a
se
d
o
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a
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
si
d
e
fra
m
e
wo
rk
a
n
d
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
p
o
li
c
y
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
fro
m
re
lev
a
n
t
m
in
istri
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
ts,
re
p
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rts
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y
i
n
tern
a
ti
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a
l
d
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v
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lo
p
m
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n
t
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
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n
s
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
g
o
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e
r
n
m
e
n
tal
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
li
tera
tu
re
.
Th
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
re
v
e
a
ls
a
n
imb
a
lan
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
su
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
-
si
d
e
p
o
li
c
ies
a
n
d
re
g
u
lato
r
y
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
with
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
ts
i
n
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
fa
v
o
rin
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
sid
e
p
o
li
c
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
ASEA
N
Dig
ital d
iv
id
e
I
C
T
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Po
licy
r
ev
iew
SDG
4
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dan
iel
Mc
Far
lan
e
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Glo
b
al
Stu
d
ies,
T
h
a
m
m
asat U
n
iv
er
s
ity
Kh
lo
n
g
Nu
e
n
g
,
Kh
l
o
n
g
L
u
an
g
Dis
tr
ict,
Path
u
m
T
h
an
i 1
2
1
2
1
,
T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail:
d
an
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s
g
s
.
tu
.
ac
.
th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
en
ab
ler
s
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
to
war
d
s
all
1
7
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
Go
als
(
SDGs
)
.
Mo
b
ile
an
d
f
i
x
ed
-
lin
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
B
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
v
e
r
ty
,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
eq
u
itab
le
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
an
d
h
ea
lth
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
r
esil
ien
t
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
wh
ile
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
3
]
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
an
d
o
th
e
r
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
ar
-
r
ea
c
h
in
g
b
e
n
ef
its
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ac
h
iev
in
g
SDG
4
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ath
way
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
a
b
lin
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
el
ev
an
ce
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
u
ild
in
g
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
p
at
h
way
s
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
4
]
.
R
esear
ch
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ca
r
r
y
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
g
ain
ed
at
s
ch
o
o
l
t
o
o
th
er
i
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
ca
n
g
u
id
e
f
am
il
y
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
e
r
s
[
5
]
.
Sch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
t
iv
ity
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
n
e
n
tr
y
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
e
x
ten
d
in
g
co
n
n
ec
tiv
i
ty
to
u
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
er
s
is
tin
g
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
in
A
s
s
o
ciatio
n
o
f
S
o
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
N
atio
n
s
(
ASEA
N)
m
em
b
er
s
tates
an
d
elsewh
er
e,
with
m
an
y
ch
ild
r
e
n
b
ein
g
u
n
ab
le
to
ac
ce
s
s
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
lo
c
k
d
o
w
n
s
[
7
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
U
n
d
er
p
in
n
in
g
th
e
SDGs
2
0
3
0
ag
en
d
a
is
th
e
p
led
g
e
to
“
leav
e
n
o
o
n
e
b
eh
in
d
.
”
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
n
o
w,
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
ev
er
,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
leav
in
g
n
o
o
n
e
o
f
f
lin
e.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
ar
g
u
es
th
at
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
in
ASEA
N
m
em
b
er
s
tates
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ep
lo
y
an
in
teg
r
ated
wh
o
le
-
of
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
s
id
e
f
ac
to
r
s
to
clo
s
e
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
o
licy
r
ef
er
s
to
p
o
licies
th
at
aim
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ch
o
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
38
2
7
-
3
8
3
7
3828
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
.
Dem
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
ar
e
g
ea
r
ed
to
war
d
s
in
ter
n
et
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
th
e
u
p
tak
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
I
C
T
s
)
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
g
en
er
al.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
co
v
er
ag
e
g
a
p
s
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
p
o
licy
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
[
6
]
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
in
d
icato
r
s
b
ey
o
n
d
wh
eth
er
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
av
e
i
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
a
n
d
en
c
o
m
p
ass
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
q
u
ality
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ev
i
ce
s
,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
wh
eth
er
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
[
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ev
er
e
lac
k
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
ASEA
N
s
tates.
T
h
e
o
n
ly
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ASEA
N
is
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
Min
is
ter
s
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
SEAM
E
O)
r
ep
o
r
t
titl
ed
s
tatu
s
o
f
I
C
T
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
ASEA
N
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
I
C
T
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
to
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
in
clu
d
es
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
ies
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
B
r
u
n
ei
Dar
u
s
s
alam
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
an
d
Si
n
g
ap
o
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
T
h
ailan
d
,
an
d
Vietn
am
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ies
i
n
th
ir
d
g
r
o
u
p
,
i
n
clu
d
e
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
L
a
o
PDR
,
an
d
My
a
n
m
ar
,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
o
n
l
y
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
As
th
e
SEAM
E
O
s
tu
d
y
is
n
o
w
o
u
td
ated
,
it
m
ay
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ta
te
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
ASEA
N
m
em
b
e
r
s
tates.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
r
e
r
ec
e
n
t
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
er
s
is
ts
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licie
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
n
o
s
ch
o
o
l is lef
t b
eh
in
d
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
ata
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
am
o
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
c
o
u
n
tr
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
ata
is
T
h
ailan
d
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
n
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
Un
io
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
[
1
2
]
,
a
lar
g
e
s
h
ar
e
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
,
with
9
7
.
4
7
%
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
ep
o
r
te
d
to
h
a
v
e
an
I
n
te
r
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
o
n
ly
0
.
8
%
with
o
u
t
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
wh
ile
d
ata
is
m
is
s
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
1
.
7
%
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
also
s
tates
th
at
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
ely
o
n
a
m
o
b
ile
in
ter
n
et
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
An
o
th
er
s
u
r
v
ey
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
s
en
tim
en
t,
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
5
2
%
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
escr
ib
ed
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
as
wea
k
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata
is
q
u
esti
o
n
ab
le
d
u
e
to
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
ju
r
is
d
ictio
n
al
is
s
u
es.
Oth
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
d
ata
o
r
n
o
d
ata
is
av
ailab
le.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
ata
in
Ma
l
ay
s
ia
is
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
3
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
av
ailab
le
d
ata,
2
7
%
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
s
lack
ed
a
co
m
p
u
ter
lab
,
a
n
d
3
%
h
ad
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
to
2
4
-
h
o
u
r
elec
tr
icity
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
C
am
b
o
d
ia
h
as
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
d
ata
b
u
t
is
lim
ited
to
o
n
e
in
d
icato
r
.
T
h
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
Y
o
u
th
an
d
Sp
o
r
t
[
1
5
]
r
e
p
o
r
ts
th
at
2
0
.
4
%
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
at
th
e
p
r
e
-
p
r
i
m
ar
y
lev
el,
3
6
.
5
%
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
el,
an
d
6
2
.
4
%
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
lev
el
h
ad
ac
ce
s
s
to
elec
tr
icity
,
in
ter
n
et,
an
d
co
m
p
u
t
er
s
f
o
r
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
in
2
0
1
8
.
Giv
en
th
e
b
r
o
ad
n
ess
o
f
th
is
in
d
icato
r
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
iv
e
a
clea
r
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
C
am
b
o
d
ia.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
er
e
is
n
o
d
ata
p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
le
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
g
e
n
er
al
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
ata
s
u
g
g
ests
th
er
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
g
a
p
s
in
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
s
in
ce
o
n
ly
4
7
%
o
f
Fil
ip
in
o
s
ac
tiv
ely
u
s
ed
th
e
in
ter
n
et
i
n
2
0
1
9
,
a
n
d
o
n
ly
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
w
as
co
v
er
ed
b
y
at
least
a
4
G
n
et
wo
r
k
in
2
0
1
7
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ASEA
N
m
em
b
er
s
tates
h
av
e
m
ad
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
it
also
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
o
m
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
ar
e
lef
t
b
eh
i
n
d
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
with
h
o
w
th
ese
s
ch
o
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
en
ab
led
to
h
ar
n
ess
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
an
d
p
o
licy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
g
en
er
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ital d
iv
id
e
[
1
7
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
c
e,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
atio
n
al
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
p
lan
is
lin
k
ed
to
h
ig
h
e
r
f
i
x
ed
a
n
d
m
o
b
ile
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
p
en
etr
ati
o
n
[
1
8
]
.
R
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
p
o
s
e
ch
allen
g
es
to
ex
ten
d
in
g
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
th
at
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
ce
s
alo
n
e
ca
n
n
o
t
o
v
er
co
m
e
[
1
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
p
o
licy
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
u
r
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
T
o
t
h
is
en
d
,
t
h
e
Allian
ce
f
o
r
A
f
f
o
r
d
ab
le
I
n
ter
n
et
[
1
9
]
an
d
th
e
GSM
ass
o
c
iatio
n
[
1
7
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
p
o
licies
t
h
at
ca
n
in
ce
n
tiv
ize
o
r
o
b
lig
ate
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
ac
to
r
s
to
ex
ten
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
to
r
u
r
al
an
d
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
allo
ca
tio
n
s
,
a
d
o
p
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tax
a
n
d
f
ee
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
s
tim
u
latin
g
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
em
an
d
.
Po
licy
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
also
p
lay
an
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
th
e
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
a
l
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
Un
io
n
(
I
T
U)
[
6
]
in
d
icate
s
th
at
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
r
eg
im
es,
s
u
ch
as
p
ay
-
to
-
p
lay
licen
s
in
g
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
er
v
ice
o
b
lig
atio
n
s
.
Su
ch
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ko
zm
a
[
2
0
]
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
u
p
tak
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
A
b
alan
ce
d
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
h
u
s
n
ee
d
s
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
b
o
th
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
s
id
e
p
o
licies
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lo
s
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ita
l d
ivid
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
in
n
o
v
a
tive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
ema
n
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a
n
d
…
(
Da
n
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la
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)
3829
Desp
ite
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
o
licies
to
ad
v
an
ce
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
litt
le
r
esear
ch
ex
am
in
es
p
o
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c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
an
al
y
zin
g
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
r
eg
im
es
in
eig
h
t
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies,
n
am
ely
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
My
an
m
ar
,
T
h
ailan
d
,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
Vietn
am
,
L
ao
PDR
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
was c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
UNE
SC
O
i
n
2013
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
h
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
o
m
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
I
C
T
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
o
licy
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
wer
e
q
u
ite
d
if
f
er
e
n
t,
r
ef
l
ec
tin
g
th
e
v
ar
ied
n
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
also
n
o
tes
th
at
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
p
o
licies,
lead
in
g
th
em
to
"
s
tay
o
n
p
ap
er
".
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
f
ew
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
d
ed
icate
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
r
ag
e
n
cies
f
o
r
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
leav
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
o
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
I
C
T
m
in
is
tr
ies
an
d
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
b
y
Ma
ch
m
u
d
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
,
in
th
eir
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
o
licies
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
My
an
m
ar
,
T
h
ailan
d
,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
all
f
o
u
r
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
m
ad
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
b
u
t
also
r
ep
o
r
t
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
Ou
ts
i
d
e
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
litt
le
r
esear
ch
is
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
r
e
g
i
m
es in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
y
n
th
esis
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
an
aly
zin
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
r
eg
im
es
in
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
a
n
d
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
o
th
is
en
d
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
o
s
ed
th
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
d
em
an
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
licies,
wh
at
is
th
e
s
tate
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
r
eg
im
es
in
f
o
u
r
ASEA
N
m
em
b
er
s
tates
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
?
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
ak
en
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
.
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
,
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
clu
d
e
th
e
ar
ticle
with
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
ex
is
t
in
g
p
o
licies
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ASEA
N
in
2
0
2
2
.
A
s
y
s
tem
a
tic
r
ev
iew
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
a
lu
ate
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
p
o
licies
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
ies
d
ep
lo
y
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
q
u
alit
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
with
in
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
y
n
t
h
esis
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ic
h
b
u
ild
s
o
n
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
[
2
6
]
.
Fra
m
ew
o
r
k
s
y
n
th
esis
u
s
es
a
liter
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
r
e
v
iew
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
co
llected
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
m
ain
ly
u
s
ed
i
n
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
also
ap
p
lied
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
s
y
n
th
esis
ty
p
ically
in
v
o
lv
es
f
iv
e
s
tag
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
:
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
,
id
e
n
tify
in
g
a
th
em
atic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
i
n
d
ex
in
g
,
ch
ar
tin
g
,
m
ap
p
in
g
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
f
ir
s
t
b
ec
o
m
es
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
to
p
ic
an
d
s
elec
ts
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
in
t
h
e
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
an
d
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
s
tag
es.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
ad
o
p
ted
a
s
u
p
p
ly
-
d
em
a
n
d
s
id
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
p
o
licy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail
in
th
e
n
e
x
t sectio
n
.
I
n
th
e
in
d
e
x
in
g
s
tag
e,
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
y
n
th
esis
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
ex
is
tin
g
ev
id
en
ce
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
itial
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
ile
s
y
s
t
em
atic
r
ev
iews
o
f
te
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tu
d
ies,
p
o
licy
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
ca
n
also
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
asis
o
f
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
y
n
th
esis
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
.
E
v
id
en
ce
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
es
p
o
licy
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
elev
an
t
m
in
is
tr
ies
an
d
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
,
r
e
p
o
r
ts
b
y
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
an
d
NGOs,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
lim
ited
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
an
aly
s
is
to
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
licy
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
an
d
t
o
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
r
e
g
io
n
'
s
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
in
d
e
x
in
g
s
tag
e,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
ch
ar
te
d
th
e
m
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
o
licy
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
co
llected
b
y
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
th
e
m
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
th
em
es
[
2
3
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
id
en
tifie
d
f
iv
e
s
u
b
th
em
es
u
n
d
e
r
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
an
d
th
r
ee
s
u
b
th
em
es
u
n
d
er
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies.
T
h
ese
th
em
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
a
r
ticle
u
tili
zin
g
a
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
in
ter
p
r
eted
with
in
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
d
i
g
ital d
iv
id
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
2
.
1
.
Co
ncept
ua
l f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
:
dem
a
nd
a
nd
s
up
p
ly
-
s
ide po
l
icies
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
an
al
y
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
m
ain
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
to
r
s
.
On
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
s
o
ciety
s
tip
u
lates
f
iv
e
p
r
io
r
ity
a
r
ea
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
n
ec
t
iv
ity
p
o
licies
co
v
er
i
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
,
v
is
io
n
a
n
d
p
o
licy
,
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
,
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
d
ev
ices,
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
[
3
2
]
.
An
o
th
er
a
n
aly
tical
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
is
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
b
etter
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
r
esu
lts
(
SAB
E
R
)
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
o
li
cy
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
th
e
W
o
r
ld
B
an
k
.
I
t
id
en
tifie
s
eig
h
t
k
ey
th
em
es
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
is
io
n
a
n
d
p
lan
n
in
g
,
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies,
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
c
es,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MI
S),
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
e
q
u
ity
,
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
s
af
ety
[
3
3
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
SEAM
E
O
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
38
2
7
-
3
8
3
7
3830
Secr
etar
iat
h
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
co
n
tain
s
g
u
i
d
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ten
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
in
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
i)
n
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
in
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
is
io
n
;
ii)
n
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
in
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
lan
s
an
d
p
o
licies;
iii)
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
n
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies;
iv
)
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
c
es
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
;
v
)
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
lea
d
er
s
;
v
i)
co
m
m
u
n
ity
/p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
;
v
ii)
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
n
atio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
;
v
ii)
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies;
ix
)
ass
ess
m
en
t; a
n
d
x
)
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
is
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
id
e
p
o
ten
tially
r
is
k
s
u
n
d
er
s
tatin
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies.
Giv
en
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
v
ar
iatio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
f
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
it
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
.
I
n
m
o
r
e
r
e
ce
n
t
in
itiativ
es
to
war
d
s
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
at
en
ab
le
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
I
T
U
an
d
UNI
C
E
F
Gig
a
in
itia
tiv
e
to
co
n
n
ec
t
ev
er
y
s
ch
o
o
l
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
h
as
ad
o
p
te
d
a
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
p
illar
s
:
m
ap
,
f
in
an
ce
,
co
n
n
ec
t
an
d
em
p
o
wer
.
I
n
th
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
a
clea
r
f
o
cu
s
is
p
u
t
o
n
en
ab
lin
g
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
ir
s
t
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
ed
u
c
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
later
[
6
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
t
h
e
Gig
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
as
it
is
in
ten
d
ed
as
a
g
u
i
d
elin
e
f
o
r
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
u
s
,
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
u
ild
s
o
n
a
lar
g
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
e
x
am
in
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies'
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
g
en
er
al
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
W
ith
in
th
is
liter
atu
r
e,
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ex
is
t
f
o
r
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
C
av
a
-
Fer
r
er
u
ela
an
d
Alab
au
-
Mu
ñ
o
z
[
3
4
]
ad
o
p
ted
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
an
aly
zi
n
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
p
o
licy
th
at
ca
te
g
o
r
izes
p
o
licy
r
eg
i
m
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
i
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
F
alch
an
d
Hen
ten
[
3
5
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
o
licy
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
co
m
p
etitio
n
,
s
tate
aid
,
an
d
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
ten
t
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Un
d
er
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
th
e
y
id
e
n
tifie
d
ten
s
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
two
p
o
les:
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
v
s
s
er
v
ice
co
m
p
etitio
n
,
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
v
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
p
o
licies,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
v
s
co
n
ten
t
p
r
io
r
itiz
atio
n
[
3
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
o
v
er
all
c
o
n
n
ec
t
iv
ity
p
o
licy
,
th
ey
a
r
e
u
n
s
u
ita
b
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
Giv
en
th
at
s
tr
o
n
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
,
ca
t
eg
o
r
izin
g
p
o
licy
r
e
g
im
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t w
o
u
l
d
n
o
t b
e
h
elp
f
u
l f
o
r
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
An
o
th
er
p
o
p
u
lar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
iatin
g
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
f
ac
to
r
s
d
eter
m
in
e
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
e
x
ten
s
io
n
b
y
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
ac
to
r
s
,
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
p
o
licies
n
ee
d
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
b
o
t
h
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
s
id
e
to
s
tim
u
late
t
h
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
I
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
3
6
]
.
B
ased
o
n
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Un
io
n
,
T
r
k
m
an
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
ad
o
p
ts
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
p
o
licies
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
s
id
e.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
ea
ch
s
id
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
s
an
d
en
ab
ler
s
,
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
th
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
B
ello
c
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
h
av
e
also
ad
o
p
ted
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiates
b
etwe
en
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
a
n
d
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licy
in
a
s
tu
d
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
p
o
licies
in
3
0
OE
C
D
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
b
o
th
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
ar
e
ess
e
n
tial
in
s
tim
u
latin
g
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
lies
th
e
g
en
er
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
o
licy
r
ef
er
s
to
p
o
licies th
at
aim
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
.
Dir
ec
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
r
ef
er
to
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
jects
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
wh
er
ea
s
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
clu
d
e
p
o
li
cies
th
at
in
ce
n
tiv
ize
o
r
o
b
lig
ate
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
ac
to
r
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
ar
e
g
ea
r
ed
t
o
war
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
n
ter
n
et
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
an
d
t
h
e
u
p
ta
k
e
o
f
I
C
T
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
a
n
d
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
g
en
er
al.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
at
en
a
b
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
to
u
tili
ze
an
d
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
,
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
d
ev
ices,
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
e
lev
an
t c
o
n
ten
t,
an
d
s
k
ills
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
m
ain
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
c
o
u
n
tr
y
-
lev
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
ASEA
N
h
as
in
clu
d
ed
I
C
T
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
eir
h
ig
h
-
lev
el,
r
eg
io
n
al
I
C
T
p
o
licies.
Un
d
er
th
e
ASEA
N
I
C
T
Ma
s
ter
p
lan
2
0
2
0
,
ASEA
N
[
3
9
]
co
m
m
its
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
la
n
s
tip
u
lat
es
th
at
it
will
"a
d
d
r
ess
n
ew
a
n
d
em
e
r
g
in
g
d
ig
ital
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
iv
id
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
u
s
tain
ed
a
g
en
d
a
o
f
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
r
e
-
s
k
illi
n
g
in
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
telec
en
tr
es,
an
d
lif
e
-
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
"
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
itm
en
t
r
eq
u
i
r
es
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
'
s
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
s
id
es.
On
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
s
id
e,
th
e
p
lan
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
ev
er
y
ch
ild
h
as
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licies
s
tated
in
th
e
p
lan
in
clu
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
s
in
th
e
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
y
o
u
th
t
o
p
u
r
s
u
e
a
ca
r
ee
r
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lo
s
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ita
l d
ivid
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
in
n
o
v
a
tive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
ema
n
d
a
n
d
…
(
Da
n
iel
McF
a
r
la
n
e
)
3831
th
e
I
C
T
s
ec
to
r
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
ed
u
c
atio
n
an
d
I
C
T
s
ec
to
r
s
,
an
d
g
en
er
ally
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
I
C
T
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
9
]
.
ASEA
N
’
s
r
eg
io
n
al
p
o
licy
co
m
m
itm
en
t
is
m
ir
r
o
r
ed
b
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
tates
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew.
All
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
aly
ze
d
aim
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
C
T
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
y
v
ar
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
to
o
v
er
al
l
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
p
o
licy
.
So
m
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
in
clu
d
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
i
ty
in
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
n
atio
n
al
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
o
licies.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es'
Natio
n
al
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
Plan
s
tates
th
at
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
"sh
all
tak
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
tep
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
r
im
a
r
ily
all
p
u
b
lic
s
c
h
o
o
ls
,
h
ea
lth
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ites
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
p
lace
s
will
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et"
[
4
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
o
s
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
d
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
lic
y
m
aster
p
lan
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
in
is
tr
ies
[
4
1
]
–
[
4
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
t
all
co
u
n
tr
ies ex
p
licitly
in
clu
d
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as a
p
r
io
r
ity
i
n
th
eir
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
I
C
T
p
o
licies as th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es d
o
.
3
.
1
.
De
m
a
nd
s
ide po
licies
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
o
licies
with
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
f
iv
e
th
em
es
em
er
g
ed
o
n
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
.
T
h
ese
f
iv
e
ar
ea
s
in
clu
d
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ev
ices,
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
n
atio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
ic
u
la,
co
n
te
n
t
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
te
ac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
er
v
ic
es
an
d
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
W
h
ile
n
o
t
all
co
u
n
tr
ies
im
p
lem
en
ted
p
o
licies
in
all
ar
ea
s
,
th
e
f
iv
e
th
em
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Acc
ess
t
o
dev
ices
On
e
m
ain
p
o
licy
ar
ea
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
s
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
was
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
d
ev
ices
to
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Un
d
er
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
aster
p
la
n
,
s
ev
er
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ev
ic
es
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
ar
e
lis
ted
,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lib
r
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
m
p
u
ter
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
r
o
o
m
s
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
ac
k
ag
es
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
m
p
u
ter
izatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ev
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
s
,
r
o
u
ter
s
,
an
d
p
r
in
te
r
s
,
to
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
lap
to
p
u
n
its
to
m
o
b
ile
teac
h
er
s
[
4
5
]
.
I
n
Ma
l
ay
s
ia,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
h
as
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
b
r
in
g
d
ev
ices
to
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
ject
aim
s
to
eq
u
ip
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
,
0
0
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ev
ices
[
1
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
Netb
o
o
k
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
u
p
p
lie
d
o
n
e
m
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
l
o
w
-
in
co
m
e
f
am
ilies
with
a
n
et
b
o
o
k
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
m
aster
p
lan
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
C
am
b
o
d
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t sti
p
u
lated
th
at
all
co
m
p
u
ter
s
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
m
u
s
t
f
u
lf
il
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
a
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
p
e
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t
[
4
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
C
am
b
o
d
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
aim
s
to
ad
o
p
t
in
teg
r
ated
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
;
eq
u
i
p
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
c
en
ter
s
,
an
d
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
ices
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
eq
u
ip
m
en
t;
a
n
d
co
n
s
o
lid
ate
n
etwo
r
k
b
an
d
wi
d
th
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
ailan
d
h
as
also
in
v
ested
in
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
ices
in
s
ch
o
o
l
s
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
r
atio
o
f
d
ev
ices
p
er
s
tu
d
e
n
t
[
4
8
]
.
On
e
n
o
tab
le
p
r
o
ject
h
as
b
ee
n
th
e
o
n
e
tab
let
p
er
ch
ild
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
wh
ich
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
.
2
m
i
llio
n
tab
lets
b
ef
o
r
e
it wa
s
s
cr
ap
ed
in
2
0
1
4
[
4
8
].
3
.
1
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n o
f
dig
it
a
l t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
into
s
cho
o
l c
urricula
An
o
th
er
ce
n
tr
al
ar
ea
o
f
p
o
l
icy
is
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
n
atio
n
al
cu
r
r
ic
u
la.
Mo
s
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
b
jects
an
d
m
ad
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
to
in
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T
h
is
p
latf
o
r
m
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
to
p
lan
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
n
o
v
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
[
49
]
.
Un
d
er
th
e
DePAD
2
.
0
p
o
licy
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
et
g
o
als
o
f
1
0
0
%
o
f
all
teac
h
e
r
s
h
av
in
g
b
asic
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
tech
n
ical
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
an
d
2
5
% o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
taf
f
h
a
v
in
g
a
d
v
an
ce
d
d
ig
ital sk
ills
[
4
2
].
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
'
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
to
s
ti
m
u
late
th
e
u
p
tak
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
h
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
'
s
C
o
m
p
u
ter
izatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
aim
s
to
r
aise
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
'
o
v
er
all
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
liter
ac
y
[
4
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ma
s
ter
Plan
aim
s
to
tr
ain
m
o
s
t
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
teac
h
er
s
in
b
a
s
ic
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
[
4
4
]
.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
th
ese
p
o
licies
aim
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m.
3
.
1
.
5
.
Adm
ini
s
t
ra
t
iv
e
s
er
v
ice
s
a
nd
da
t
a
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
So
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
also
h
a
v
e
p
o
licies
aim
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
er
v
ices
th
at
u
tili
ze
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
An
e
x
am
p
le
o
f
th
is
is
Ma
lay
s
ia
's
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
1
B
estar
iNet.
A
s
it
i
s
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
to
h
o
s
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
er
v
ices.
T
o
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
e
m
in
is
tr
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
aim
ed
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
as
its
ce
n
tr
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
ata
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
e
f
f
o
r
ts
a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
o
licies
at
all
le
v
els,
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
m
in
is
tr
y
o
f
f
icials
to
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ce
r
tific
atio
n
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
an
n
u
al
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
b
u
d
g
et
t
o
im
p
lem
e
n
t
e
-
lear
n
in
g
[
5
4
]
.
C
am
b
o
d
ia
aim
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
w
ith
in
th
e
C
am
b
o
d
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
ild
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
in
tr
an
ets,
s
tan
d
ar
d
izin
g
s
er
v
ices,
a
n
d
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
[
4
1
]
,
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
aim
s
to
in
te
g
r
ate
d
ig
ital
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
f
o
r
f
i
n
an
cin
g
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
[
5
5
]
.
3
.
2
.
Su
pp
ly
s
ide
p
o
licies
T
h
e
r
elev
an
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
i
n
is
tr
ies
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
an
al
y
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
v
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
s
id
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ictu
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lo
s
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ita
l d
ivid
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
in
n
o
v
a
tive
r
ev
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f d
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a
n
d
…
(
Da
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iel
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a
r
la
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e
)
3833
Mo
s
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
b
s
er
v
ed
h
a
v
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
in
itiativ
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co
n
n
ec
tin
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ch
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o
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th
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i
n
ter
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wev
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d
ep
en
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i
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tex
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o
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er
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v
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p
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e
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ap
p
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to
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ten
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ch
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h
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o
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au
t
h
o
r
s
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a
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aly
s
is
,
th
r
ee
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
em
er
g
ed
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
teg
r
ates
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
to
g
en
er
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licies,
ev
i
d
en
t
in
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
ex
te
n
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
wh
ich
is
ev
id
e
n
t
in
M
alay
s
ia.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
is
ev
id
e
n
t
in
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
p
r
iv
at
e
s
ec
to
r
ac
to
r
s
an
d
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
(
C
SR
)
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
G
ener
a
l c
o
nn
ec
t
iv
it
y
a
pp
ro
a
ch
Sch
o
o
ls
ar
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
in
to
lar
g
er
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
jects
i
n
T
h
ailan
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es.
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
th
e
Fre
e
Pu
b
lic
I
n
ter
n
et
Acc
ess
Pro
g
r
am
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
“
Pip
o
l
Ko
n
e
k
”
,
aim
s
to
cr
ea
te
f
r
ee
p
u
b
lic
I
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
s
in
all
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
e
x
p
licitly
in
clu
d
e
s
p
u
b
lic
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
p
u
b
lic
p
lace
s
,
th
u
s
aim
in
g
t
o
co
n
n
ec
t
all
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
th
e
I
n
te
r
n
et
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
Plan
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
s
th
is
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
s
tatin
g
th
at
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
will
tak
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ac
tio
n
to
co
n
n
ec
t a
ll p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ject
in
T
h
a
ilan
d
is
th
e
v
illag
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
in
ter
n
et
p
r
o
ject
o
r
Net
Pra
ch
a
r
at,
wh
ic
h
in
ten
d
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
all
v
illag
es
to
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
[
5
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
r
ep
o
r
t
b
y
Ad
i
p
at
et
a
l.
[5
6
]
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
ad
co
n
n
ec
ted
2
4
,
7
0
0
v
illag
es
an
d
in
s
talled
a
s
m
an
y
f
r
ee
p
u
b
lic
Wi
-
Fi
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
b
y
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
e
W
i
-
Fi
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
wer
e
in
s
talled
in
p
u
b
lic
p
lace
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
u
t
n
o
t
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
f
u
r
th
er
n
o
tes
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
ject
also
in
clu
d
ed
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
b
asic
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
.
2
m
illi
o
n
p
e
o
p
le
b
y
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
in
itiativ
e
is
to
ex
p
an
d
f
ib
er
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
t
o
u
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
h
o
s
p
itals
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
aim
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
n
ec
t
a
b
o
u
t
1
,
2
0
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
7
0
0
h
o
s
p
itals
.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Dig
ital
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
So
ciety
p
lan
s
to
o
p
e
n
th
e
NetPr
ac
h
a
r
at
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
u
s
e
b
y
p
r
iv
ate
telec
o
m
o
p
er
ato
r
s
u
n
d
er
an
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
r
eg
im
e
to
e
x
p
an
d
n
et
wo
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e
[
5
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
e
x
p
licitly
in
clu
d
es
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
t
h
eir
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
tar
g
ets,
NetPr
ac
h
ar
at
in
clu
d
es
n
o
g
o
als
to
ac
h
iev
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
all
th
e
v
illag
es c
o
v
er
ed
b
y
th
e
in
itiativ
e.
3
.
2
.
2
.
E
du
ca
t
io
n sp
ec
if
ic
a
pp
ro
a
ch
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
is
ex
p
an
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
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ev
elo
p
in
g
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h
e
1
B
estar
iNet
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
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th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
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tem
.
I
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
2
0
1
1
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
aim
ed
to
c
o
n
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ec
t
all
1
0
,
0
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0
p
u
b
lic
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ch
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o
ls
in
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lay
s
ia
to
4
G
m
o
b
ile
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
[
1
4
]
.
Un
d
er
th
e
n
ewe
r
D
ePAN
2
.
0
p
o
licy
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
g
o
als
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
c
o
n
n
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tin
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s
ch
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o
ls
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e
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ter
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et,
aim
in
g
t
o
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ea
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h
1
0
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%
co
v
er
ag
e
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
2
.
5
M
b
p
s
p
e
r
s
tu
d
en
t
[
5
4
]
.
C
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
with
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
a
n
d
T
h
ailan
d
th
at
ar
e
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
i
n
is
tr
ies,
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
ar
e
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
r
el
ev
an
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
in
is
tr
y
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
P
riv
a
t
e
s
ec
t
o
r
-
ce
ntr
ic
a
pp
ro
a
ch
I
n
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
licy
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
s
tip
u
late
th
at
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
in
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
lack
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
4
1
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
C
am
b
o
d
ia
h
as
r
elied
m
ain
l
y
o
n
C
SR
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
its
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Viettel
'
s
b
r
an
d
Me
tf
o
n
e
is
co
m
m
itted
to
p
er
m
an
en
tly
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
all
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
o
f
f
ices
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
i
n
is
tr
y
an
d
all
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
,
an
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
[
4
1
]
.
I
t
in
v
ested
U
S$
1
0
m
illi
o
n
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
v
e
r
two
p
h
ases
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t w
ith
Me
tf
o
n
e
o
n
ly
c
o
v
er
ed
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
elec
tr
icity
ac
ce
s
s
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
3
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
Sch
o
o
l
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
s
u
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
b
an
d
wid
th
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
o
r
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
n
o
t
a
ll
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
t
u
d
i
ed
h
a
v
e
a
c
c
es
s
t
o
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
a
n
al
y
s
is
u
t
il
i
zi
n
g
a
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
i
s
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
to
d
a
te
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
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e
n
s
i
v
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m
e
a
s
u
r
es
o
n
t
h
e
d
em
an
d
s
i
d
e
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
la
c
k
o
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p
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en
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p
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o
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h
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I
n
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e
r
n
et
.
On
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
id
e,
we
id
e
n
tifie
d
f
iv
e
m
ain
ar
ea
s
o
f
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ev
ic
es,
teac
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
,
cu
r
r
icu
la,
c
o
n
ten
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
er
v
ices
an
d
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
All
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
m
ad
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
at
least
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
ar
ea
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
,
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
1
B
estar
iNet
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
was
also
u
s
ed
to
h
o
s
t
co
n
ten
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
th
e
r
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
e
f
f
o
r
ts
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
er
v
ices
an
d
d
ata
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
lack
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
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in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
p
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ten
tially
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d
er
m
in
es d
em
an
d
-
s
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e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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Vo
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13
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6
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Dec
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b
er
2
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4
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38
2
7
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3
8
3
7
3834
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
ile
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
i
n
all
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ar
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e,
th
ey
lar
g
ely
a
d
d
r
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
o
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
.
H
o
wev
e
r
,
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
s
o
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
r
e
less
lik
ely
to
ac
ce
s
s
I
C
T
s
o
r
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
m
o
r
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
a
n
m
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
b
e
n
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
I
C
T
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
lo
we
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
d
d
itio
n
al
in
e
q
u
ality
[
9
]
,
[
5
8
]
–
[
6
0
]
.
Go
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
th
u
s
in
clu
d
e
p
o
licies
th
at
aim
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
at
ar
e
at
h
ig
h
er
r
is
k
o
f
b
ei
n
g
lef
t
b
eh
in
d
.
On
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
s
id
e,
we
id
en
tifie
d
th
r
ee
m
ain
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
ey
in
clu
d
e
a
g
en
er
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
n
d
a
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
r
e
f
lect
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
ex
ten
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
6
]
.
As
ev
id
en
t
in
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
g
en
er
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
je
cts
an
d
is
led
b
y
th
e
r
elev
an
t
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
in
is
tr
ies.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
an
d
is
led
b
y
t
h
e
r
elev
an
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
in
is
tr
y
.
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
is
led
b
y
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
SR
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
h
as
also
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
a
p
p
lied
in
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
c
h
as
C
h
in
a
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
aly
ze
d
m
ad
e
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
d
ev
el
o
p
an
in
te
g
r
ated
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
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n
ec
tiv
ity
th
at
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es th
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d
if
f
er
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t c
a
p
ac
ities
o
f
all
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e
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ec
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s
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Fu
r
th
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o
r
e
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th
e
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is
s
h
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ws
th
at
o
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ly
Ma
lay
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Ph
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p
in
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o
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ted
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al
co
v
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g
o
als
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
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h
ile
th
ey
a
d
o
p
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
g
en
er
al
c
o
n
n
e
c
tiv
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
v
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
)
,
b
o
th
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
s
et
tar
g
ets
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tep
s
to
war
d
s
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
ch
o
o
l
co
v
er
ag
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
T
h
ailan
d
h
as
ad
o
p
ted
p
o
licies
th
at
tr
ea
t
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
as
an
ap
p
en
d
a
g
e
to
wid
er
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
e
x
ten
s
io
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p
r
o
ject
s
with
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
v
e
r
ag
e
tar
g
ets.
Su
c
h
an
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
will
lik
ely
lead
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
ex
te
n
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
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u
es
s
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ce
s
ch
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o
l
co
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n
ec
tiv
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is
n
o
t
a
p
r
io
r
ity
o
f
th
ese
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
r
eg
im
es
in
f
o
u
r
ASEA
N
m
em
b
er
s
tates
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
aim
to
lev
er
ag
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
o
th
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
f
a
cto
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
[
4
]
,
[
6
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
d
e
b
at
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
m
ain
ly
o
n
w
h
at
h
ap
p
en
s
in
s
id
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
to
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ev
ices,
a
n
d
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
wh
ile
n
eg
lectin
g
h
o
w
to
co
n
n
e
ct
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
th
e
I
n
te
r
n
et.
Ou
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
an
im
b
a
lan
ce
b
etwe
en
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
s
id
e
p
o
licies
f
o
r
ex
p
an
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
with
m
o
s
t
p
o
lic
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
id
e.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
tu
d
ied
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
licies
o
n
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
id
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
s
id
e,
o
n
ly
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
v
e
r
ag
e
g
o
als
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
No
n
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
tu
d
ied
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
a
h
o
lis
tic
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
r
eg
i
m
e
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
r
elev
an
t
I
C
T
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
b
o
d
ies
an
d
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
.
H
o
wev
er
,
r
esear
c
h
in
o
th
e
r
c
o
n
tex
ts
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
b
r
id
g
in
g
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
d
i
v
id
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
th
u
s
ar
g
u
e
th
at
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
d
iv
id
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
co
u
n
tr
i
es
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
n
ee
d
to
in
cr
e
ase
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
b
u
ild
in
teg
r
ated
wh
o
le
-
of
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licy
r
eg
im
es
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
t
h
at
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
s
id
e
asp
ec
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
D
e
man
d
si
d
e
p
o
l
i
c
y
S
u
p
p
l
y
s
i
d
e
p
o
l
i
c
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
A
c
c
e
ss
t
o
d
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v
i
c
e
s
G
e
n
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r
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l
c
o
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t
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t
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p
p
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o
sch
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r
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l
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Ed
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c
a
t
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p
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c
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p
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h
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o
n
t
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n
t
d
e
v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
sec
t
o
r
-
c
e
n
t
r
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
Te
a
c
h
e
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
A
d
mi
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s a
n
d
d
a
t
a
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
o
licy
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
to
e
x
ten
d
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
i
n
f
o
u
r
ASEA
N
m
em
b
er
s
tates,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
g
ap
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
i
n
th
e
r
eg
io
n
,
w
h
ich
o
v
e
r
wh
elm
in
g
l
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
s
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
wid
er
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
o
licy
r
eg
im
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
a
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
ly
s
id
e
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
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ti
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s
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
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s
ch
o
o
l
co
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n
ec
tiv
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,
u
n
d
e
r
lin
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
h
o
lis
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p
o
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r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
n
ec
tiv
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th
at
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v
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ag
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all
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t stak
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ld
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d
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d
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d
s
u
p
p
ly
-
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lo
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d
ig
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ca
tio
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a
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v
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ev
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f d
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(
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h
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itatio
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lo
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Fu
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