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s:
t
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2
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9
(a
v
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m
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1
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ra
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s fo
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s.
K
ey
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d
s
:
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d
em
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p
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E
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p
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v
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lv
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m
en
t m
-
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Mo
b
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in
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Mo
b
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tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
T
h
is i
s
a
n
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p
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c
c
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
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C
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r
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p
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A
uth
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:
L
u
d
m
ila
Ab
az
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v
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Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
R
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s
s
ian
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g
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e
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d
Ge
n
er
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Di
s
cip
lin
es f
o
r
Fo
r
eig
n
Stu
d
en
ts
,
Kab
ar
d
in
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-
B
alk
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ia
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State
Un
iv
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s
ity
Nalc
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ik
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R
u
s
s
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E
m
ail:
lid
ab
az
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v
a@
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m
x
.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
o
d
ay
,
th
e
w
o
r
ld
is
e
x
p
er
ien
cin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ch
an
g
es
an
d
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
T
h
ese
ch
an
g
es c
o
n
ce
r
n
all
s
p
h
er
es o
f
life
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
]
.
An
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t o
f
th
is
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
im
p
ac
ts
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
I
C
T
)
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
n
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
task
s
,
an
d
m
an
y
a
u
x
iliar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
[
3
]
.
Mo
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
,
o
r
m
-
lear
n
in
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
i
n
itiativ
es
th
at
h
as r
ad
ically
alter
ed
t
h
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
]
.
Mo
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
,
o
r
m
-
lear
n
in
g
,
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
b
tain
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
v
i
a
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
tab
lets
.
I
t
allo
ws
lear
n
er
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
y
tim
e
an
d
an
y
wh
er
e
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
im
p
lies
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t
to
f
in
d
an
d
d
o
wn
lo
ad
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
o
n
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
test
s
an
d
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
[
6
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
m
ak
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
u
s
u
ally
u
s
e
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
ical
d
ev
ices in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
3
2
1
-
4
3
2
9
4322
Mo
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
ap
id
ly
d
e
v
elo
p
s
an
d
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
in
d
i
v
id
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alizin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
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u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ea
s
ily
co
p
e
with
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
ical
m
ea
n
s
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
p
o
r
ten
d
s
a
r
ea
l
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Mo
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
will
b
r
id
g
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
an
d
m
ak
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
ev
er
y
o
n
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
f
o
r
ei
g
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
w
o
r
ld
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
ly
c
h
an
g
es
s
o
ciety
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
1
1
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
is
ev
o
lu
tio
n
[
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
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n
ag
e
,
in
f
o
r
m
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n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
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n
tech
n
o
l
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ies
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
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a
n
in
teg
r
al
p
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u
ca
tio
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.
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itio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices
[
3
]
.
Of
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
em
p
h
asis
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
o
n
m
o
b
ile
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
o
f
ten
a
b
b
r
e
v
iated
as
m
-
lear
n
in
g
[
4
]
.
Mo
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
(
m
-
lear
n
in
g
)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
o
b
tain
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
v
ia
p
o
r
tab
le
m
o
b
i
le
d
ev
ices,
s
u
c
h
as
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
tab
lets
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
y
tim
e
a
n
d
an
y
wh
er
e.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
f
in
d
a
n
d
d
o
wn
l
o
ad
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
m
ater
ials
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
n
et
,
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
o
n
lin
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
r
em
o
tely
p
er
f
o
r
m
test
s
an
d
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
an
y
wh
er
e
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Mo
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
is
r
e
co
g
n
ized
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
s
o
n
alize
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t
to
m
e
et
th
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
in
ter
ests
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
er
s
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
m
ac
ce
s
s
to
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ia
ls
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
o
v
id
es
q
u
ick
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
m
ater
ials
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
ea
m
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
in
cr
e
ases
en
g
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
am
o
n
g
f
o
r
ei
g
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ee
p
er
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
with
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
m
at
er
ials
[
2
]
.
Facto
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
i
n
clu
d
e
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
m
a
k
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
ey
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
,
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
,
an
in
ter
est
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
tak
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
cr
e
atio
n
o
f
a
co
n
d
u
civ
e
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
l
th
at
ch
an
g
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
co
g
n
itio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
co
n
f
lictin
g
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
co
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
wi
th
co
n
s
tan
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
with
co
m
p
eten
t
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Po
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
ar
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
is
is
s
u
e
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
r
elev
an
t,
esp
e
cially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
ath
er
n
ar
r
o
wly
co
v
er
ed
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
as
a
to
o
l
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
F
o
r
a
m
o
d
er
n
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
cr
u
cial
task
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
b
y
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
t
o
ad
d
r
es
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
with
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
to
wo
r
k
with
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
lies
in
th
e
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
u
ch
co
n
ce
p
ts
as
m
o
b
i
le
lear
n
in
g
,
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
-
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
to
f
in
d
wh
eth
er
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
i
s
g
o
al,
th
e
r
esear
ch
task
s
ar
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i)
I
d
en
tify
th
e
cr
iter
ia
a
n
d
le
v
els
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t;
an
d
ii)
C
o
n
d
u
ct
a
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
An
ex
am
p
le
is
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
m
-
lear
n
i
n
g
in
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e
n
a
m
ed
R
u
s
s
ian
as
a
Fo
r
eig
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
(
R
FL)
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f
mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies o
n
th
e
leve
l o
f stu
d
e
n
t in
v
o
lvem
en
t
(
Lu
d
mila
A
b
a
z
o
va
)
4323
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
1
1
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
Kab
ar
d
in
o
-
B
alk
ar
ia
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
n
am
ed
af
ter
Kh
.
M.
B
er
b
ek
o
v
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
eq
u
ate
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
to
d
etec
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
b
et
wee
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Po
wer
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tati
s
tical
s
o
f
twar
e
s
u
ch
as
G
*
Po
wer
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
d
ef
in
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
esire
d
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
p
o
wer
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
a
n
d
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
ize
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
r
p
ee
r
r
e
v
iew,
wh
ic
h
u
ltima
tely
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
ato
r
y
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t,
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
ce
iv
in
g
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
'
s
d
eg
r
ee
in
th
e
1
s
t
an
d
2
n
d
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
5
7
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
o
f
wh
ic
h
2
7
wer
e
m
ale
an
d
3
0
wer
e
f
e
m
ale.
T
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
19
-
2
0
y
ea
r
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
er
e
wer
e
5
3
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
2
7
m
en
an
d
2
6
w
o
m
e
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
in
clu
d
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
ed
2
0
-
2
1
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
tio
n
to
d
iv
id
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
to
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
m
p
ar
e
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t a
g
es a
n
d
g
en
d
er
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
as r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
as p
o
s
s
ib
le.
2
.
2
.
T
o
o
ls
A
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cted
b
e
f
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ated
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
lev
el
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
lev
el
wer
e
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t:
co
g
n
itiv
e,
em
o
t
io
n
al,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al.
T
h
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
ch
ar
ac
te
r
izes
th
e
d
esire
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
m
aster
th
e
d
i
d
a
ctic
cy
cle
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
e;
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
late.
T
h
e
e
m
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ev
alu
ates
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
-
e
m
o
tio
n
al
s
e
cu
r
ity
.
T
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
tiv
ity
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
an
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
m
ee
t
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
T
h
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
t
ea
ch
in
g
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es,
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
as
well
a
s
m
ater
ial
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
alo
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
g
a
u
g
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
o
cial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t r
ev
o
lv
e
d
ar
o
u
n
d
ev
al
u
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
b
o
th
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
h
o
lis
tic
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ass
ess
ed
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
,
wh
e
r
e
1
in
d
icate
d
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t,
an
d
5
in
d
icate
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
v
alu
es
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
to
o
n
e
o
r
an
o
th
er
e
x
tr
em
e
p
o
in
t.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
with
in
4
-
5
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Su
ch
r
esu
lts
as
2
.
0
a
n
d
b
elo
w
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
lo
w.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
av
e
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
was
3
.
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
was
2
.
9
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
f
o
r
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
ev
ea
led
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
8
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
item
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
ity
test
was
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
to
ass
e
s
s
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
,
clar
ity
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
n
d
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e,
th
ey
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
ac
cu
r
ately
r
e
f
lect
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
p
r
ac
tical.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
im
p
lied
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
is
g
o
a
l,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
b
len
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
last
ed
o
n
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
em
este
r
.
Mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
o
f
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
n
am
ed
“
R
u
s
s
ian
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
”
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
c
o
u
r
s
e
co
v
e
r
ed
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
a
r
ea
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
m
ea
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
co
u
r
s
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
with
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
r
eso
u
r
c
es
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
v
ia
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
I
t
co
v
er
e
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
an
d
allo
wed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
p
en
ed
u
p
n
e
w
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
en
r
ich
ed
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
ac
c
ess
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
at
a
co
n
v
en
ien
t
tim
e
an
d
p
lace
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
aim
ed
at
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
3
2
1
-
4
3
2
9
4324
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
to
o
ls
o
f
m
-
lear
n
i
n
g
N
o
.
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
me
a
n
s
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
1
A
c
a
l
e
n
d
a
r
p
l
a
n
n
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
c
l
a
ss
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
,
c
h
e
c
k
p
o
i
n
t
s,
a
n
d
e
v
e
n
t
s
.
2
S
M
S
-
mai
l
i
n
g
o
f
n
o
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
-
mai
l
i
n
g
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s,
a
n
d
r
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
s.
3
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
M
u
l
t
i
me
d
i
a
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
l
a
sses
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
e
ssi
o
n
s.
5
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
se,
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
o
o
k
s
,
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
r
i
e
s,
t
e
x
t
b
o
o
k
s,
w
i
k
i
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
w
e
b
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s.
6
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
d
c
a
st
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
w
i
t
h
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s.
7
V
i
r
t
u
a
l
ma
p
s a
n
d
t
o
u
r
s.
8
Li
n
k
s
t
o
o
p
e
n
e
-
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms.
9
P
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms f
o
r
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
u
r
ses,
v
i
d
e
o
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
s,
a
n
d
si
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
s.
10
V
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
s.
11
C
l
o
u
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s fo
r
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
i
n
g
t
e
a
mw
o
r
k
,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
c
a
s
e
t
a
s
k
s,
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s.
12
M
o
b
i
l
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
13
M
i
c
r
o
b
l
o
g
s.
14
M
e
ss
e
n
g
e
r
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
u
ms
o
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
u
ss
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
a
s we
l
l
a
s w
i
t
h
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
b
ased
o
n
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
clu
d
e
d
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
co
v
er
in
g
b
o
th
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ty
p
es
o
f
class
es (
lectu
r
es,
s
em
in
ar
s
,
p
r
ac
tical
class
es,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t tr
ain
in
g
,
co
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
,
an
d
test
s
)
an
d
n
o
n
-
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
a
f
u
ll
d
id
ac
tic
cy
cle
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
R
u
s
s
ian
as
a
Fo
r
eig
n
L
an
g
u
ag
e
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
au
d
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
was
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ato
r
y
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
1
s
t
an
d
2
n
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e
to
m
aster
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i
)
R
u
s
s
ian
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
t
h
e
R
u
s
s
ian
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
;
an
d
ii
)
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
at
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
m
p
lied
th
at
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
an
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
W
ith
in
th
e
co
u
r
s
e,
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
allo
wed
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
ce
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
co
m
p
lete
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
e
x
am
s
o
n
lin
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
lear
n
in
g
,
as
well
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
i
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
b
ec
am
e
k
ey
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
ac
tica
l
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
eir
im
p
ac
t o
n
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t w
as e
v
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
R
FL
co
u
r
s
e
o
b
jectiv
es we
r
e:
i)
T
ea
ch
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
ii)
T
ea
ch
s
p
ee
ch
ac
tiv
ity
a
n
d
s
p
e
ec
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
R
u
s
s
ia
n
.
iii)
Fo
r
m
ce
r
tain
ab
ilit
ies
th
at
co
m
p
r
is
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
k
ills
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
ac
tiv
ity
:
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
lis
ten
in
g
,
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
I
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
k
ills
an
d
ab
ilit
ies,
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
an
d
s
tu
d
y
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
tex
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e,
as
well
as
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
tex
ts
.
I
n
wr
i
tin
g
,
m
aster
in
g
th
e
b
asic
ty
p
es
o
f
wr
itin
g
in
s
cien
tific
an
d
o
f
f
icial
b
u
s
i
n
ess
s
ty
les
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
o
f
f
icial
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
ter
m
p
ap
er
s
.
I
n
lis
ten
in
g
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic,
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
co
llo
q
u
ial,
jo
u
r
n
alis
tic,
an
d
s
cien
tific
s
ty
les
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
ad
eq
u
ate
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
clo
s
e
to
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
n
ativ
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
.
I
n
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
o
cio
lin
g
u
is
tic,
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ativ
e,
an
d
d
is
cu
r
s
iv
e
c
o
m
p
et
en
cies
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
u
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
m
ea
n
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
p
h
er
es o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
iv
)
Fam
iliar
ize
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
al
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
ed
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies:
m
en
tal
m
ap
s
,
v
id
e
o
m
ate
r
ials
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
co
m
m
en
ts
o
n
task
s
in
p
r
o
ject
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
SMS
m
ailin
g
,
web
in
ar
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
esk
to
p
PC
s
cr
ee
n
(
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
with
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
wit
h
th
e
teac
h
er
)
,
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ca
len
d
ar
f
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
;
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
d
ig
ital e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
er
i
o
d
last
ed
o
n
e
s
em
ester
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
o
f
test
in
g
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
with
in
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
is
cip
lin
e.
A
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
d
icato
r
s
to
o
k
p
lace
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
STAT
A
was
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
an
d
o
th
er
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata.
STAT
A
was
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
an
d
g
en
e
r
ate
s
u
m
m
ar
y
s
tatis
tics
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
d
icato
r
s
g
av
e
s
o
m
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
allo
wed
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
th
e
d
ata
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
an
al
y
ze
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
i
g
h
ts
in
to
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
lev
els.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
in
clu
d
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
.
D
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f
mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies o
n
th
e
leve
l o
f stu
d
e
n
t in
v
o
lvem
en
t
(
Lu
d
mila
A
b
a
z
o
va
)
4325
r
ev
ea
ls
a
g
en
er
al
id
ea
o
f
th
e
d
ata,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
s
,
s
p
r
ea
d
,
v
ar
ian
ce
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
wi
th
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
p
lex
s
tat
is
tical
an
aly
s
e
s
.
I
t
clea
r
ly
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ly
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
eir
p
r
esen
tatio
n
in
th
e
te
x
t
an
d
g
r
ap
h
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
h
elp
ed
v
is
u
ally
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ch
an
g
es
in
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
te
r
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
al
s
o
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
i
n
itial
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
an
d
ass
ess
ed
th
e
o
v
er
all
tr
en
d
.
I
n
f
er
en
tial
s
tatis
tic
s
wer
e
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
t
o
ass
ess
ch
an
g
es
in
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
tim
e
an
d
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
r
ath
er
th
an
m
ak
in
g
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
r
estab
lis
h
in
g
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
en
s
u
r
ed
a
f
o
cu
s
ed
a
n
aly
s
is
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
tatis
tical
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
wed
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t.
2
.
5
.
E
t
hica
l iss
ues
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
o
als
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ata
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
th
e
d
ata
co
l
lectio
n
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
f
o
llo
wed
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
th
e
r
ig
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
th
em
s
elv
es,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
all
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
an
y
n
eg
ativ
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
d
ata,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
m
o
d
er
ate
a
n
d
lo
w
lev
els
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Sp
ec
if
ic
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
7
5
.
5
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
h
a
d
a
m
o
d
er
ate
o
r
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
,
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
is
in
d
icato
r
was 8
1
.
2
%,
wh
ich
was 5
.
7
% h
ig
h
er
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tati
s
tical
d
at
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
is
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
le
v
els
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
t i
n
v
o
lv
em
en
t in
d
icato
r
s
Le
v
e
l
Th
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
%)
Th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
%
)
H
i
g
h
2
4
.
5
1
8
.
8
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
49
47
Lo
w
2
6
.
5
37
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
m
o
b
ile
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
co
v
er
ed
th
e
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
it
was
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
ev
ea
led
c
h
an
g
es
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
p
r
ac
tical
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
in
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
.
A
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
m
o
d
u
les
s
h
o
wed
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
:
th
e
av
er
ag
e
i
n
d
icato
r
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
an
d
af
ter
o
n
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
em
ester
r
em
ain
ed
alm
o
s
t
u
n
c
h
an
g
ed
,
with
s
lig
h
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
in
ten
t
h
s
(
+0
.
3
)
.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
t
h
e
f
in
al
d
ata
h
i
g
h
ly
d
if
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
itial
o
n
es.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
in
d
icato
r
,
wh
ic
h
was
2
.
9
(
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
e
l
o
f
i
n
v
o
lv
em
en
t)
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
4
(
+1
.
1
)
,
wh
ic
h
was
a
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
T
h
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
em
ai
n
ed
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
(
+0
.
2
)
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etai
led
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
m
ath
em
atica
l
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ta
b
le
o
f
av
er
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
d
icato
r
s
b
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
g
r
am
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Th
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
Th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
B
e
f
o
r
e
A
f
t
e
r
D
y
n
a
mi
c
s
B
e
f
o
r
e
A
f
t
e
r
D
y
n
a
mi
c
s
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
2
.
5
4
.
1
+
1
.
5
2
.
6
3
+
0
.
4
Emo
t
i
o
n
a
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T
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A
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er
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in
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d
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Le
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T
h
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r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
eir
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
tim
u
late
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
en
g
ag
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
i
)
Mo
b
il
ity
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
at
an
y
tim
e.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
n
o
t
tied
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
r
ce
d
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
ch
o
o
s
e
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
ac
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
;
ii
)
T
h
e
v
ast in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
At
an
y
tim
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et,
ac
ce
s
s
an
y
wo
r
ld
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
co
m
b
in
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
p
r
esen
tin
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial
;
iii
)
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
a
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
c
r
ea
tiv
ely
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
task
s
;
iv
)
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
a
n
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
h
as
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
alr
ea
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
o
n
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
4
]
.
T
o
o
b
tain
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ata,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
th
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
No
t o
n
ly
m
e
d
ia
b
u
t a
ls
o
th
e
en
tire
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
eg
ativ
ely
a
f
f
ec
ted
s
t
u
d
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
s
u
g
g
ests
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
to
f
in
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
o
f
th
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
wir
eless
d
ev
ices
was
6
1
.
9
%.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
latter
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ef
f
icien
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
B
r
an
s
f
o
r
d
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
e
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
o
wed
th
at
o
n
lin
e
lea
r
n
in
g
is
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
in
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
a
u
x
iliar
y
to
o
ls
,
with
m
o
b
ile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
ein
g
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
a
ls
o
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
r
e
f
er
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
i
n
g
t
o
o
n
lin
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Am
in
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
n
o
ted
t
h
at
alm
o
s
t
6
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
eliev
e
d
th
at
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies wa
s
b
etter
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
m
-
lear
n
in
g
is
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
q
u
alities
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
f
a
s
tu
d
en
t.
M
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
o
th
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
h
elp
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
r
g
an
ize
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
wo
r
k
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
ew
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
[
2
7
]
.
E
ar
lier
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
u
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
its
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
ain
ty
p
es
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
an
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
its
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
ar
ticle,
th
e
au
th
o
r
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
p
ass
iv
e
ty
p
e
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
an
th
ei
r
f
em
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
.
W
h
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
n
ew
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
u
ch
tr
en
d
.
T
h
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
a
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
co
n
s
cio
u
s
d
esire
an
d
c
h
o
ice
o
f
s
u
b
jects
to
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
o
wed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
io
n
al
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
ca
n
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
d
y
n
am
ics
ev
en
with
a
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
e
o
f
a
s
tu
d
en
t.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ar
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
a
team
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Of
ten
,
d
u
e
to
th
eir
tem
p
er
am
en
t,
it
is
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
a
s
tu
d
en
t
to
f
u
lly
r
ea
lize
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial.
I
n
th
is
c
ase,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies is
as in
d
icativ
e
as p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f
mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies o
n
th
e
leve
l o
f stu
d
e
n
t in
v
o
lvem
en
t
(
Lu
d
mila
A
b
a
z
o
va
)
4327
An
o
th
er
p
r
o
ject
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
l
in
th
e
y
o
u
th
cu
ltu
r
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
tim
ely
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
an
d
u
ltima
tely
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
9
]
.
C
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
-
lear
n
in
g
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
m
-
lear
n
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
eir
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices.
Alm
o
s
t
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
o
b
v
io
u
s
in
ter
est
in
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
i
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
.
Similar
ly
,
th
is
p
ap
er
aim
ed
to
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tally
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
as
well
a
s
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
-
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
th
at
7
6
%
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
u
s
ed
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
teac
h
i
n
g
[
3
0
]
.
Mo
r
e
t
h
an
h
alf
(
6
1
%
)
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ed
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
to
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
ex
t
r
ac
u
r
r
ic
u
lar
wo
r
k
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
id
e
n
tical
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
wir
eless
d
ev
ices
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
m
-
lear
n
in
g
as
a
m
o
d
er
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
zin
g
class
es
in
th
e
I
C
T
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t:
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
io
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
wed
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
in
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
co
m
p
u
ter
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
in
d
icate
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
m
o
b
il
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
r
ev
e
als
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
,
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
in
o
th
er
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
an
d
p
r
a
ctica
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
wh
et
h
er
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
d
escr
ib
e
d
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
”
an
d
“
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
”
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
cien
tific
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
m
-
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
en
d
in
th
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
As
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
ev
ea
led
,
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
co
g
n
itiv
e,
e
m
o
t
io
n
al,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
)
r
em
ai
n
ed
alm
o
s
t
u
n
ch
a
n
g
ed
(
+0
.
3
)
to
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
er
ate
t
o
h
ig
h
lev
els.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
i
n
d
icato
r
o
f
t
h
e
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
em
ain
ed
alm
o
s
t
u
n
ch
an
g
e
d
(
+0
.
2
)
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
lev
el
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
7
.
6
%,
t
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
-
b
y
7
.
5
%
,
an
d
th
e
l
o
w
lev
el
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
5
.
1
%.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
h
ig
h
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
o
n
ly
2
%
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
lev
e
l
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
.
6
%,
an
d
th
e
lo
w
lev
el
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
5
.
6
%.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es a
n
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
e
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u
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[
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[
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