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las
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re
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n
d
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t
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ti
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we
re
m
a
d
e
a
t
th
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c
o
n
c
lu
si
o
n
o
f
th
is stu
d
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ap
p
r
o
ac
h
E
SL
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
Sy
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
T
ec
h
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
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T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
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A
uth
o
r
:
L
ee
Vu
n
L
eo
n
g
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
U
n
iv
er
s
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b
an
g
s
aa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
B
an
g
i 4
3
6
0
0
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
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E
m
ail:
leev
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n
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m
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co
m
1.
I
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RO
D
UCT
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O
N
T
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f
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o
f
E
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g
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h
as
a
s
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(
E
SL)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
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a
s
witn
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a
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ar
k
ab
le
tr
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s
f
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m
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with
th
e
in
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n
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f
tech
n
o
-
p
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ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
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h
es,
m
ar
k
in
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a
s
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n
if
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t
d
ep
ar
t
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
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teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
r
ev
o
lu
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(
I
R
4
.
0
)
is
b
r
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in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
to
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ea
m
less
am
alg
am
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
h
as
cr
ea
ted
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
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ities
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
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an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lan
g
u
ag
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lear
n
in
g
ex
p
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ce
s
,
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
way
ed
u
ca
to
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s
en
g
ag
e
with
d
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e
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p
o
p
u
latio
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s
in
E
SL
class
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o
m
s
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
g
lo
b
al
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
to
th
e
Un
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Natio
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s
2
0
3
0
Ag
en
d
a
f
o
r
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
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m
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th
e
f
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r
th
s
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s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
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p
m
en
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(
SDG)
em
p
h
asizes
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e
im
p
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tan
ce
o
f
e
n
s
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s
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an
d
q
u
ality
e
d
u
ca
tio
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f
o
r
a
ll
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
o
b
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em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
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tili
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g
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n
o
v
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e
ap
p
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h
e
s
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
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f
o
r
life
lo
n
g
lear
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in
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.
T
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
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o
f
tech
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-
p
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ag
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ap
p
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ac
h
es
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
E
SL
s
tan
d
s
a
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
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u
e
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
ality
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u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
to
a
d
d
r
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th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
a
r
a
p
id
ly
e
v
o
lv
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
wid
ely
s
p
o
k
en
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
wh
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i
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
g
ain
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
its
u
s
er
s
.
I
t
is
th
e
th
ir
d
m
o
s
t
s
p
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
th
e
wo
r
l
d
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
is
an
in
ter
n
atio
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al
lan
g
u
ag
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th
at
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
all
o
v
er
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
3
]
.
I
t
is
also
th
e
o
f
f
icial
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
o
v
e
r
5
0
n
atio
n
s
.
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n
g
lis
h
p
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f
icien
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is
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a
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4395
n
ec
ess
ar
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f
o
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v
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r
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o
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s
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in
clu
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m
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e
n
t
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ee
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s
,
s
cien
tific
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d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
ad
o
p
ted
as
“E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
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”
o
r
“Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
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ag
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(
E
SL/E
FL)
to
ass
is
t
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
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als
wh
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s
e
f
ir
s
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
n
o
t
E
n
g
lis
h
.
E
n
g
lis
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
b
ein
g
ch
a
llen
g
in
g
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
[
4
]
.
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
ca
ter
s
to
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
eit
h
er
in
a
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
s
ettin
g
o
r
in
a
n
atio
n
wh
er
e
it
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
h
as
m
ad
e
E
n
g
lis
h
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
is
wid
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s
p
o
k
e
n
b
y
n
o
n
-
n
ati
v
e
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
er
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,
it is
o
b
v
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s
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tan
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SL
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d
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id
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als.
Sin
ce
E
n
g
lis
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
is
f
o
r
m
ally
u
tili
ze
d
in
ev
e
r
y
d
a
y
life
,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
s
in
ess
,
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
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tatio
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it
p
lay
s
a
m
a
jo
r
p
ar
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in
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
ield
o
f
E
SL
in
clu
d
es
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
teac
h
i
n
g
tactics
in
ten
d
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
e
r
s
’
ef
f
icie
n
t
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
g
r
o
wth
.
Acq
u
ir
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
cr
u
cial,
e
s
p
ec
ially
s
in
ce
it
i
s
u
tili
ze
d
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
in
m
an
y
f
ield
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
o
wad
ay
s
[
6
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
welc
o
m
in
g
a
n
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
lear
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
th
at
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
ar
ied
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
id
en
titi
es
is
h
ig
h
ly
v
alu
ed
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
E
SL.
T
o
h
elp
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
er
s
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al,
an
d
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
ce
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
cu
l
tu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
cy
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
e,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
,
E
SL
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
E
SL
is
v
ital
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
er
s
[
8
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
h
as
g
iv
en
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
a
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
r
ein
v
en
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
[
9
]
an
d
in
v
esti
g
ate
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
m
ee
t
th
e
m
an
y
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
s
ty
les
o
f
E
SL
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
0
]
.
G
r
o
win
g
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
teac
h
i
n
g
E
n
g
lis
h
in
E
SL
co
u
n
tr
ies
a
r
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
9
]
.
As
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
g
r
o
w
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
wo
r
ld
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
a
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
c
an
h
elp
clo
s
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
s
tly
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
o
p
en
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
b
etwe
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
lea
r
n
er
s
with
o
u
t th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ay
estab
lis
h
an
in
ter
a
ctiv
e
an
d
ca
p
tiv
atin
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
E
SL
le
ar
n
er
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
en
ab
le
cu
s
to
m
ized
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
en
ab
lin
g
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
to
cu
s
to
m
ize
less
o
n
s
to
m
atch
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
u
n
iq
u
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
an
d
in
te
r
ests
.
T
h
e
Go
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
o
f
Ma
la
y
s
ia
h
as
im
p
lem
en
te
d
m
u
ltip
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
au
g
m
en
t
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
Ma
la
y
s
ia
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
B
lu
ep
r
in
t
2
0
1
3
–
2
0
2
5
in
clu
d
es
lev
er
a
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
ca
le
u
p
lear
n
in
g
q
u
ality
as
o
n
e
o
f
its
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
a
p
id
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
2
]
.
I
C
T
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
m
p
letely
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
as
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
W
av
e
3
(
2
0
2
1
–
2
0
2
5
)
.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
's
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
is
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
b
y
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ex
ten
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
o
u
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
s
elf
-
p
ac
e
d
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
t
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
to
en
d
u
r
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
g
u
id
ed
b
y
Ma
lay
s
ia's
Min
i
s
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
ef
f
o
r
t
th
at
g
u
ar
an
tee
s
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
E
SL
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
lo
b
e.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
th
e
ter
m
“
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
”
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
m
eth
o
d
ical
a
n
d
d
elib
e
r
ate
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
I
t
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
en
g
ag
in
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
l
es
o
f
E
SL
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
f
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
in
cip
les.
Usi
n
g
a
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
lin
k
ed
to
h
elp
i
n
g
E
SL
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
ev
elo
p
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
will
h
elp
th
em
n
av
ig
at
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
wo
r
ld
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
en
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ir
s
t
em
er
g
e
d
,
co
n
t
en
t
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
wer
e
n
o
t
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
s
k
ills
[
1
4
]
.
At
th
at
p
o
in
t,
it
b
ec
am
e
clea
r
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
y
its
elf
co
u
ld
n
o
t
ad
v
an
ce
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
o
r
c
o
n
ten
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
was
g
iv
en
to
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ay
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
e
d
u
c
atio
n
ca
u
s
es
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
an
d
u
s
ed
in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
to
d
ay
'
s
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
PAC
K)
wh
ich
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
a
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
teac
h
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
was
th
en
em
er
g
ed
as
a
n
ew
p
ar
ad
ig
m
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
to
th
e
id
ea
th
at
Sh
u
lm
an
[
1
6
]
d
escr
ib
es
as
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
PC
K)
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
id
ea
r
elate
s
to
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ch
o
s
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
teac
h
ce
r
tain
m
ater
ial.
T
PAC
K
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
t
h
r
ee
m
ain
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ain
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
(
C
K)
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
PK)
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
K)
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
3
9
4
-
4
4
0
8
4396
lear
n
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
co
n
t
en
t,
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
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ch
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h
o
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e
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o
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g
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m
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io
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PA
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ically
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ith
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o
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e
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h
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cin
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lan
g
u
a
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n
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g
o
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tco
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d
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o
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ter
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g
a
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
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e
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d
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clu
s
iv
e
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en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
E
SL
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
ev
o
lv
in
g
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
cu
r
io
s
ity
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
is
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
E
SL
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
in
g
.
W
ith
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
with
tex
t
in
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
n
er
.
T
o
cr
ea
te
a
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
u
s
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
less
o
n
d
esig
n
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
eliv
er
y
,
an
d
e
v
a
lu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
,
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
el
p
s
E
SL
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
av
ig
ate
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
t
h
e
d
ig
ital a
g
e.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
a
r
esear
ch
g
ap
r
elate
d
to
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
alle
n
g
es
th
at
co
m
e
with
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
,
t
h
er
e
is
s
till
a
d
ea
r
t
h
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
ile
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
E
SL
s
ettin
g
s
,
as
well
as
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
le
m
en
tati
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
E
SL
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Ko
zik
o
ğ
l
u
an
d
B
ab
ac
an
[
1
8
]
r
ep
o
r
te
d
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
E
FL
teac
h
er
s
to
w
ar
d
s
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
wer
e
n
o
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
g
e
n
d
er
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t,
o
r
p
r
o
ject
tr
ain
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Mo
h
am
m
ad
k
ar
im
i
[
1
9
]
,
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
c
o
n
ten
t
a
n
d
ar
e
f
am
iliar
with
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies;
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
s
tu
d
y
o
n
l
an
g
u
ag
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
T
PAC
K
s
tu
d
ies
in
m
an
y
s
u
b
jects,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
s
cien
ce
s
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics.
Ov
er
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ten
y
ea
r
s
,
th
er
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
o
n
T
PAC
K
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
,
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
th
at
ex
am
in
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
E
SL
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
elem
en
ts
th
at
i
m
p
ac
t
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
tec
hno
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial b
en
ef
its
y
et
t
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
r
ee
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
?
ii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es o
f
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Pre
f
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SM
A
)
was
u
s
ed
as
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
1
]
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
i
s
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
an
d
lo
ca
tin
g
ar
ticles
ab
o
u
t
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ill
th
a
t
in
teg
r
ated
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
f
r
o
m
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
d
atab
ases
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Sco
p
u
s
a
n
d
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
o
S).
Af
ter
th
at,
a
f
ew
s
tag
es
o
f
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
elig
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
f
o
llo
wed
in
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
2
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
1
:
identif
ica
t
io
n
As o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
PR
I
SM
A
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
s
ta
g
e
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
a
s
y
s
tem
a
tic
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
f
in
d
in
g
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
s
,
r
elate
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
n
am
ely
tec
h
n
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical,
s
tr
ateg
y
,
an
d
E
SL.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
at
r
atio
n
ale,
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
h
av
e
ch
o
s
en
two
d
atab
ases
:
W
o
S
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
.
Pro
v
id
in
g
a
d
d
itio
n
al
o
p
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
ted
d
atab
ase
to
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
er
tin
en
t
ar
ticles
to
in
clu
d
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
is
th
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
th
esau
r
u
s
,
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
o
r
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
b
y
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
a
l
l
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
as
tak
en
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
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e
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
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k
ey
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r
d
s
[
2
2
]
.
Sco
p
u
s
is
a
d
atab
ase
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
e
n
cy
clo
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a
b
s
tr
ac
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d
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with
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ch
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ly
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Sco
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e
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to
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d
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ases
f
o
r
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tem
atic
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ev
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[
2
3
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
f
in
d
th
e
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er
t
in
en
t a
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ticles ab
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r
atio
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cla
s
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d
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wer
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r
e
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u
lly
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n
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tr
u
cted
to
p
r
o
d
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ce
th
e
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u
ll
s
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ch
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g
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d
s
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ilar
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d
r
elate
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n
o
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o
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d
E
SL
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s
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d
th
e
s
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r
ch
s
tr
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g
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o
r
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ch
d
atab
ase
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tili
ze
d
in
t
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
al
&
R
es E
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c
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SS
N:
2252
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8
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4397
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u
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2
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P
ha
s
e
2
:
s
cr
ee
nin
g
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
m
p
letely
id
en
tifie
d
d
u
p
licate
p
ap
er
s
in
W
o
S
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
ey
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
'
cr
iter
ia.
All
1
6
5
ar
ticles
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
ar
ticle
s
elec
tio
n
c
r
iter
ia,
wh
ich
wer
e
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
d
atab
ase
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
o
r
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
to
tal
o
f
f
iv
e
d
u
p
licate
ar
ticles
wer
e
elim
in
ated
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
d
icate
d
in
T
a
b
le
2
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
s
cr
ee
n
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
1
6
0
ar
ticles.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
alwa
y
s
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
tim
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
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ticles
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
am
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
,
as
it
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
to
r
ea
d
all
t
h
e
ar
ticles
[
2
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
was
s
et
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
f
r
am
e
o
f
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
3
.
A
to
tal
o
f
9
4
ar
ticles
th
at
w
er
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
2
0
1
9
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
to
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
elig
ib
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
Ty
p
e
o
f
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
b
o
o
k
s,
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
,
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
9
–
2
0
2
3
(
5
y
e
a
r
s t
i
mes
p
a
n
)
<
2
0
1
9
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
R
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
-
p
e
d
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g
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g
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c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
ESL
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
N
o
n
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
-
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
ESL
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
2
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
3
:
elig
ibi
lity
A
to
tal
o
f
6
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
th
e
elig
i
b
ilit
y
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
is
th
e
t
h
ir
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
All
th
e
ar
ticles
’
titl
es,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
ten
ts
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
r
ev
iewe
d
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
y
s
at
is
f
ied
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
T
ab
le
3
an
d
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
o
als.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
3
9
4
-
4
4
0
8
4398
r
ev
iew
’
s
q
u
ality
,
o
n
ly
em
p
ir
ic
ally
b
ased
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
a
jo
u
r
n
al
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
o
n
ly
tex
ts
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
n
l
y
ar
ticles
ab
o
u
t
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
E
SL
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
s
tr
a
teg
y
,
3
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
elim
in
ated
an
d
3
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
2
.
4
.
P
ha
s
e
4
:
inclu
s
io
n
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
th
r
ee
s
tag
es,
o
n
ly
ar
ticles
th
at
ac
t
u
ally
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
wer
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
.
B
o
o
k
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
er
ies,
b
o
o
k
c
h
ap
ter
s
,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
ar
ticles,
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
2
0
1
9
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
E
SL
a
r
ticles
wer
e
all
cr
u
c
ial
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ex
clu
s
io
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
f
ter
t
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
,
3
0
ar
ticl
es
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
ar
ticles
'
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e
all
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
te
ch
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
E
SL.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
will b
e
en
u
m
e
r
ated
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
o
f
re
v
iewe
d a
rt
icle
s
A
to
tal
o
f
3
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
s
el
ec
ted
an
d
r
ev
iewe
d
i
n
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tech
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5
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5
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Num
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Yea
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Dis
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201
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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5
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Fin
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[
1
8
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[
1
9
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[
2
5
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[
2
6
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[
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[
2
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[
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[
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[
3
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[
3
3
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[
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[
3
5
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[
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[
3
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[
4
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4
2
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4
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4
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T
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Sh
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Gib
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5
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.
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tech
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
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2
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I
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J
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g
in
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
3
4
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
R
af
iq
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
p
o
s
s
ess
ad
eq
u
at
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
T
K
an
d
o
th
er
T
PAC
K
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
E
FL
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
ei
r
less
o
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
s
h
o
w
r
elu
ctan
ce
o
r
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ay
f
in
d
it d
if
f
icu
lt to
u
tili
ze
it t
o
its
f
u
lles
t e
x
ten
t,
wh
ich
will
im
p
ed
e
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
4
4
]
also
r
e
v
ea
led
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
av
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
e
n
h
an
ce
d
class
r
o
o
m
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
o
r
wh
o
h
a
d
u
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
io
r
to
em
er
g
en
cy
r
e
m
o
te
teac
h
in
g
(
E
R
T
)
,
h
a
v
e
les
s
d
if
f
icu
lty
ad
ju
s
tin
g
to
E
R
T
th
an
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
a
v
in
g
a
m
o
d
e
r
ate
o
r
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
T
PAC
K.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
is
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cy
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
E
SL
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
wh
o
h
av
e
a
s
o
lid
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
5
0
]
.
P
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
u
s
ed
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
an
d
d
ig
ital
v
id
eo
,
to
i
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
eir
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
s
tead
o
f
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
to
o
ls
lik
e
b
o
o
k
s
,
ch
alk
,
an
d
wh
iteb
o
ar
d
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
also
d
esig
n
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
u
s
in
g
h
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
K)
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
cr
ea
te
d
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
m
o
v
ies
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
s
in
g
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Fo
r
teac
h
e
r
s
to
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
th
e
ab
ilit
ies
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
n
av
ig
a
te
a
n
d
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
r
ec
eiv
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
em
p
h
asize
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
'
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
3
0
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
ad
j
u
s
t
to
n
ew
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
a
n
d
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
it
is
also
ess
en
tial to
cu
ltiv
ate
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
m
o
n
g
th
em
[
2
8
]
.
b.
I
ns
t
it
utio
na
l
f
a
ct
o
r
T
h
er
e
wer
e
eig
h
t
r
e
v
iewe
d
ar
ticles
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
h
av
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
ess
en
tial
to
f
a
cilitatin
g
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
in
teg
r
a
t
io
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
E
SL
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
at
p
l
ac
e
a
h
ig
h
p
r
i
o
r
ity
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ad
e
q
u
ate
f
u
n
d
s
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
o
o
ls
,
d
ig
ital
g
ad
g
ets,
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
estab
lis
h
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
E
SL
class
es.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
tech
n
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
m
o
d
er
n
h
ar
d
war
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
twar
e,
an
d
a
wid
e
v
a
r
iety
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
lear
n
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
at
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Far
h
a
d
i a
n
d
Oztu
r
k
[
2
8
]
r
e
v
ea
led
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
f
elt
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
u
tili
zin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
o
ls
in
E
FL
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
s
o
m
e
f
elt
in
ad
eq
u
ate
with
in
th
e
E
FL
class
r
o
o
m
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
A
s
tu
d
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
“
c
o
n
f
lict
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
wh
en
th
e
n
ew
p
h
y
s
ical
ar
tifa
cts
s
u
ch
as
o
n
lin
e
tea
ch
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
f
twar
e
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
to
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
I
t
s
ee
m
ed
t
o
b
e
a
b
ar
r
ier
to
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
teac
h
th
eir
s
u
b
jects e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
”
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
S
L
class
r
o
o
m
s
is
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Su
n
a
n
d
Z
o
u
[
4
6
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
o
s
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
co
n
cu
r
r
ed
th
at
p
eo
p
le
in
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
ity
h
ad
an
im
p
a
ct
o
n
th
eir
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
to
ac
ce
p
t
o
n
lin
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
n
ew
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
E
SL
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
ca
n
all
h
elp
to
g
r
ea
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
an
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
t
h
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
s
ea
m
less
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
E
SL
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
.
c.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ica
l
f
a
ct
o
r
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
is
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
1
0
ar
ticles m
en
tio
n
ed
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
t
o
r
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
ig
ital m
ater
ials
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
ea
s
ily
n
av
ig
a
b
le
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
tech
n
ical
t
o
o
ls
,
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
a
s
m
o
o
th
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
E
SL
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Ku
s
u
m
a
[
3
3
]
m
e
n
t
io
n
ed
in
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
th
a
t
I
C
T
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
f
u
lf
ilm
e
n
t
o
f
I
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
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o
f te
ch
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-
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cla
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o
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…
(
Lee
V
u
n
Leo
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)
4401
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
th
e
f
ac
to
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s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
I
C
T
in
teg
r
atio
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ed
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ca
tio
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I
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ad
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itio
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,
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
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o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
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an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
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eir
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o
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t
y
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it
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a
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.
T
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-
p
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d
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a
l
a
p
p
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a
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d
u
c
at
i
o
n
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a
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b
e
m
o
r
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e
f
f
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c
t
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v
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l
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
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n
tl
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
w
h
e
n
a
c
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
d
b
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
i
n
te
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
an
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
a
b
l
e
f
e
at
u
r
e
s
,
as
w
e
ll
a
s
u
s
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
aid
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
tec
h
n
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
i
g
ital
lear
n
in
g
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
[
4
1
]
.
A
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
f
o
s
ter
ed
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
th
at
m
a
k
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
co
llab
o
r
ate,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
,
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
v
ir
tu
al
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
s
,
o
n
lin
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ject
s
p
ac
es
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Fo
s
ter
in
g
a
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
team
wo
r
k
am
o
n
g
E
SL
lear
n
e
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
u
tili
zin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
a
co
m
p
le
x
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
in
teg
r
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
o
E
SL
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
asp
ec
ts
th
at
f
all
u
n
d
er
ea
c
h
o
f
th
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies an
d
b
u
ild
a
d
y
n
am
ic,
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
3
.
2
.
2
.
Wha
t
a
re
t
he
po
t
ent
ia
l benef
it
s
o
f
inte
g
ra
t
ing
t
ec
hn
o
-
peda
g
o
g
ica
l
a
pp
ro
a
ch
in E
SL
cla
s
s
ro
o
m
?
T
ab
le
6
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
te
ch
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
h
as
an
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
th
at
en
h
an
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
co
u
n
ter
s
an
d
elev
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
o
v
er
all
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
.
A
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
c
an
b
e
cr
ea
ted
i
n
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tice
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial a
d
v
a
n
tag
es o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
b
e
n
ef
its
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
esen
ts
f
o
r
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
all
-
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticle
s.
T
ab
le
6
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
te
ch
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
S
t
u
d
y
F
o
st
e
r
i
n
g
i
mm
e
r
si
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
sk
i
l
l
s
A
c
c
e
ss
t
o
a
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
n
d
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
[
1
9
]
[
2
5
]
[
2
6
]
[
3
4
]
[
4
0
]
[
4
6
]
[
4
7
]
[
4
4
]
[
2
7
]
[
5
2
]
[
5
3
]
[
5
4
]
a.
F
o
s
t
er
ing
im
m
er
s
iv
e
a
nd
inte
ra
ct
iv
e
la
ng
ua
g
e
lea
rning
env
iro
nm
ent
Fo
s
ter
in
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
in
E
SL
class
es
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
1
0
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles.
Dig
ital
ap
p
s
,
m
u
ltime
d
ia
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
way
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
in
ter
ac
t
d
y
n
am
ically
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
with
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
v
ir
tu
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
g
am
es,
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
co
n
ten
t
with
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
h
as
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
cu
r
io
s
ity
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
is
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
E
SL
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
lea
r
n
in
g
.
W
ith
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
with
tex
t
in
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
n
er
[
5
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
f
in
d
i
n
g
[
5
3
]
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
g
o
o
d
attitu
d
es
ab
o
u
t
u
tili
zin
g
W
h
atsAp
p
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
h
ad
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
f
o
r
s
p
ea
k
in
g
f
lu
e
n
cy
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
W
h
atsAp
p
'
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
ea
tu
r
es.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Sh
ak
ir
et
a
l.
[
5
6
]
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
o
n
lin
e
q
u
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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13
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4
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Am
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in
[
5
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also
r
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r
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c
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“
b
y
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tili
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Aeg
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P
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lized
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r
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tech
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o
-
p
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ical
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eth
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ater
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,
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d
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at
is
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ically
ca
ter
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ea
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ty
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ap
titu
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e,
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icien
c
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lev
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tech
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p
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Hu
za
ir
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et
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[
5
4
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r
ev
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at
s
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ts
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s
e
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p
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L
iu
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[
4
7
]
r
esear
ch
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h
o
w
lear
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er
s
'
cr
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th
in
k
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tak
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iate
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s
.
Sev
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r
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tu
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ies
[
5
7
]
,
[
5
8
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h
as
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d
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k
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1
9
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8
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ical
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d
en
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ca
n
ac
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u
ir
e
cr
itical
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
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s
k
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lik
e
in
f
o
r
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liter
ac
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ig
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o
m
m
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n
icatio
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d
m
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ltime
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ia
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n
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r
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lo
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ls
an
d
t
h
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ab
ilit
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ar
e
cr
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cial
in
to
d
ay
'
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
o
ciety
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
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[
1
9
]
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7
0
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th
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ical
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to
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ly
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p
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'
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lly
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itically
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g
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s
k
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in
to
E
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tr
ain
in
g
[
4
0
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
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p
r
o
v
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tu
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ls
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a
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ec
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tech
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ets th
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th
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s
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k
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o
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2
1
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ch
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cr
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th
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in
g
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is
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f
ac
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tated
b
y
th
e
in
teg
r
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n
o
f
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n
o
-
p
ed
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g
ical
ap
p
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ac
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d
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cr
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o
r
s
tu
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cc
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6
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2
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r
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r
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ar
ticles
[
2
7
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[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
R
esear
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b
y
Hu
za
ir
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et
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l.
[
5
4
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
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n
lin
e
ar
ticles,
th
at
ex
p
o
s
e
th
em
to
ac
tu
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ag
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
n
u
an
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
d
i
g
ital
lib
r
ar
ies,
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
ea
ch
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
v
o
l
v
es m
o
r
e
th
an
j
u
s
t h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
m
ater
ial; it
also
in
clu
d
es a
s
s
is
tin
g
th
em
to
b
u
ild
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
[
6
1
]
.
T
e
ac
h
er
s
ca
n
estab
lis
h
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
ex
p
o
s
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
an
d
a
u
th
en
ti
c
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
ag
e,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Pra
g
asam
an
d
Su
lai
m
an
[
2
7
]
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
6
7
%
o
f
th
ei
r
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
co
n
cu
r
t
h
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
a
k
es
r
ea
d
in
g
ea
s
ier
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
ak
e
r
ea
d
in
g
te
x
ts
ea
s
ier
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
W
ith
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
v
id
e
o
s
an
d
o
n
li
n
e
g
am
es,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
ap
p
ly
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f te
ch
n
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ica
l a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
in
E
n
g
lis
h
a
s
a
s
ec
o
n
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
…
(
Lee
V
u
n
Leo
n
g
)
4403
3
.
2
.
3
.
Wha
t
a
re
t
he
cha
lleng
es o
f
inte
g
ra
t
ing
t
ec
hn
o
-
ped
a
g
o
g
ic
a
l a
pp
ro
a
ch
in E
SL
cl
a
s
s
ro
o
m
?
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
c
lass
r
o
o
m
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
9
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es o
n
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
E
SL
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Six
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
r
e
v
iewe
d
ar
ticles,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
d
tech
n
ical
is
s
u
e,
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
co
n
ten
t
q
u
ality
an
d
r
e
lev
an
ce
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
i
g
ital liter
ac
y
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
ab
le
7
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
S
t
u
d
y
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
i
ssu
e
Ti
me
c
o
n
st
r
a
i
n
t
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s’
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
[
1
8
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
5
]
[
2
8
]
[
3
2
]
[
3
3
]
[
3
4
]
[
3
5
]
[
3
6
]
[
3
7
]
[
3
8
]
[
3
9
]
[
4
0
]
[
4
6
]
[
4
9
]
[
4
5
]
[
4
4
]
[
3
0
]
[
5
2
]
a.
T
ea
cher
s
’
dig
it
a
l lit
er
a
cy
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
th
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
tech
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
,
as
1
5
r
e
v
i
ewe
d
ar
ticles
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
ea
ch
er
s
t
h
at
ar
e
s
k
illed
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
t
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
E
SL
co
u
r
s
es.
Var
io
u
s
s
k
ill
lev
els
ar
e
lis
ted
in
“
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
s
”
[
2
5
]
.
Ka
r
a
m
if
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
h
av
e
r
an
k
e
d
th
e
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
b
asic
to
o
ls
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
o
lv
in
g
s
im
p
le
tech
n
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
is
cr
u
cial.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
a
lack
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
th
e
n
ewe
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
tr
ai
n
in
g
f
o
r
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
m
in
t
o
th
eir
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
if
f
i
cu
lties
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
.
Ku
lak
s
iz
[
3
2
]
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
m
en
t
io
n
ed
,
“I
u
s
ed
to
b
e
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ab
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
we
u
s
ed
in
th
e
tr
a
in
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
h
o
w
to
u
tili
ze
th
em
.
I
b
eg
a
n
t
o
f
e
e
l
m
o
r
e
s
e
c
u
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
m
y
s
k
i
l
ls
a
f
t
e
r
r
e
a
l
i
z
i
n
g
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
.
”
Ko
zik
o
g
lu
an
d
B
a
b
a
c
a
n
[
1
8
]
r
esear
ch
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
t
o
f
o
s
t
e
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
at
t
it
u
d
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
liter
ac
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
S
u
n
a
n
d
Z
o
u
[
4
6
]
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
t
u
d
y
in
ter
v
iew
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
f
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
h
a
d
a
h
i
g
h
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
T
P
AC
K
,
t
h
e
y
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
m
o
r
e
lik
e
l
y
t
o
u
s
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
es
o
u
r
c
es
i
n
th
e
i
r
les
s
o
n
s
.
“
T
h
ey
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
y
w
o
u
l
d
u
s
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
i
f
t
h
e
y
h
a
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
T
P
AC
K
.
”
T
h
e
r
ap
id
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
a
k
es
i
t
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
at
o
r
s
to
s
t
a
y
ab
r
ea
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
late
s
t
to
o
l
s
a
n
d
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
ie
s
,
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
.
K
u
s
u
m
a
’s
f
in
d
in
g
[
3
3
]
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
a
t
I
C
T
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
was
n
o
t
th
at
ad
eq
u
ate
an
d
th
e
r
esear
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
a
s
s
er
ted
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
i
s
s
u
e
w
a
s
t
h
e
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
'
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
I
C
T
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
u
t
i
l
iz
i
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
wer
e
n
o
t
u
tili
zin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
s
k
ill
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
em
b
r
ac
e
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
th
em
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
[
6
2
]
.
T
o
tack
le
th
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
n
ee
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
eir
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
s
k
ill.
b.
T
ec
hn
ica
l i
s
s
ue
T
ec
h
n
ical
is
s
u
e
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
in
eq
u
alities
is
also
th
e
m
ain
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
tech
n
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
SL
class
r
o
o
m
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
7
r
e
v
iewe
d
ar
ticles.
No
t
ev
er
y
s
tu
d
en
t
h
as
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
d
esp
it
e
its
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ho
ck
ly
[
6
3
]
,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
n
atio
n
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
with
h
i
g
h
er
r
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cted
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Acc
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in
g
t
o
Gillett
-
Swan
[
6
4
]
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
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ter
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ac
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will
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to
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ls
.
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