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SS
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i
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852
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A comp
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In
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sy
ste
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s,
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h
a
s
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tt
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h
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ll
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iate
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o
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o
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e
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p
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ste
m
s,
e
n
c
o
m
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ss
in
g
t
h
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te
g
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ti
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s
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istri
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ted
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ti
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so
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li
k
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e
wa
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e
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e
rg
y
i
n
sta
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a
ti
o
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ste
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s,
a
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d
d
i
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rse
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e
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ra
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tec
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c
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s
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ies
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e
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e
ra
to
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d
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ll
s.
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e
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re
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a
len
t
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
ra
p
i
d
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sw
it
c
h
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g
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e
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s
with
in
t
h
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ti
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it
y
i
n
fra
stru
c
tu
re
h
a
s
re
su
lt
e
d
in
a
su
rg
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o
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h
a
rm
o
n
ics
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
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istu
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b
a
n
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e
s.
Th
e
in
c
re
a
se
d
u
se
o
f
h
a
rm
o
n
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p
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c
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g
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s
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a
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v
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l
p
o
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a
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e
s,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
h
a
rm
o
n
ics
.
T
h
e
d
isto
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o
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s
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
th
e
se
p
o
w
e
r
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u
a
li
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e
s
m
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e
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tern
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rd
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M
it
ig
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ti
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o
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th
e
se
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
is
c
rit
ica
l,
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
fil
ters
a
re
a
re
a
li
stic
o
p
ti
o
n
.
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we
v
e
r,
p
a
ss
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fil
ters
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
b
u
l
k
in
e
ss
,
a
n
d
re
so
n
a
n
c
e
with
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it
h
e
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/b
o
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h
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a
d
a
n
d
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ti
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imp
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n
c
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
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rc
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imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
a
ffe
c
ts
fil
terin
g
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s.
As
a
re
su
lt
,
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
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r
fil
t
e
rs
(APF
)
a
re
d
e
sig
n
e
d
to
a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
sh
o
rtco
m
i
n
g
s
o
f
p
a
ss
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e
fi
lt
e
rs.
Ac
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
f
il
ters
(APF
)
o
ff
e
r
se
v
e
ra
l
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
v
e
r
p
a
ss
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f
il
ters
,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
siz
e
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
fil
teri
n
g
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
flex
i
b
le
o
p
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ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
o
f
APF
stro
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g
ly
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
s
th
e
APF
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
e
ffici
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n
c
y
,
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
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it
y
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
d
e
tailed
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
rre
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t
a
c
ti
v
e
fil
ter
c
o
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s
y
ste
m
s,
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
ir
k
e
y
fe
a
tu
re
s.
T
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
,
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
a
p
p
li
c
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
v
a
ri
o
u
s
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s a
re
e
x
p
l
o
re
d
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
ted
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Activ
e
p
o
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f
ilter
s
C
o
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies
C
u
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
Har
m
o
n
ics
Po
wer
q
u
ality
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
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A
uth
o
r
:
Vin
ee
ta
S.
C
h
au
h
an
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
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E
n
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Un
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ity
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E
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ail:
v
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h
a
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el@
in
d
u
s
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n
i.a
c.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
n
h
an
cin
g
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
i
n
to
an
im
p
er
ativ
e
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
u
tili
ty
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
s
tr
ea
m
li
n
ed
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
alig
n
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
with
I
E
E
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
ca
n
g
iv
e
r
is
e
to
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
d
esira
b
le
d
ev
ice
o
p
er
atio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
a
d
im
in
is
h
ed
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
,
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ef
f
icien
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,
an
d
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
with
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
]
-
[
6
]
.
C
u
s
to
m
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
(
C
PD)
ar
e
wid
ely
em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
o
v
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r
co
m
e
th
ese
u
n
d
esire
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
.
C
PD
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
v
ar
iab
le
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tag
es
ap
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r
s
to
b
e
b
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m
in
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m
o
r
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c
o
m
m
o
n
in
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
icity
(
u
tili
ty
)
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
s
[
7
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
i
tially
,
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
s
(
PF
)
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
in
d
u
s
tr
y
wer
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
em
p
l
o
y
ed
f
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
r
ed
u
ctio
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an
d
r
ec
tific
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
is
s
u
es
lik
e
f
ix
ed
co
m
p
en
s
atio
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,
u
n
wield
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ize,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
n
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity iss
u
es a
n
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
…
(
S
id
d
h
a
r
th
s
in
g
h
K.
C
h
a
u
h
a
n
)
845
r
eso
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ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
lim
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licatio
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Su
b
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e
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tly
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m
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co
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f
ig
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r
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n
o
f
ac
tiv
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p
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f
ilter
s
(
APF)
em
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to
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r
ess
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d
r
ec
tify
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is
to
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ted
v
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cu
r
r
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d
y
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am
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o
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Nev
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ilter
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ticu
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ar
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s
tly
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o
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ev
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tio
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ed
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in
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tili
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at
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itially
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h
ig
h
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o
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wed
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th
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en
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o
f
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o
f
APFs
in
m
itig
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th
ese
is
s
u
es.
T
h
en
af
ter
,
a
co
m
p
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s
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ev
alu
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n
o
f
APF
p
ap
er
s
s
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s
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g
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s
APF
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
W
ith
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
in
jectio
n
b
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g
g
r
av
er
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
v
o
ltag
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
a
d
etailed
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
s
h
u
n
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
alo
n
g
with
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
,
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
f
e
r
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
a
r
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
t
h
er
eb
y
f
o
cu
s
es
on
an
aly
zin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ch
e
m
es
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
O
v
er
al
l,
th
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
wid
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
m
an
y
APF m
an
ag
em
e
n
t m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
(
PQ
)
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
.
2.
P
O
WE
R
Q
UAL
I
T
Y
I
S
SUE
S
AND
T
H
E
I
R
M
I
T
I
G
A
T
I
O
NS
Po
wer
q
u
ality
is
ess
en
tially
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
elec
tr
i
ca
l
p
o
wer
an
d
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
I
t
is
d
ee
m
ed
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
wh
e
n
ele
ctr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
o
p
er
ates
co
r
r
ec
tly
an
d
r
eliab
ly
with
o
u
t
s
u
s
tain
in
g
d
am
a
g
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
if
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
f
ailu
r
es
o
r
p
r
o
v
es
to
b
e
u
n
r
eliab
le,
it
r
a
is
es
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
em
ed
y
to
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
eith
er
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
o
r
th
e
u
tili
ty
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
s
t
th
e
s
ec
to
r
a
lo
t
o
f
m
o
n
ey
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
s
ag
s
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
o
u
tag
es.
V
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
d
is
to
r
ted
a
n
d
u
n
d
esira
b
le
an
d
t
h
e
b
ig
g
est
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
el
ec
tr
icity
cu
s
to
m
er
s
is
s
u
p
p
ly
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
lin
es
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
in
to
two
p
r
im
ar
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
in
itial
g
r
o
u
p
p
er
tain
s
to
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
,
im
p
u
ls
es,
an
d
s
wells
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
o
wer
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
lik
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ag
s
an
d
o
u
tag
es.
Vo
ltag
e
s
ag
s
,
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
p
o
s
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
an
d
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
am
ag
e.
Pro
ce
s
s
es
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
m
o
to
r
s
,
r
o
b
o
tics
,
s
er
v
o
d
r
iv
es,
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
to
o
ls
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l if
th
e
cy
cle
c
o
u
n
t e
x
ce
ed
s
a
f
ew
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
ar
e
b
o
th
cr
itical.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
b
u
s
as
a
h
ea
v
y
m
o
t
o
r
lo
ad
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
r
o
p
i
n
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
wh
en
ev
er
th
e
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ex
tr
em
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
we
m
u
s
t
to
ler
ate
b
lack
o
u
ts
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
t
o
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
o
th
er
s
e
n
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
th
at
d
em
an
d
clea
n
an
d
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
wer
,
s
u
ch
as
h
o
s
p
itals
,
air
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
th
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
wh
e
r
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
em
a
n
d
in
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
p
o
wer
,
th
e
wo
r
d
p
o
w
er
q
u
ality
(
PQ)
b
ec
o
m
es
o
f
g
r
ea
ter
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Vo
ltag
e
d
ip
s
ar
e
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
i
s
s
u
es n
o
wad
ay
s
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
d
i
p
is
a
b
r
ief
(
1
0
m
s
to
1
m
in
u
te)
i
n
ter
v
al
ev
e
n
t
in
wh
ich
th
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
(
r
m
s
)
v
alu
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
e
ases
.
I
t
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
to
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
9
0
% to
1
0
% r
em
ai
n
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e)
an
d
h
as a
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
h
alf
a
cy
cle
to
1
m
in
u
te
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
h
as
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
p
h
ase
-
to
-
p
h
ase
a
n
d
p
h
ase
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
v
o
ltag
es
in
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
its
ef
f
ec
ts
.
As
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
p
lay
a
d
o
m
in
atin
g
r
o
le
in
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
,
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
ar
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
T
h
r
ee
ty
p
es o
f
a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
in
clu
d
e
s
h
u
n
t A
PF
,
s
er
ie
s
AP
F,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
APF
[
2
6
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
s
h
u
n
t
APF
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
lo
ad
as
well
as
u
tili
ty
an
d
h
elp
s
in
m
itig
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
As
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
s
er
ies
APF
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
u
tili
ty
v
o
ltag
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
an
d
r
ec
tify
v
o
ltag
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
s
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
APF
co
m
b
in
es
a
s
er
ies
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
APF
o
r
an
APF
an
d
a
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
an
APF
an
d
a
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
atin
g
(
as
well
as
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
en
s
atin
g
)
o
f
th
e
APF
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
APF
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
ec
au
s
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
r
e
m
o
v
al
is
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
ce
r
n
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es o
n
s
h
u
n
t A
PF
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ts
S
r
.
N
o
.
I
ssu
e
s
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
S
r
.
N
o
.
I
ssu
e
s
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
1
Ex
c
e
ssi
v
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
O
v
e
r
st
r
e
sse
d
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
5
I
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
s
h
u
t
d
o
w
n
2
I
n
su
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Ex
c
e
ssi
v
e
m
o
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
6
S
a
g
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
p
e
e
d
d
r
i
v
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
t
r
i
p
-
o
u
t
3
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
u
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
M
o
t
o
r
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
7
S
w
e
l
l
O
v
e
r
st
r
e
sse
d
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
4
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
M
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
8
F
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
Li
g
h
t
f
l
i
c
k
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
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Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
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4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
8
4
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852
846
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sh
u
n
t a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ser
ies ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Hy
b
r
id
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
3.
SH
UNT AC
T
I
VE
P
O
W
E
R
F
I
L
T
E
R
S
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
e
p
icts
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
s
h
u
n
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
(
SAPF
)
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tially
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
lin
k
e
d
in
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
lo
ad
v
ia
a
co
u
p
lin
g
in
d
u
cto
r
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
.
T
h
e
SAPF
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
u
tili
ty
to
g
iv
e
o
n
ly
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
n
th
e
u
tili
ty
s
id
e
b
y
in
jectin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
h
en
ce
c
o
m
p
en
s
atin
g
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
i
n
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
o
f
SAPF
4.
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
R
AT
E
G
I
E
S
USE
D
F
O
R
SH
UN
T
AC
T
I
V
E
F
I
L
T
E
R
SAPF
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
l
o
ad
s
.
T
h
e
SAPF
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
in
jectin
g
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
n
e
g
ate
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
.
Sin
ce
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
APF
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
n
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
en
h
a
n
ce
d
[
3
1
]
.
S
APF
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
b
alan
cin
g
t
h
e
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e,
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
g
ate
p
u
ls
es f
o
r
S
APF d
ev
ices,
an
d
a
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t.
SAPF
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
th
r
ee
s
im
p
le
s
tep
s
.
T
o
b
eg
in
,
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
C
T
s
/
PTs
o
r
h
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
s
en
s
e
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
Seco
n
d
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
n
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity iss
u
es a
n
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
…
(
S
id
d
h
a
r
th
s
in
g
h
K.
C
h
a
u
h
a
n
)
847
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
am
o
u
n
t,
as
well
as
b
y
r
e
g
u
latio
n
o
f
SAPF
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e.
Fin
al
ly
,
g
ate
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
APF
d
ev
ices.
Su
p
e
r
io
r
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
co
r
r
ec
t
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
e
x
tr
a
ctio
n
,
b
alan
cin
g
o
f
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
f
ast
ac
cu
r
ate
s
e
n
s
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
cr
itical
f
ea
t
u
r
es
in
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
d
ev
ic
e'
s
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
u
s
ed
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
lik
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
P
-
Q
th
eo
r
y
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
with
g
o
o
d
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
SAPF
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Var
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
SAPF
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
d
ev
is
ed
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
[
3
4
]
-
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
c
o
m
p
ass
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
th
eo
r
y
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
am
e
m
eth
o
d
,
D
C
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
,
F
r
y
ze
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
n
o
tch
f
ilter
tech
n
iq
u
e,
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
l,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
ch
e
m
e,
s
tate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ch
em
e,
f
ast
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
least
-
s
q
u
ar
es a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ak
ag
i,
Nab
e,
an
d
Kan
az
awa
[
1
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
(
I
R
P)
th
eo
r
y
,
o
f
ten
k
n
o
wn
as
P
-
Q
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
to
d
ev
el
o
p
an
I
R
P
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
u
s
in
g
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
with
n
o
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
as
well
as
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
Ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
SAPF
in
d
u
cto
r
,
an
d
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
SAPF
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
m
a
jo
r
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
SAPF
in
d
u
cto
r
d
esig
n
is
to
allo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
(
to
b
e
co
m
p
en
s
ated
)
to
f
l
o
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
witch
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
in
jecte
d
at
PC
C
(
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
m
ai
n
s
)
.
W
h
ile
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
s
o
th
at
th
e
SAP
F
p
r
o
v
id
es a
d
e
q
u
ate
co
m
p
en
s
ati
o
n
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
attem
p
t
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
SAPF
co
m
p
o
n
en
t selec
tio
n
.
4
.
1
.
Ref
er
ence
curr
ent
ex
t
ra
ct
io
n schem
es
As
s
h
o
w
in
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
ep
icts
SAP
F
ex
tr
ac
ts
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
at
io
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
g
en
er
ates
r
ef
er
en
ce
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
o
m
p
en
s
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
f
ed
in
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
g
e
n
er
ates g
ate
s
ig
n
als f
o
r
th
e
SAPF
s
u
ch
th
at
t
h
e
APF
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
(
r
ea
l)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
o
m
p
en
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
ese
s
ch
em
es
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
SAPF
to
ad
ju
s
t
f
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
:
th
eo
r
y
o
f
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
am
e
m
eth
o
d
,
m
eth
o
d
o
f
r
eg
u
latin
g
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
Fry
ze
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
4
.
1
.
1
.
T
heo
ry
o
f
I
ns
t
a
nta
neo
us
re
a
ct
iv
e
po
wer
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
a
s
et
o
f
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ain
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
s
.
T
h
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
als
o
ter
m
ed
as
th
e
p
-
q
th
eo
r
y
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
t
h
eo
r
y
a
p
p
lies
to
an
y
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
,
n
eu
tr
al
o
r
n
o
t.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
y
ap
p
lies
to
b
o
th
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Vo
ltag
es
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
lated
f
r
o
m
ab
c
to
α
-
β
co
o
r
d
in
ates
f
ir
s
t,
an
d
th
en
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
is
d
ef
in
ed
o
n
th
ese
co
o
r
d
in
ates.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
u
n
d
er
th
is
th
eo
r
y
,
th
e
co
m
p
lete
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
eq
u
iv
alen
t sin
g
le
u
n
it.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
wer
t
h
eo
r
y
4
.
1
.
2
.
Sy
nchro
no
us
re
f
er
ence
f
ra
m
e
m
et
ho
d
T
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
i
la
,
i
lb
,
an
d
i
lc
)
ar
e
co
n
v
e
r
ted
h
er
e
in
to
r
o
tatio
n
al
d
-
q
ax
is
(
i
ld
an
d
i
lq
)
.
T
h
e
d
-
q
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
v
er
ts
q
u
an
titi
es
in
o
f
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
in
to
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
alo
n
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
(
d
)
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
8
4
4
-
852
848
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
(
q
)
ax
es
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
All
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
av
in
g
an
g
u
lar
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
b
ec
o
m
e
DC
q
u
an
titi
es
in
a
r
ev
o
lv
in
g
D
-
Q
ax
is
f
r
am
e,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
r
est
ar
e
n
o
n
-
DC
(
AC
)
.
A
h
ig
h
p
ass
f
ilter
is
u
s
e
d
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
DC
o
f
f
s
et
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
en
s
atin
g
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
elim
in
ated
,
an
d
wh
at
r
em
ain
s
is
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ich
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
m
p
en
s
ated
.
T
h
en
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
D
-
Q
to
A
-
B
-
C
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
o
b
tain
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
r
am
e
m
eth
o
d
4
.
1
.
3
.
M
et
ho
d o
f
re
g
ula
t
ing
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
lt
a
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
8
d
e
p
icts
th
e
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Su
p
p
ly
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
to
th
e
l
o
ad
b
u
t
also
h
e
lp
s
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
SAPF
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
r
in
cip
le
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
APF
'
s
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
is
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
ts
[
4
1
]
.
T
o
k
ee
p
th
e
s
to
r
ed
e
n
er
g
y
in
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
ac
tu
al
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
dc
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
it
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
al
u
e
V
dc
*
.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
its
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
o
u
tp
u
t
(
I
smax
)
*
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
p
ea
k
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
th
at
m
itig
ates
th
e
i
m
b
alan
ce
o
f
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
SAPF
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
in
s
tan
t
an
eo
u
s
s
u
p
p
ly
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
i
sa
*
,
i
sb
*
,
an
d
i
sc
*
,
i
smax
*
is
m
u
ltip
lied
with
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
als
o
f
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
eq
u
al
to
u
n
ity
an
d
p
h
as
e
lo
ck
ed
with
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
ese
s
u
p
p
ly
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
i
la
*
,
i
lb
*
,
an
d
i
lc
*
(
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
)
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
y
ield
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
i
ca
*
,
i
cb
*
,
an
d
i
cc
*.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l sch
em
e
f
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
r
eg
u
latin
g
t
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
4
.
1
.
4
.
F
ry
ze
curr
ent
co
m
pu
t
a
t
io
n m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
g
en
er
alize
d
Fry
ze
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
lin
ea
r
ity
b
etwe
en
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ile
d
o
i
n
g
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
ev
en
f
o
r
d
is
to
r
ted
an
d
/o
r
u
n
b
ala
n
c
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
es.
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
ep
icts
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
Fr
y
z
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
alg
o
r
i
th
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tr
ateg
y
in
th
is
ca
s
e
i
s
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
m
in
im
ized
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
(
g
en
er
alize
d
Fry
ze
cu
r
r
en
ts
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
Ad
m
ittan
ce
G
e
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
an
av
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
e
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
lin
ea
r
ity
b
etwe
e
n
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
G
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
with
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
alize
d
Fry
ze
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
d
en
o
ted
b
y
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
i
wa
,
i
wb
,
an
d
i
wc
,
an
d
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
i
wk
=
G
e
E
k
,
wh
er
e
k
=
a,
b
,
a
n
d
c.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
n
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity iss
u
es a
n
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
…
(
S
id
d
h
a
r
th
s
in
g
h
K.
C
h
a
u
h
a
n
)
849
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fry
ze
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
4
.
2
.
Curre
nt
co
ntr
o
llers f
o
r
s
hu
nt
AP
F
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
in
SAPF
s
is
to
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
f
lo
ad
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
ac
tu
al
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
to
b
e
in
lin
e
with
g
en
er
ated
r
ef
er
en
c
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
is
task
o
f
m
ak
in
g
ac
tu
al
cu
r
r
en
ts
tr
ac
k
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
h
en
ce
its
s
elec
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
SAPF
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e:
4
.
2
.
1
.
P
I
co
ntr
o
ller
I
n
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
ch
em
e
aim
ed
at
p
r
eser
v
in
g
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
esti
m
atin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
is
in
itially
cr
ea
ted
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
ref
)
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
dc
)
[
4
4
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
h
an
d
le
th
is
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
.
Dr
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
in
t
r
icate
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
lin
ea
r
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
elin
g
,
as we
ll a
s
its
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
im
b
alan
ce
s
in
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
F
uzzy
co
ntr
o
ller
Fu
zz
if
icatio
n
,
in
ter
f
ac
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
an
d
d
ef
u
zz
i
f
icatio
n
u
n
it
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
a
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
d
ep
icts
th
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t e
r
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
is
m
ap
p
ed
in
to
f
u
zz
y
s
ets b
y
th
e
f
u
zz
if
icatio
n
u
n
it,
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l a
ctio
n
to
th
e
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
is
ap
p
lied
with
t
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
an
d
th
e
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
u
n
it
co
n
v
er
t
s
th
e
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ig
n
als
[
4
5
]
-
[
4
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
SAPF
s
,
th
e
T
S
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
b
etter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
less
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tim
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es f
ewe
r
f
u
zz
y
s
ets an
d
r
u
les.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Fu
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
8
4
4
-
852
850
4
.
2
.
3
.
ANN
co
ntr
o
ller
Ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
SAPF
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fo
r
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
a
th
r
ee
-
lay
er
A
NN
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
an
d
th
e
L
ev
en
b
er
g
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
m
eth
o
d
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
in
im
ize
er
r
o
r
s
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
weig
h
ts
.
ANN
-
b
ased
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
u
tp
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f
o
r
m
p
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ed
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n
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h
y
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ter
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co
n
tr
o
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s
in
ter
m
s
o
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ta
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T
HD
[
4
8
]
-
[
5
0
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
SAPF
p
er
f
o
r
m
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ce
d
u
r
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g
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an
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t
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n
s
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e
DC
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k
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m
an
ag
ed
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y
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an
d
th
e
ANN
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tr
ain
ed
u
s
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g
PI
d
ata.
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
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co
m
p
ar
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e
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n
aly
s
is
o
f
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ar
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o
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s
SAPF
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
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ce
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m
p
a
r
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o
f
SAPF
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
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F
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z
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A
c
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t
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m
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t
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u
c
t
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g
l
o
a
d
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n
d
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t
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o
n
s
Le
ss
p
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c
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ss
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n
g
t
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m
e
r
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q
u
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r
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d
M
o
r
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p
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ssi
n
g
t
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m
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q
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r
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d
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o
d
e
r
a
t
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p
r
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c
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ssi
n
g
t
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m
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r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
an
in
d
ep
th
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
SAPF
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
ts
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
SAPF
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
p
ap
er
ar
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ca
n
lead
to
in
ef
f
icien
cies
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
SAPF
s
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
t
h
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
itig
ate
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
co
m
p
en
s
ate
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
SAPF
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
p
o
wer
q
u
alit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
B
o
th
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
s
ch
em
es
as
well
as
co
n
tr
o
ller
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
SAPF
.
Hen
ce
,
th
ei
r
s
elec
tio
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
o
n
e
s
o
as
to
g
et
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
in
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
as
well
as
d
y
n
am
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
e
r
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
wo
u
ld
f
in
d
s
u
ch
s
tu
d
ies
v
al
u
ab
le
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
d
v
an
ce
d
co
n
t
r
o
l stra
teg
ies in
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[
1
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.
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k
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A
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