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13
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,
Dec
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er
20
24
,
p
p
.
8
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1
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I
SS
N:
2252
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8
7
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.
pp
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(THD)
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n
sin
g
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-
p
h
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se
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lev
e
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ca
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LI)
a
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o
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g
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ra
ti
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s:
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it
c
h
,
1
1
-
sw
it
c
h
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
8
-
sw
it
c
h
.
T
h
e
c
a
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late
d
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
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les
a
re
o
p
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ize
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u
sin
g
th
e
fe
e
d
-
fo
rwa
rd
met
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
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o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
—
R
lo
a
d
a
n
d
R
-
L
lo
a
d
—
a
re
b
e
in
g
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
su
g
g
e
st
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
8
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sw
it
c
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e
sig
n
e
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h
i
b
it
s
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p
e
rio
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
b
y
li
m
it
in
g
p
o
we
r
lo
ss
e
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
o
th
e
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
.
Re
g
a
rd
i
n
g
T
HD
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
y
iel
d
s
a
so
m
e
wh
a
t
lo
we
r
v
a
l
u
e
,
h
o
we
v
e
r
,
th
e
d
isp
a
rit
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les
s
th
a
n
1
%
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h
e
n
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o
m
p
a
re
d
to
b
o
th
re
d
u
c
e
d
sw
it
c
h
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ascad
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
Po
wer
lo
s
s
es a
n
aly
s
is
R
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
T
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Z
ain
u
d
d
in
Ma
t I
s
a
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
&
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti Ma
lay
s
ia
Per
lis
Pau
h
Pu
tr
a
C
am
p
u
s
,
0
2
6
0
0
Ar
au
,
Per
lis
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
za
in
u
d
d
in
@
u
n
im
a
p
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
(
ML
I
)
h
as
s
ev
er
al
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
b
ip
o
lar
in
v
er
ter
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
ea
c
h
s
witch
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es
b
ein
g
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
in
s
er
ies
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Hen
ce
,
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
a
ted
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
s
af
ely
au
g
m
e
n
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
d
u
r
in
g
ea
c
h
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle
lead
s
to
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
(
d
v
/d
t)
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
els
lead
s
to
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
a
tely
,
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
lev
el
will
r
esu
lt
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
th
er
eb
y
lead
in
g
to
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
ML
I
with
a
lo
w
s
witch
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
b
e
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
9
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
ese
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
in
clu
d
e
a
lo
wer
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
witch
es,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
,
ea
s
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
is
cr
u
cial
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
in
v
er
ter
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
b
o
th
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es
in
a
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
in
clu
d
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
,
g
ate
lo
s
s
,
s
n
u
b
b
er
lo
s
s
,
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
,
an
d
o
f
f
-
s
tate
lo
s
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ize
o
f
ML
I
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
t
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
a
m
in
es
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
etwe
en
a
n
ewly
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
9
-
lev
el
c
asc
ad
ed
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
(
C
HB
)
ML
I
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
o
w
er
lo
s
s
e
s
a
n
a
lysi
s
fo
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
w
itch
9
-
leve
l c
a
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
z
iq
I
s
ma
il
)
809
2.
CASCAD
E
D
H
-
B
R
I
DG
E
M
UL
T
I
L
E
V
E
L
I
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
Y
A
9
-
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
f
o
u
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
m
o
d
u
les
in
a
C
HB
ML
I
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
r
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
6
s
witch
es
an
d
4
D
C
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
i
n
[
1
9
]
,
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
s
h
o
wca
s
es
a
s
wit
ch
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e.
I
t
e
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
witch
es
b
y
5
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
,
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
o
n
ly
8
s
witch
es
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
c
o
n
cise
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
to
p
o
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I
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2
3
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[
2
4
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.
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p
r
im
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m
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lativ
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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N:
2252
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8
7
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ates
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5.
RE
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n
c
e
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
h
is
a
c
ti
v
e
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
h
is
d
e
d
ica
ti
o
n
t
o
p
u
sh
in
g
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
ries
o
f
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
wit
h
i
n
th
e
fiel
d
.
As
h
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
s
h
is
c
a
re
e
r,
M
o
h
d
Ha
fiz
Ars
h
a
d
re
m
a
in
s
a
so
u
rc
e
o
f
i
n
sp
irati
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
with
in
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
fiza
rsh
a
d
@u
n
ima
p
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Er
n
ie
Che
Mi
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B
.
E
n
g
.
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
l
a
y
a
,
in
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
2
0
0
9
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
C
o
ll
e
g
e
Lo
n
d
o
n
,
2
0
1
9
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
l
a
y
sia
P
e
rli
s,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
fa
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
rn
ie@
u
n
im
a
p
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Ba
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
Is
m
a
il
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
i
n
2
0
0
0
,
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
sia
i
n
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s i
n
2
0
1
6
.
He
is cu
rre
n
tl
y
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
wit
h
th
e
Ce
n
tre o
f
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
fo
r
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
r
g
y
(CERE
),
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
s
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
rter,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ffici
e
n
c
y
.
He
h
a
s
a
n
e
x
ten
siv
e
p
o
rtfo
li
o
o
f
re
lev
a
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
su
p
p
o
rted
b
y
a
v
a
riety
o
f
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
a
g
e
n
c
ies
f
o
r
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
.
He
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
tes
i
n
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
wo
r
k
sh
o
p
s.
He
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
0
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
h
e
a
c
ts
a
s
a
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
t
o
se
v
e
ra
l
in
d
u
strial
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
th
a
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
in
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
a
h
a
@u
n
ima
p
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Md
H
a
irul
Niz
a
m
Ta
l
ib
is
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
).
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
.
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
)
,
J
o
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
i
n
1
9
9
9
,
M
.
S
.
i
n
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
No
tt
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
UK
,
i
n
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
fro
m
th
e
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
6
.
His
m
a
in
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
fu
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
o
t
o
r
d
riv
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
iru
l
n
iza
m
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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