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Po
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R
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Scien
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liter
ac
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So
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CC B
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C
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p
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A
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Af
r
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Ma
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Scien
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Un
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en
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I
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d
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esia
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m
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af
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u
b
@
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ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Scien
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lear
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in
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em
p
h
asizes
d
ir
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t
ex
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to
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th
in
g
s
th
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teac
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p
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f
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war
d
[
1
]
.
Me
d
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d
esig
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ac
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s
in
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th
in
k
in
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lo
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icall
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an
d
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ea
lis
tically
[
2
]
.
Me
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s
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ac
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cr
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[
3
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[
6
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.
R
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[
7
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,
[
8
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.
H
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b
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tacle
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co
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am
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T
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in
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with
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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9
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wh
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g
y
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
lo
a
d
o
r
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
b
atter
y
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
e.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
it
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
at;
p
h
o
to
n
s
as
s
u
n
lig
h
t
p
ar
ticles
ca
r
r
y
in
g
m
c
2
en
e
r
g
y
h
it
th
e
s
ilico
n
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
th
a
t
ca
n
f
r
ee
elec
tr
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ese
f
r
ee
elec
tr
o
n
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
s
ilico
n
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
s
o
th
at
ato
m
s
lo
s
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
wh
ich
cr
ea
te
"
h
o
les"
as
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ch
ar
g
ed
elec
tr
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
ilico
n
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
th
at
is
f
illed
with
f
r
ee
elec
tr
o
n
s
is
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
n
N
ty
p
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
with
h
o
l
es
th
at
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
elec
tr
o
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
ac
ce
p
te
d
as
ty
p
e
P.
T
h
e
ju
n
ctio
n
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
b
etwe
en
ty
p
e
P
an
d
ty
p
e
N
f
o
r
m
s
a
PN
J
u
n
ctio
n
.
PN
J
u
n
ctio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
en
er
g
y
an
d
is
ab
le
to
p
u
s
h
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
les
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
to
m
o
v
e
in
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
t
h
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
So
lar
c
ell
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
-
Pro
b
lem
s
,
g
o
als
,
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
lan
s
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
i
n
ter
v
iews
with
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
at
SMPN
4
C
en
tr
al
B
en
g
k
u
lu
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
te
x
t
m
ater
ial
s
till
u
s
es
th
e
lectu
r
e
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
o
n
ly
m
ed
ia
u
s
ed
ar
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
c
h
ar
ts
.
T
ea
ch
i
n
g
aid
s
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
ar
e
n
o
t
y
et
a
v
ailab
le,
s
o
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
ai
d
s
is
o
n
ly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
ce
r
tain
m
ater
ia
ls
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
el
o
p
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
as
a
m
ed
i
u
m
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial
with
a
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
te
x
t,
esp
ec
i
ally
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cted
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
ce
lls
as
a
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
iu
m
.
T
h
e
titl
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
"
So
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as
a
m
ed
ia
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
c
ien
tific
liter
ac
y
".
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
f
o
llo
ws
"I
s
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as
a
m
ed
ia
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
";
i
)
C
an
it b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
?
;
ii
)
Su
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
?
;
iii
)
C
an
it im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
c
ien
tific
liter
ac
y
?
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
in
d
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
i
)
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as
a
m
ed
ia
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
;
ii
)
d
escr
ib
e
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
;
iii
)
d
escr
ib
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
?
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tag
es/alg
o
r
ith
m
s
:
i
)
c
r
ea
ti
n
g
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
we
r
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as
a
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
;
ii
)
test
in
g
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as
a
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
ia
;
an
d
iii
)
d
escr
ib
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
a
f
ter
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
as
a
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
.
I
t
is
h
o
p
e
d
th
at
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
will
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
u
r
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ase
d
p
o
wer
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
in
lear
n
in
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
th
e
AD
DI
E
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
m
eth
o
d
,
n
am
ely
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
wer
e
4
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
3
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
o
la
r
ce
ll b
a
s
ed
p
o
w
er
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
typ
e
a
s
a
med
ia
t
o
in
crea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tifi
c
liter
a
cy
(
A
fr
iz
a
l Ma
yu
b
)
991
SMPN
4
C
en
tr
al
B
en
g
k
u
lu
,
a
n
d
3
lectu
r
e
r
s
at
FKI
P
B
en
g
k
u
lu
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
Data
co
llectio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
in
clu
d
e
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
test
s
,
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
an
d
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
v
iew
g
u
id
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
es q
u
alit
ativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
escr
ip
t
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h sta
g
es
2
.
1
.
1
.
Nee
ds
a
na
ly
s
is
Nee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
,
n
am
ely
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects,
th
en
an
a
ly
ze
d
an
d
ev
alu
ated
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tag
e.
Data
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
s
wer
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
=
∑
100%
(
1
)
Descr
ip
tio
n
:
=
s
co
r
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
,
∑X =
to
tal
s
co
r
e,
an
d
=
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Desig
n
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
e
d
ia
is
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
m
ad
e
in
to
a
d
r
af
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
At
th
is
s
tag
e
th
e
d
esig
n
in
clu
d
es
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
s
ig
n
.
Har
d
war
e
is
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ak
e
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
cir
c
u
it
lo
o
k
s
lik
e
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
o
d
etec
t
t
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e,
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
an
d
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
.
T
h
is
to
o
l
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
r
ela
y
as
a
co
n
n
ec
to
r
an
d
b
r
ea
k
er
f
o
r
t
h
e
ele
ctr
icity
en
ter
in
g
t
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
.
So
f
twar
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ac
tiv
ate
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
en
ter
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
an
d
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ata,
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
in
teg
r
ated
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
I
DE
)
co
m
p
iler
.
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
i
s
an
ed
ito
r
u
s
ed
to
wr
ite
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
co
m
p
ile
th
em
an
d
u
p
lo
ad
th
em
to
th
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
ar
d
.
T
h
e
m
ed
ia
s
o
f
twar
e
d
esig
n
f
l
o
w
d
iag
r
a
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws;
i
)
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ac
tiv
ely
in
itializes
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
;
ii
)
r
ea
d
s
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
;
iii
)
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
if
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
l
tag
e
(
b
atter
y
V
<
1
1
.
8
9
V)
t
h
en
th
e
r
elay
will
clo
s
e
n
o
r
m
ally
an
d
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
will
clo
s
e.
I
f
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
b
atter
y
>
1
2
.
6
9
V)
th
en
th
e
r
elay
will
o
p
en
n
o
r
m
ally
a
n
d
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
will n
o
t b
e
c
h
ar
g
e
d
;
an
d
iv
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
v
o
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e
v
alu
e
o
n
th
e
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C
D.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
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o
ls
an
d
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r
ials
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ma
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r
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c
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n
(
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max
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20
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(
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18
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3
5
A
,
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4
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11
S
w
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Fig
u
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2
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Flo
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in
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u
r
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3
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Flo
w
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m
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lato
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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y
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with
t
h
e
(
2
)
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=
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(
−
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[
(
−
1
)
]
(
2
)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
:
=
n
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m
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er
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iv
en
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y
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e
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ess
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r
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th
e
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ity
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atin
g
s
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r
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=
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
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alid
ity
r
atin
g
s
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r
e,
a
n
d
=
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ass
ess
o
r
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
I
m
plem
ent
a
t
i
o
n
Pro
d
u
ct
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
u
s
es
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
,
class
I
X.
2
is
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
an
d
class
I
X.
3
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
class
u
s
ed
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
we
r
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
wh
ile
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
co
n
v
en
tio
n
ally
.
T
h
e
two
class
es
we
r
e
g
iv
en
a
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
ab
ilit
i
es
in
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
co
n
tex
t,
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
.
T
h
e
p
r
etest
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
itial
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
to
s
ee
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
ab
ilit
ies
af
ter
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
teac
h
in
g
ai
d
s
.
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
cien
tific
att
itu
d
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
f
illi
n
g
o
u
t
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
c
h
ec
k
lis
t
o
f
2
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wh
ich
a
r
e
f
illed
in
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
es
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
an
attitu
d
e
s
ca
le
th
at
in
clu
d
es
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
,
ag
r
ee
,
d
is
ag
r
ee
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
X1
=
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
class
u
s
in
g
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
X
2
=
co
n
tr
o
l
class
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
ec
tu
r
e
m
eth
o
d
,
Y1
=
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
p
r
etest
r
esu
lts
,
Y2
=
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
class
p
o
s
ttes
t
r
esu
lts
,
Y3
=
co
n
tr
o
l
class
p
r
etest
r
esu
lts
,
Y4
=
co
n
tr
o
l
class
p
o
s
ttes
t r
esu
lts
,
an
d
Z
=
v
alid
a
tio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
a
s
ed
p
o
wer
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as a
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
iu
m
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
esig
n
No
Tr
e
a
t
me
n
t
Te
st
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
1
X1
Y1
Y2
Z
2
X2
Y3
Y4
2
.
2
.
D
a
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
tex
t,
co
n
ten
t
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
a
test
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ess
ay
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
7
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
test
is
a
s
er
ies
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
k
ills
,
in
tellig
en
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
ab
ilit
i
es
o
r
talen
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
1
9
]
,
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
as
a
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
class
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
.
W
h
ile
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
co
llectin
g
d
ata
o
n
th
e
attitu
d
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
u
s
es
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
s
a
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
g
iv
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
r
wr
itten
s
tatem
en
ts
to
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
an
s
wer
[
20
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t is f
illed
in
b
y
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
ti
v
ities
to
f
in
d
o
u
t stu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tifi
c
attitu
d
es.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
2
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n t
est
by
ex
pert
s
Valid
atio
n
test
s
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
a
id
s
,
L
KPD
,
an
d
liter
ac
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
4
v
ali
d
at
e
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
test
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
5
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
test
r
esu
lts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Aik
en
V
c
o
ef
f
icien
t e
q
u
atio
n
[
21
]
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
=
∑
(
−
)
[
(
−
1
)
]
(
3
)
No
te:
=
n
u
m
b
er
b
y
r
ater
,
=
lo
west
v
alid
ity
n
u
m
b
er
,
h
ig
h
es
t
v
alid
ity
n
u
m
b
er
,
an
d
=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ater
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
tan
d
a
r
d
,
Aik
en
'
s
V
is
s
et
at
0
.
9
2
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
5
%.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
v
alid
atio
n
test
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
cien
ce
atti
tu
d
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
r
atio
(
C
VR
)
[
22
]
,
[
2
3
]
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
=
2
–
1
(
4
)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
:
=
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
SME
s
wh
o
ass
ess
an
ess
en
tial
item
an
d
=
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
ME
s
wh
o
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t.
I
f
h
alf
o
f
t
h
e
SME
s
s
ay
th
e
y
a
r
e
ess
en
tia
l
th
en
th
e
C
VR
will
h
av
e
a
v
a
lu
e
o
f
0
,
an
d
C
VR
will
h
av
e
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
if
all
th
e
SME
s
s
ay
th
ey
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
a
n
item
.
I
tem
s
th
at
o
b
t
ain
a
n
eg
ativ
e
C
VR
v
alu
e
m
u
s
t b
e
elim
in
ate
d
,
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
C
VR
v
alu
e
f
o
r
5
v
alid
ato
r
s
,
n
am
ely
0
.
9
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
o
la
r
ce
ll b
a
s
ed
p
o
w
er
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
typ
e
a
s
a
med
ia
t
o
in
crea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tifi
c
liter
a
cy
(
A
fr
iz
a
l Ma
yu
b
)
993
2
.
3
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
s
cient
if
ic
lite
ra
cy
it
e
m
s
a)
Valid
ity
test
V
alid
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wh
at
it
wan
t
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
Valid
ity
i
s
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lev
els
o
f
v
alid
ity
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
[
24
]
.
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
m
o
m
en
t c
o
r
r
elatio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
u
s
ed
,
wh
ich
is
as
(
5
)
.
=
∑
−
(
∑
)
(
∑
)
√
[
(
∑
2
)
−
(
∑
)
2
]
−
[
(
∑
2
)
−
(
∑
)
2
]
(
5
)
Descr
ip
tio
n
:
=
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
x
an
d
y
,
N
=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
tak
en
,
Σ
x
=
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
f
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
x
,
Σ
y
=
t
o
tal
s
co
r
e
o
f
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t v
ar
iab
le
y
,
x
=
s
co
r
e
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
x
,
y
=
s
co
r
e
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
y
,
Σ
x
²
=
to
tal
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
x
,
an
d
Σ
y
²
=
T
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
es
o
f
th
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
l
e
y
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
-
co
u
n
t
an
d
r
-
tab
le.
I
f
r
-
c
o
u
n
t
>
r
-
tab
le,
th
e
n
we
ca
n
c
o
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
e
item
is
v
alid
.
b)
R
eliab
ilit
y
t
est
R
eliab
ilit
y
i
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
o
l
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t is g
o
o
d
[
25
]
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
a
lp
h
a
f
o
r
m
u
la
as
(
6
)
.
11
=
−
1
{
1
−
∑
2
2
}
(
6
)
Descr
ip
tio
n
:
11
=
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t,
=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
,
∑
i
2
=
t
o
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
s
co
r
es
o
f
ea
ch
ite
m
,
an
d
2
=
t
o
tal
v
a
r
ian
ce
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
a
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ar
e
s
aid
t
o
b
e
r
eliab
le
with
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
if
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t is r
1
1
>
0
.
6
[
26
].
2
.
3
.
3
.
F
ield
t
est
re
s
ults da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
t
ec
hn
iq
ues
a)
Data
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
a
b
ilit
y
An
an
aly
tical
test
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t w
ith
n
o
r
m
alize
d
N
-
Gain
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
7
)
.
=
2
−
1
3
−
1
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
1
=
p
r
etest
s
co
r
e,
2
=
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
e,
an
d
3
=
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e.
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
es
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
h
ig
h
,
m
ed
iu
m
,
a
n
d
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
ies wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
e
in
ter
p
r
e
tatio
n
cr
iter
ia
N
G
a
in
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
> 0
.
7
Ta
l
l
≥ 0
.
3
-
≤
0
.
7
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
< 0
.
3
Lo
w
b)
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
ci
en
tific
attitu
d
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
Scien
tific
attitu
d
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
i
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es.
T
h
i
s
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
n
a
i
r
e
u
s
e
s
a
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
al
e
w
i
t
h
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
i
t
e
m
o
f
4
a
n
d
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
1
.
H
e
r
e
'
s
h
o
w
t
o
s
c
o
r
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
'
s
c
ie
n
t
i
f
i
c
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
u
s
i
n
g
a
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
al
e
o
f
4
[
2
7
].
Per
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
b
y
way
o
f
a
r
aw
s
co
r
e
in
to
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es b
ased
o
n
(
8
)
.
=
×
100%
(
8
)
T
ab
le
4
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
at
.
T
o
o
b
t
ain
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es,
n
eg
ativ
ely
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
o
r
ien
ted
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
s
tatem
en
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
i
n
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
with
th
e
o
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
,
ag
r
ee
,
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
e
e
with
a
s
co
r
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
-
4
.
I
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
attitu
d
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
in
T
ab
le
5
[
2
8
]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Sco
r
i
n
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
sw
e
r
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4
1
A
g
r
e
e
3
2
D
o
n
'
t
a
g
r
e
e
2
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
1
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
9
8
9
-
1004
994
T
ab
le
5
.
Attitu
d
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
c
r
iter
ia
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
0
.
0
0
%
-
20
.
0
0
%
V
e
r
y
l
e
ss
20
.
0
1
%
-
40
.
0
0
%
N
o
t
e
n
o
u
g
h
40
.
0
1
%
-
60
.
0
0
%
En
o
u
g
h
60
.
0
1
%
-
80
.
0
0
%
G
o
o
d
80
.
0
1
%
-
1
0
0
%
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
aly
s
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
wh
e
n
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
u
s
ed
in
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
aly
s
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
lar
c
ell
-
b
ased
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
te
ac
h
in
g
aid
s
at
SMPN
4
B
en
g
k
u
lu
T
en
g
a
h
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
o
b
s
tacle
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
ile
s
tu
d
y
in
g
s
cien
ce
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
ia
u
s
ed
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
An
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
r
o
a
d
in
s
ig
h
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
is
i
n
lin
e
with
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
[
2
9
]
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
i
n
g
with
th
e
aim
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
in
life
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ac
tice
d
ir
ec
tly
f
u
r
th
er
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
[
30
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
with
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
h
o
n
e
th
eir
s
k
ills
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
u
s
e,
u
tili
ze
an
d
ap
p
ly
th
em
i
n
life
[
31
].
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
ab
o
v
e,
3
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
8
7
.
5
%)
n
ee
d
te
ac
h
in
g
aid
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
in
ter
v
iews
with
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
r
esear
ch
wh
ic
h
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
to
o
l
as
a
lear
n
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m
ed
ia
d
e
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e
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er
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
2
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
is
n
ee
d
ed
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o
th
at
t
h
e
y
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u
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g
e
r
g
e
n
er
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
liter
ate
ea
r
lier
[
33
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
in
g
aid
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
is
a
"so
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
p
o
wer
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b
an
k
"
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
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h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
a
r
e
a
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
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atter
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,
Ar
d
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in
o
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icr
o
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o
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c
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
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r
,
v
o
ltag
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en
s
o
r
,
r
elay
,
L
C
D,
s
tep
d
o
wn
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o
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u
le
an
d
USB
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b
le.
T
h
e
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o
lar
p
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el
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o
n
v
er
ts
s
u
n
lig
h
t
e
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er
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y
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ef
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e
en
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h
e
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atter
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e
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p
an
el
v
o
ltag
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p
ass
es
th
r
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g
h
th
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h
ar
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n
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t
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late
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ter
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atter
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atter
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o
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e
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ir
ec
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tili
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s
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r
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atter
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t
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en
s
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t
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es
ar
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ag
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y
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d
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in
o
Un
o
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D.
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aid
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ar
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en
ass
em
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led
ac
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r
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g
to
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e
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itial
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es
ig
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ee
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eter
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.
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h
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ap
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n
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ased
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u
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r
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er
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em
o
n
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tr
atio
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l
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n
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e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
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.
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o
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ll
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k
s
h
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d
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ts
th
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p
h
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o
m
en
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o
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ch
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g
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tr
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s
to
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th
e
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er
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r
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ce
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n
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ir
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ased
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8
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ased
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e
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ed
in
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in
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in
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ac
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.
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esti
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ed
.
T
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R
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e
v
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test
No
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,
7
,
9
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
5
Te
st
i
t
e
m r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
.
6
7
0
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
6
D
i
f
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7
a
n
d
9
B
a
d
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
8
,
1
0
En
o
u
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h
6
G
o
o
d
7
D
i
scri
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
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f
q
u
e
st
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o
n
s
7
a
n
d
9
B
a
d
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
8
,
1
0
En
o
u
g
h
6
G
o
o
d
8
H
o
mo
g
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n
e
i
t
y
0
.
5
7
0
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
9
N
o
r
mal
i
t
y
0
.
0
5
n
o
r
m
a
l
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
0
.
0
0
0
H
a
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3
.
3
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n
o
f
s
o
la
r
ce
ll
ba
s
ed
po
wer
-
ba
nk
pro
t
o
t
y
pe
t
e
a
ching
a
ids
in
s
cience
lea
rning
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
lea
rning
in ex
perim
ent
a
l a
nd
co
ntr
o
l c
la
s
s
es
L
ea
r
n
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
3
m
ee
tin
g
s
in
b
o
th
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
es.
At
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
ee
tin
g
,
it
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
in
itial
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
en
co
n
tin
u
e
d
with
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ater
ial
L
KPD.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
d
is
cu
s
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
n
th
e
L
KPD
r
elate
d
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
en
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
9
8
9
-
1004
996
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
class
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
,
lear
n
i
n
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
lectu
r
e
m
eth
o
d
.
At
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
ee
tin
g
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
class
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
n
d
test
ed
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
o
wer
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
teac
h
in
g
aid
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
d
h
o
w
it
wo
r
k
e
d
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
,
th
e
m
ater
ial
is
ex
p
lain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
le
ctu
r
es
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
m
ee
tin
g
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
class
,
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tin
u
ed
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
,
m
ater
ial
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
id
e
o
s
h
o
ws
u
s
in
g
Po
wer
Po
in
t
m
ed
ia.
At
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
,
b
o
th
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
es
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
f
in
al
test
,
n
am
ely
a
p
o
s
t
test
an
d
f
illi
n
g
o
u
t
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es is
f
illed
in
b
y
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
less
o
n
.
3
.
4
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
increa
s
ing
s
t
ud
e
nts'
s
cie
nc
e
lite
ra
cy
bet
wee
n
ex
periment
a
l
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l
cla
s
s
es a
s
a
who
le
Data
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
clas
s
es
b
ased
o
n
o
b
jectiv
e
test
r
esu
lts
in
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest,
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
N
-
g
ain
o
f
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
9
an
d
1
0
.
B
ased
o
n
F
ig
u
r
es
9
an
d
10
,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
class
es.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
wer
e
3
5
.
7
1
an
d
8
1
.
2
1
,
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
4
5
.
5
,
th
e
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
e
was
0
.
7
1
(
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cla
s
s
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
wer
e
3
3
.
0
7
an
d
7
0
.
0
3
,
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
3
6
.
9
6
,
th
e
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
e
was
0
.
5
5
(
m
ed
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
an
d
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
es f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
class
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t sco
r
es f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l c
lass
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
p
r
etest a
n
d
p
o
s
ttes
t c
lass
ex
p
er
im
en
t a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
es f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l c
lass
es
3
.
5
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ing
s
cient
if
ic
lite
ra
cy
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
s
i
n e
x
perim
ent
cla
s
s
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l c
la
s
s
ba
s
ed
o
n pro
blem
ind
ica
t
o
rs
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
in
lin
e
with
o
th
er
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
n
am
ely
;
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
in
ass
ess
in
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
is
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
co
n
tex
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
t
o
s
cien
ce
in
e
v
er
y
d
ay
life
.
Scien
tific
liter
ac
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
item
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
c
o
n
tex
ts
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lim
ited
to
s
ch
o
o
l
life
,
b
u
t
also
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
liv
es
in
g
en
er
al
[
34
]
-
[
36
]
.
PISA
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
p
e
r
s
o
n
al,
s
o
cial
an
d
g
lo
b
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
to
p
ics
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
T
h
e
PISA
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
ass
es
s
es
co
n
ten
t,
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
c
o
n
tex
t
-
r
el
ated
attitu
d
es.
T
h
e
co
n
tex
t
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
in
d
icato
r
s
in
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
ef
er
to
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
ec
to
r
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
as
well
as
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
[
37
]
-
[
40
]
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
ten
t
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
in
clu
d
e
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
a
n
d
e
p
is
tem
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
clu
d
e
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
s
cien
tific
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a,
ev
alu
a
tin
g
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
s
cien
tific
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
s
cien
tific
d
ata
a
n
d
ev
i
d
en
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
o
la
r
ce
ll b
a
s
ed
p
o
w
er
-
b
a
n
k
p
r
o
to
typ
e
a
s
a
med
ia
t
o
in
crea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tifi
c
liter
a
cy
(
A
fr
iz
a
l Ma
yu
b
)
997
3.
6
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n t
he
dim
ens
io
ns
o
f
s
cience
lite
ra
cy
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
es
in
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest,
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
es
in
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
i
n
th
e
two
class
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
es
p
er
d
im
e
n
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io
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o
f
s
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tific
liter
ac
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etwe
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th
e
ex
p
e
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im
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n
d
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n
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o
l
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es
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
1
-
13
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
N
-
g
ain
f
o
r
ea
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h
d
im
en
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o
f
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cie
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tific
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p
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im
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ig
h
er
th
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th
e
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n
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l
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n
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e
ex
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im
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e
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ig
h
est
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o
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n
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t d
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o
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ig
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o
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ile
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o
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y
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im
en
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s
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ad
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e
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e
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ain
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am
ely
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9
(
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e
d
iu
m
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o
r
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.
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ile,
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o
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th
e
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n
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ig
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m
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at
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ed
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s
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n
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ed
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at
th
e
o
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er
all
in
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e
in
s
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tific
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e
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ased
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i
m
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ig
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ased
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r
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e
n
tally
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l
y
tech
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o
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ater
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t
h
er
e
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in
cr
ea
s
e
in
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ain
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th
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o
n
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t
d
im
en
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n
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ich
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n
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e
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ee
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i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
2
.
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ased
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n
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
in
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o
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m
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tio
n
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o
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tain
e
d
th
at
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r
ea
s
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g
s
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tific
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ac
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i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
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en
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le
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y
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n
th
e
e
x
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er
im
en
tal
class
h
as
an
N
-
g
ai
n
v
alu
e
o
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0
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4
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ig
h
ca
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o
r
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,
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
N
-
g
ain
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
o
f
0
.
6
7
(
m
e
d
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
e
x
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er
im
en
tal
class
es
ar
e
in
th
e
s
am
e
N
-
g
ain
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teg
o
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y
,
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e
ly
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ed
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m
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u
t
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e
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g
ain
v
alu
e
o
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tain
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
im
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tal
class
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g
r
ea
ter
(
0
.
6
3
)
th
a
n
th
e
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n
tr
o
l
class
,
n
am
ely
(
0
.
4
6
)
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
co
n
ten
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
th
e
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
cl
ass
h
as
an
N
-
g
ain
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
8
(
h
i
g
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
an
d
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
0
.
6
8
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m
ed
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m
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teg
o
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an
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il
e,
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th
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tal
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ce
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e
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1
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ig
h
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n
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th
e
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o
n
tr
o
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ed
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m
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ile,
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im
e
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tal
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d
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n
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ep
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ic
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n
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led
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ts
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e
in
th
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am
e
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ed
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m
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u
t
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e
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th
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5
4
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r
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ter
th
an
th
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ely
0
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4
3
.
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h
e
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n
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t
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t th
at
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as th
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o
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1
1
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u
r
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1
2
.
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ap
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998
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
N
-
g
ain
v
a
lu
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
class
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
g
o
o
d
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
an
d
its
ch
an
g
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
as
g
en
er
ally
p
lace
d
m
o
r
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
a
n
d
th
eo
r
ies
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ac
cu
s
to
m
ed
t
o
r
ep
ea
tin
g
th
e
m
ater
ial
th
ey
h
a
v
e
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
[
41
]
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
h
ig
h
er
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
class
p
lace
s
m
o
r
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
o
wn
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
h
elp
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
o
wer
-
b
an
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
in
li
n
e
with
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
c
h
[
42
]
,
[
4
3
]
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ater
ial,
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
th
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
le
ar
n
in
g
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
b
o
r
e
d
o
m
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
is
u
al
ai
d
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
p
r
o
v
e
d
i
r
ec
tly
h
o
w
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
co
n
v
e
r
ted
b
y
s
o
l
ar
p
an
els
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icit
y
.
T
h
e
s
m
allest
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
e
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
ep
is
tem
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
n
am
ely
id
ea
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
f
ac
ts
r
elate
d
to
s
cien
ce
.
E
p
is
tem
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
ef
e
r
s
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t scien
ce
b
y
u
s
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
o
r
f
ac
ts
to
d
r
aw
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
[
44
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
l
o
w
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
in
ter
p
r
et
s
cien
tific
d
ata
is
b
ec
au
s
e
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
lectu
r
e
m
eth
o
d
an
d
r
ar
ely
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
p
r
ac
tical
ac
tiv
ities
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
p
r
eti
n
g
d
ata
a
n
d
d
r
awin
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
s
o
th
ey
ar
e
less
ab
le
to
th
in
k
t
o
m
ak
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t,
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
s
cien
ce
attitu
d
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
c
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
er
s
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
es
s
o
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
ar
e
clea
r
ly
v
is
ib
le
an
d
ea
s
ier
to
a
n
aly
ze
.
Scien
tific
attitu
d
e
in
clu
d
es
4
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
am
ely
an
attitu
d
e
o
f
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
d
ata,
willin
g
n
ess
t
o
ch
an
g
e
v
iews
an
d
an
attitu
d
e
o
f
cr
itical
r
ef
lectio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
at
titu
d
es
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
ts
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
f
ill
ed
o
u
t
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
.
Ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
s
cien
tif
ic
attitu
d
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
class
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
ea
ch
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
d
icato
r
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ec
ap
itu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
es
at
ea
ch
m
ee
tin
g
,
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Per
ce
n
tag
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
,
th
e
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
c
u
r
io
s
ity
,
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
d
ata,
a
n
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
ch
a
n
g
e
v
iews
an
d
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
cr
itical
r
e
f
lectio
n
h
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
At
m
ee
tin
g
1
,
th
e
p
er
c
en
tag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
cu
r
i
o
s
ity
asp
ec
t o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
es
(
7
8
.
5
7
%
an
d
6
9
.
8
8
%)
was
8
.
6
9
%.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
d
ata
ap
p
r
e
ciatio
n
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
class
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
(
7
4
.
1
3
%
an
d
6
3
.
7
%)
is
1
0
.
4
3
%.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
willin
g
n
ess
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
v
iews
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
an
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
(
7
7
.
1
7
%
an
d
6
6
.
3
%)
was
1
0
.
8
7
%.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
in
d
icato
r
s
r
ef
lectin
g
cr
iticality
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
es
(
7
1
.
0
9
%
an
d
6
1
.
3
%)
was
9
.
7
9
%.
At
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
ee
tin
g
,
it
was
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
was
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
cu
r
io
s
ity
in
d
icato
r
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
c
lass
es
(
7
9
.
1
9
%
an
d
7
1
.
5
8
%)
was
7
.
6
1
%,
in
th
e
d
ata
in
d
icato
r
(
8
1
.
0
9
%
an
d
7
3
.
7
%)
it
was
7
.
3
9
%,
in
th
e
cu
r
io
s
ity
in
d
icato
r
(
8
1
.
0
9
%)
an
d
7
3
.
7
%)
was
7
.
3
9
%,
willin
g
n
ess
to
c
h
an
g
e
v
ie
ws
(
7
8
.
9
9
%
an
d
7
2
.
8
3
%)
was
6
.
1
6
%
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
d
icato
r
s
(
7
7
.
1
7
%
an
d
6
8
.
4
8
%)
wer
e
8
.
6
9
%.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
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