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r
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Th
is
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se
a
rc
h
a
ims
to
b
u
i
ld
u
n
iq
u
e
z
e
ro
v
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lt
a
g
e
tran
siti
o
n
(Z
VT)
n
o
n
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iso
late
d
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
fo
r
h
y
b
ri
d
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tri
c
v
e
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ic
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b
a
tt
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sto
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g
e
.
F
irst,
a
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(BDC)
is
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
a
n
so
ft
-
sw
it
c
h
i
n
su
late
d
g
a
te
b
ip
o
lar
t
ra
n
sisto
rs
(IG
BTs)
.
Th
e
p
rima
ry
in
su
late
d
-
g
a
te
b
i
p
o
lar
tran
sist
o
rs
(IG
BTs)
a
re
o
p
e
ra
ted
u
n
d
e
r
z
e
ro
-
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
d
it
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n
s
t
h
ro
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g
h
o
u
t
th
e
tu
r
n
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o
n
t
o
t
u
rn
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o
ff
c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
p
h
a
se
to
re
d
u
c
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
lo
ss
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
se
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
A
so
ft
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sw
it
c
h
e
d
c
e
ll
with
a
re
so
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
c
to
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c
a
p
a
c
it
o
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a
n
d
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
IG
BTs
a
c
h
iev
e
s
z
e
ro
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c
u
rre
n
t
tu
r
n
-
o
ff.
A
n
e
w
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
se
s
in
su
late
d
-
g
a
te
b
ip
o
lar
tran
sisto
rs
with
z
e
ro
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
tran
siti
o
n
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
S
o
ft
-
sw
it
c
h
e
d
c
e
ll
s
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
h
a
rd
-
sw
it
c
h
e
d
b
r
id
g
e
les
s
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(BDC).
Re
so
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
c
to
rs,
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs,
a
n
d
a
u
x
il
i
a
ry
sw
it
c
h
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g
d
e
v
ice
s
m
a
k
e
u
p
th
e
s
o
ft
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it
c
h
e
d
c
e
ll
.
S
o
ft
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sw
it
c
h
e
d
c
e
ll
s
e
n
a
b
le
z
e
ro
v
o
lt
a
g
e
tu
r
n
-
o
n
o
f
p
rima
ry
in
su
late
d
-
g
a
te
b
ip
o
lar
tran
sist
o
rs.
Th
is
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
h
a
rg
e
s
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
in
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
b
o
o
sts
i
t
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
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h
is
st
u
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
a
7
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3
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0
V
p
o
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r
sy
ste
m
'
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h
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g
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n
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l
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e
sig
n
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lati
o
n
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e
c
o
n
v
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rter
wa
s
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ted
a
t
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Hz
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it
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t
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h
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s
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n
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u
c
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c
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e
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ti
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p
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n
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ip
les
,
d
e
sig
n
a
n
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l
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sis,
a
n
d
si
m
u
latio
n
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
ts are
in
c
lu
d
e
d
in
t
h
is st
u
d
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
Hig
h
g
ain
MPPT
PW
M
So
lar
PV sy
s
tem
Z
eta
c
o
n
v
er
ter
T
h
is i
s
a
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o
p
e
n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Pra
s
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ak
u
m
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n
am
p
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Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
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lectr
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an
d
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lectr
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ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
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g
Vel
T
ec
h
R
an
g
ar
ajan
Dr
.
Sag
u
n
th
ala
R
&
D
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Scie
n
ce
an
d
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h
n
o
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am
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6
0
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6
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d
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ail:
ip
r
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p
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g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
s
is
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
atte
r
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
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h
e
e
asies
t
way
to
ch
o
o
s
e
an
e
f
f
icien
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
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s
is
to
d
e
v
elo
p
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
th
a
t
tak
e
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
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ef
f
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a
n
d
s
witch
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o
w
er
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s
s
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
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v
ar
iab
les
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
also
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
will
m
ak
e
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
wo
r
k
b
etter
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
b
at
ter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
e
v
ices
(
s
u
ch
f
u
e
l
ce
lls
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
)
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
ar
e
a.
A
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
t
r
an
s
itio
n
f
o
r
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
h
a
s
b
ee
n
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
o
n
au
x
iliar
y
r
eso
n
an
t
s
witch
es
[
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
lin
k
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
s
elf
-
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
an
a
u
x
iliar
y
ce
ll,
th
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
ed
b
id
ir
ec
t
io
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
]
-
[
6
]
wer
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
B
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
s
th
at
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
ed
to
r
u
n
with
v
er
y
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
lev
els
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
r
e
id
ea
l
f
o
r
u
s
e
with
th
ese
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
7
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
z
er
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
witch
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
8
2
5
-
834
826
lik
ewise
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
atten
tio
n
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
s
im
ilar
to
h
o
w
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
(
Z
VT
)
is
.
W
i
th
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
eso
n
a
n
t
ce
lls
[
1
3
]
an
d
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
z
er
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
is
o
lated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
4
]
,
th
ese
s
witch
es
wer
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
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e
s
o
f
t
-
s
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g
was
also
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ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
n
u
b
b
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
in
t
h
e
m
ain
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
in
s
u
lated
-
g
ate
b
i
p
o
lar
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
.
W
ith
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
t
em
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
is
c
h
ap
ter
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
ew
Z
VT
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
as
a
p
r
a
ctica
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
b
ac
k
g
r
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d
is
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
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g
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h
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ase.
R
esear
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at
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o
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o
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in
e
x
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d
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
b
ac
k
u
p
b
atter
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s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
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d
er
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
o
f
t
s
witch
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g
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er
atio
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at
th
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witch
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io
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o
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ig
h
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ter
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clu
d
ed
in
t
o
th
eir
d
esig
n
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
Ma
in
tai
n
in
g
a
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
lo
we
r
th
an
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
allo
wed
th
em
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
s
o
f
t
-
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
(
Z
VT
s
)
in
b
o
th
d
io
d
es
an
d
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
,
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
if
ted
its
atten
tio
n
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
el
y
o
n
b
asic
s
er
ies
r
eso
n
an
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
en
ab
le
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS
)
tu
r
n
-
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
ll
an
d
a
p
ar
allel
r
eso
n
a
n
t
cir
cu
i
t
in
d
u
cto
r
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
L
C
C
)
allo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
Z
V)
a
ctio
n
to
tu
r
n
o
n
th
e
d
i
o
d
es
an
d
ze
r
o
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
Z
C
)
ac
tio
n
to
tu
r
n
o
n
th
e
m
ai
n
s
witch
es.
Desp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
v
er
y
lo
w
p
o
wer
a
n
d
a
v
e
r
y
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
1
5
0
k
Hz)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
er
y
p
o
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
.
No
n
et
h
eless
,
a
cu
r
r
en
t
-
f
ed
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
al
co
n
v
er
te
r
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
with
o
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
h
ie
v
ed
an
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
9
5
.
5
%
at
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
1
0
0
k
Hz
an
d
h
ad
Z
C
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
its
s
w
itch
es.
Z
h
an
g
an
d
C
h
au
[
1
6
]
s
tate
th
at
in
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
ev
er
al
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
t
y
p
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
ap
p
licab
le.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
at
MI
T
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
-
f
r
ee
p
ass
iv
e
lo
s
s
less
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
B
DC
)
[
2
3
]
t
o
en
ab
le
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
b
r
a
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
wi
th
o
u
t
in
te
r
n
al
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es.
R
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
(
Vin
)
,
in
p
u
t p
o
w
er
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
n
o
t g
iv
en
m
u
ch
atten
tio
n
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
at
v
er
y
l
o
w
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
we
r
lev
els,
it h
as a
ch
iev
ed
a
n
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
9
4
%.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
in
eith
er
a
b
o
o
s
t
o
r
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es u
s
in
g
a
n
o
v
el
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
v
er
te
r
th
at
is
n
o
t iso
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
est o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it in
o
r
d
er
to
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t th
e
d
esire
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
witch
es.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
wo
u
ld
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
o
p
er
ate
in
co
n
ce
r
t
with
ac
tiv
e
au
x
iliar
y
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
k
ey
a
d
v
an
tag
es
th
at
th
is
co
n
v
e
r
ter
m
a
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ar
e
a
n
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
lev
el
o
f
e
f
f
icien
cy
as
well
as
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tu
r
n
-
o
n
lo
s
s
es.
2.
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
O
F
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
B
I
DI
RE
C
T
I
O
N
AL
D
C
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ts
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
witch
es
S1
an
d
S2
ca
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
tr
a
n
s
f
er
p
o
wer
i
n
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
o
p
er
ate
i
n
ei
th
er
b
o
o
s
t
o
r
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
L1
an
d
2
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C1
,
C2
,
an
d
C3
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
V1
an
d
V2
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
th
e
cir
cu
it
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
r
e
g
u
late
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Switch
es
Sa
an
d
Sb
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t p
ath
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
i
cien
t p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t w
ith
in
t
h
e
cir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
n
ew
Z
VT
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
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I
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wer
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n
g
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8
7
9
2
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va
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g
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l b
id
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n
a
l so
ft
-
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w
itch
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g
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DC
co
n
v
erter
fo
r
… (
P
r
a
s
a
n
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a
ku
ma
r
I
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a
mp
u
d
i
)
827
T
h
e
k
ey
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
wer
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
ce
p
t
was
ex
p
lain
ed
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ep
r
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tatio
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o
f
cu
r
r
en
t f
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w
th
a
t
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e
s
h
o
wn
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Fig
u
r
e
3
f
o
r
t
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e
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atics
f
o
r
th
e
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e.
R
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
tu
r
n
-
on
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ac
tiv
e
d
ev
ices,
as
well
as
r
e
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ac
tiv
e
d
e
v
ices.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Key
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
: b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
m
o
d
es
3.
P
RINCI
P
L
E
S O
F
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
AND
I
T
S AN
A
L
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
B
o
o
s
t
m
o
de
o
pera
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
u
s
u
al
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
o
n
e
s
witc
h
in
g
c
y
cle
(
f
r
o
m
t0
t
o
t6
)
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
h
o
w
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
a
r
e
d
e
p
icted
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ay
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
a
to
tal
o
f
s
ix
d
if
f
er
en
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
es,
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
f
r
o
m
a
to
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
an
d
a
r
e
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
w
n
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
ateg
o
r
ies.
-
Mo
d
e
1
:
I
GB
T
S2
is
s
witch
ed
o
n
at
tim
e
t0
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
tu
r
n
-
o
n
f
o
r
I
GB
T
Sa,
wh
ich
tak
es
p
lace
later
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
c
o
llecto
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
em
itter
d
r
o
p
s
i
n
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
atter
n
as
it
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ze
r
o
;
th
is
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
q
u
ite
clea
r
ly
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
as
th
e
m
ain
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
At
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
tim
e
p
er
io
d
t1
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
h
as
d
ip
p
ed
to
ze
r
o
,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
f
lo
win
g
v
ia
th
e
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
o
f
th
e
I
G
B
T
Sa.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
ati
o
n
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
an
in
d
u
cto
r
with
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l L
2
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
ith
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l C2
:
2
(
2
)
=
(
)
+
0
(
−
1
)
(
1
)
2
(
)
=
0
(
−
1
)
(
2
)
=
1
√
2
2
=
√
2
2
-
Mo
d
e
2
:
Du
r
in
g
th
e
tim
e
b
et
wee
n
t1
an
d
t2
,
th
e
au
x
iliar
y
I
GB
T
S2
an
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
o
f
Sa
ar
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
o
f
Sa
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
th
e
r
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ig
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r
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u
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ito
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e
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2
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2
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0
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
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2
I
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4
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o
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r
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ter
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als,
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ate
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ls
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ar
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ase
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r
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g
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Sa
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o
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ig
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r
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4
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C
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r
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e
ex
p
r
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s
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o
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d
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r
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e
s
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o
l
L
2
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d
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ca
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ito
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with
th
e
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o
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e
d
e
f
in
ed
as:
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3
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0
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−
4
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5
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2
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3
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−
2
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3
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(
)
(
6
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2
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4
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0
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7
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-
Mo
d
e
4
:
Fro
m
tim
e
p
o
in
t
t
3
u
n
til
tim
e
p
o
in
t
t4
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
at
f
lo
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th
r
o
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g
h
t
h
e
m
ain
s
witch
Sa
is
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al
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e
o
u
tp
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t
cu
r
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en
t,
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h
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l
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
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n
t
t
h
at
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h
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o
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g
h
t
h
e
a
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a
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t
c
h
i
s
z
e
r
o
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
2
c
u
r
r
en
t:
2
(
)
=
+
1
(
−
4
)
(
8
)
2
(
)
=
2
(
4
)
(
9
)
-
Mo
d
e
5
:
Fro
m
th
e
t4
to
t5
p
er
io
d
,
th
er
e
is
a
cu
r
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en
t
f
lo
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in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
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ir
ec
tio
n
v
ia
th
e
au
x
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s
witch
d
io
d
e,
wh
ile
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
f
lo
win
g
n
o
r
m
ally
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ain
s
witch
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h
ile
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th
is
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m
u
latin
g
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o
d
e,
th
e
in
p
u
t in
d
u
cto
r
L
in
is
allo
wed
to
b
u
ild
u
p
its
to
tal
v
alu
e
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
-
Mo
d
e
6
:
B
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
b
y
th
e
e
n
er
g
i
z
ed
in
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
L
in
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
i
o
d
t
5
-
t6
,
all
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
ar
e
s
witch
ed
o
f
f
at
t
h
is
tim
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
is
p
o
wer
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
is
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
ed
v
ia
Sb
'
s
L
-
b
o
d
y
d
i
o
d
e
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
va
lu
a
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g
a
n
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l b
id
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tio
n
a
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s
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itch
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g
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DC
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829
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u
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C
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ir
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it f
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ter
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d
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ter
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o
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
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r
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t f
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ir
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3
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2
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uck
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As
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2
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ay
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to
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ix
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ct
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ical
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h
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et
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al
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7
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1
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al
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ep
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esen
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o
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r
r
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o
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i
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o
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atin
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m
o
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els.
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ev
er
th
is
m
o
d
e
is
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t
h
e
Sb
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f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
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e
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o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
witch
,
an
d
th
e
S1
h
as
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
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g
as
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au
x
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er
,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
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en
t
th
e
m
ain
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GB
T
f
r
o
m
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ein
g
g
ated
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th
e
a
u
x
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witch
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o
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ly
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e
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o
r
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er
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s
h
o
r
t
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
tim
e
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ef
o
r
e
it
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ec
o
m
es
in
o
p
er
ab
le.
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h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
s
ix
d
is
tin
ct
to
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o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
es:
-
Mo
d
e
1
:
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
I
GB
T
S1
is
s
witch
ed
o
n
at
tim
e
t0
in
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
g
en
tle
tu
r
n
-
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
I
GB
T
Sb
,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
later
.
T
h
e
au
x
iliar
y
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
an
d
th
e
au
x
iliar
y
in
d
u
cto
r
C
1
a
r
e
r
eso
n
atin
g
with
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
r
eso
n
an
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
witch
g
r
ad
u
ally
g
o
es
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
v
al
u
e
to
th
e
n
ex
t u
n
t
il it r
ea
ch
es z
er
o
at
tim
e
t1
.
-
Mo
d
e
2
:
D
u
r
in
g
th
is
f
r
ee
wh
e
elin
g
m
o
d
e,
at
t
h
e
tim
e
t1
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
o
f
Sb
b
e
g
in
s
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
cr
ea
te
a
f
r
ee
-
wh
ee
lin
g
ch
a
n
n
e
l
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
ab
le
r
eso
n
an
t
t
an
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
L
1
,
C
1
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t is r
ea
ch
e
d
b
y
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
ia
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
cto
r
,
L
1
.
-
Mo
d
e
3
:
B
eg
in
n
in
g
at
tim
e
t2
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
o
f
s
witch
S2
co
n
ti
n
u
es
to
co
n
d
u
ct,
wh
ile
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
als
o
b
ein
g
a
p
p
lied
t
o
s
witch
S1
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
W
h
en
th
is
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
t2
h
as
p
ass
ed
,
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
o
f
Sa
will
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
witch
ed
o
f
f
,
b
u
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
el
will
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
-
Mo
d
e
4
:
At
tim
e
t
3
,
th
e
a
u
x
i
liar
y
I
GB
T
S1
is
s
h
u
t
o
f
f
,
w
h
ich
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
b
ein
g
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
I
GB
T
Sb
b
eg
in
s
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
,
an
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
m
ay
b
e
s
ee
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Sb
-
L
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
9
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
is
m
o
d
e
o
f
p
o
wer
in
g
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
wi
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
lin
ea
r
ly
f
alls
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
es
ze
r
o
,
an
d
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
is
ch
ar
g
ed
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ei
n
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
at
t
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
2
4
:
8
2
5
-
834
830
-
Mo
d
e
5
:
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
o
wer
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
I
GB
T
Sb
is
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
r
o
m
t4
t
o
t5
,
an
d
th
e
d
i
o
d
e
o
f
S1
o
f
f
er
s
a
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
c
h
an
n
el
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
wh
o
le
o
f
t
h
is
tim
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
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I
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I
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5.
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Sa
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e
s
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ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
va
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l so
ft
-
s
w
itch
in
g
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
erter
fo
r
… (
P
r
a
s
a
n
n
a
ku
ma
r
I
n
a
mp
u
d
i
)
833
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
B
o
o
s
t m
o
d
e
ef
f
icien
cy
cu
r
v
es: m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
Fig
u
r
e
14
.
B
u
ck
m
o
d
e
ef
f
icien
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cu
r
v
es: m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
an
d
s
im
u
lated
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
n
ew
Z
VT
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
b
id
ir
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n
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ter
is
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r
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,
its
wo
r
k
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p
r
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les
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d
ex
p
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im
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i
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d
in
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ar
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s
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th
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To
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p
lis
h
th
e
ze
r
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e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
to
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e
m
ain
s
witch
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th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
v
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ter
was
im
p
r
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e
d
b
y
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
a
u
x
iliar
y
p
ar
ts
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
tu
r
n
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o
f
f
s
witch
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g
l
o
s
s
es
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GB
T
s
to
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ch
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o
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t
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c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
ze
r
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cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
witch
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g
(
Z
C
S
)
.
At
3
0
0
W
o
u
tp
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t
p
o
w
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e
s
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g
g
ested
to
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wa
s
9
5
.
6
%
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f
icie
n
t
in
f
o
r
war
d
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
e
r
an
d
9
6
.
7
%
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f
icien
t
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n
r
ev
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r
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e
p
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wer
tr
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s
f
er
,
r
esp
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tiv
ely
,
as
v
er
if
ied
b
y
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
s
tu
d
y
.
Ap
p
lica
b
ilit
y
to
g
r
ea
ter
-
p
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tr
ic
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r
s
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n
f
ir
m
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o
n
ce
th
e
s
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s
ted
co
n
v
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ter
'
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p
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wer
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co
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ir
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d
.
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h
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g
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o
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ter
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ited
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e
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tr
ac
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icles
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atter
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ec
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u
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s
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s
s
es,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
tu
r
n
-
o
n
s
tr
ess
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
.
H
u
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[
2
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2
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[
3
]
M
.
L
.
M
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r
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s,
H
.
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h
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e
y
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d
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s:
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p
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7
.
[
4
]
M
.
R
.
M
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h
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mm
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d
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a
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d
H
.
F
a
r
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.
[
5
]
V
.
V
.
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.
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.
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B
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k
–
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DC
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C
c
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a
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[
6
]
H.
-
L.
D
o
,
“
ZV
S
f
u
l
l
–
b
r
i
d
g
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b
a
s
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d
DC
–
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C
c
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v
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,
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o
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.
[
7
]
J
.
L
.
R
u
s
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,
M
.
L
.
M
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t
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s
,
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d
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.
L
.
H
e
y
,
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V
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C
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:
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,
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P
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d
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:
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l
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.
[
8
]
T
.
M
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s
h
i
m
a
,
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.
M
a
s
u
d
a
,
a
n
d
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.
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k
a
,
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‐
l
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.
[
9
]
R
.
T
h
u
mm
a
,
V
.
V
.
S
.
K
.
B
h
a
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a
,
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.
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,
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.
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,
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3
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0.
[
1
0
]
A
.
El
a
ma
t
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,
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.
V
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.
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T
ELKO
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