I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
8
7
4
~
8
8
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
874
-
885
874
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
p
e
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Lo
w
co
st pulsed
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
gener
a
tor using
DC
-
D
C boo
st
co
nv
erte
r and
ca
pa
citor
dio
de vo
lt
a
g
e multiplier
J
ey
a
Sh
re
e
T
hu
la
s
ida
s
,
Srini
v
a
s
a
n P
urus
ho
t
ha
m
a
n,
Sriv
a
t
s
en
Ra
v
is
ha
nk
er
,
T
hej
a
s
wa
ro
o
pa
n
M
o
uro
ug
a
iy
a
n
,
Arr
uthra
Anilk
um
a
r
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
R
M
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
R
a
ma
p
u
r
a
m,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
2
1
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
1
9
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l 1
9
,
2
0
2
4
Trad
it
io
n
a
l
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
tag
e
p
u
lse
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs,
li
k
e
M
a
rx
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
o
ften
fa
c
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
re
late
d
t
o
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
a
s
o
li
d
-
sta
te
m
u
lt
i
-
m
o
d
u
le
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
u
lse
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
th
a
t
in
te
g
ra
tes
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
-
d
io
d
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
u
lt
i
p
li
e
rs
(CDV
M
)
wit
h
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
n
d
c
lo
se
d
-
lo
o
p
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
l
is
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
to
o
v
e
rc
o
m
e
th
e
se
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
sy
ste
m
a
c
h
iev
e
s
h
i
g
h
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
y
c
o
u
p
l
in
g
t
h
e
p
u
lse
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
l
o
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
DC
s
o
u
rc
e
s
in
se
ries
a
c
ro
ss
e
a
c
h
m
o
d
u
le.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
d
e
si
g
n
wa
s
m
o
d
e
led
u
sin
g
M
ATLAB,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t
a
l
tes
ti
n
g
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
o
n
a
si
n
g
le
sta
g
e
.
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
se
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
,
p
ro
p
o
rti
o
n
a
l
-
in
teg
ra
l
(
PI
)
,
a
n
d
fra
c
ti
o
n
a
l
o
r
d
e
r
p
ro
p
o
rti
o
n
a
l
in
te
g
ra
l
d
e
riv
a
ti
v
e
(
F
OPID
)
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
we
re
p
e
rfo
r
m
e
d
.
Bo
t
h
M
ATLAB
sim
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
rise
ti
m
e
,
p
e
a
k
ti
m
e
,
se
tt
li
n
g
ti
m
e
,
a
n
d
ste
a
d
y
-
sta
te
e
rro
r
a
re
a
ll
imp
ro
v
e
d
u
si
n
g
a
n
F
OPID
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
d
e
c
re
a
sin
g
fro
m
0
.
3
2
t
o
0
.
3
1
se
c
o
n
d
s,
0
.
4
2
to
0
.
3
5
se
c
o
n
d
s,
a
n
d
3
.
1
5
t
o
2
.
2
0
se
c
o
n
d
s,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
T
h
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
ica
te
th
a
t
a
c
lo
se
d
-
l
o
o
p
F
OPID
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
m
o
re
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
th
a
n
a
P
I
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
fo
r
a
two
-
sta
g
e
DC
-
DC
v
o
l
tag
e
m
u
lt
i
p
li
e
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lo
s
ed
lo
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Pu
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
Vo
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Srin
iv
asan
Pu
r
u
s
h
o
th
am
a
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
SR
M
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
R
am
ap
u
r
am
,
C
h
en
n
ai,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
r
in
iv
asp
8
0
8
@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
-
in
ten
s
ity
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
d
u
r
atio
n
elec
tr
ical
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
elec
tr
o
p
o
r
atio
n
p
u
ls
es
[
1
]
.
E
lectr
o
p
o
r
atio
n
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
o
r
es
in
ce
ll
m
em
b
r
an
es,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
e
ith
er
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
o
r
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ap
p
lied
elec
tr
ical
p
u
ls
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
[
2
]
.
Du
r
in
g
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
elec
tr
o
p
o
r
atio
n
,
th
e
p
o
r
es
cr
ea
ted
i
n
th
e
ce
ll
m
em
b
r
an
e
d
o
n
o
t
r
eseal,
wh
er
ea
s
,
in
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
elec
tr
o
p
o
r
atio
n
,
th
e
p
o
r
es
m
ay
r
eseal
wh
en
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
b
io
m
e
d
ical,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
f
o
o
d
p
r
eser
v
a
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
em
p
lo
y
r
ev
er
s
ib
le/ir
r
ev
e
r
s
ib
le
elec
tr
o
p
o
r
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
[
4
]
.
So
lid
-
s
tate
Ma
r
x
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
s
p
ac
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
s
tep
u
p
DC
v
o
ltag
e
[
6
]
.
Mu
ltip
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
f
f
er
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
eir
c
o
m
p
ac
t
d
esig
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t c
o
u
n
t c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
7
]
.
At
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
es,
s
witch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Hig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
es c
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
u
b
s
tan
tial f
o
r
war
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
ON
-
s
tate
r
esis
tan
ce
,
ad
v
er
s
ely
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
I
n
s
u
late
d
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
G
B
T
)
is
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
I
GB
T
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
witch
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Lo
w
co
s
t p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
era
to
r
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
… (
Je
ya
S
h
r
ee
Th
u
la
s
id
a
s
)
875
lo
s
s
es,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
k
Hz
[
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
I
G
B
T
s
ar
e
in
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
em
p
lo
y
s
a
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
en
s
u
r
es
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
m
aller
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
Ou
r
m
o
d
el
u
tili
ze
s
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
ef
f
ic
ien
t
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
o
b
alan
ce
elec
t
r
icity
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
in
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
s
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
two
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
m
u
lti
p
le
-
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
-
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
allo
w
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
in
p
u
t
p
o
r
ts
to
s
h
ar
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tag
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
f
ewe
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
will
b
e
n
ee
d
e
d
,
th
e
co
s
t
will
b
e
lo
wer
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
will
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
-
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
s
(
C
DVM
)
ar
e
s
m
all,
h
av
e
less
weig
h
t,
a
n
d
h
av
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
[
7
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
m
ay
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
tr
o
n
g
p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
(
PEF)
[
1
1
]
.
W
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
b
ased
o
n
an
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
C
DVM
an
d
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
(
HV
)
p
u
ls
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
PEF
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
k
ey
b
e
n
ef
its
:
-
Hig
h
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
b
ec
au
s
e
n
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
u
s
ed
;
-
I
t is su
f
f
icien
t to
u
s
e
an
AC
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
with
lo
w
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
;
-
I
t is p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
; a
n
d
-
Sy
s
tem
ex
p
en
s
es a
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
d
io
d
es to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
PEF
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
P
E
F
G
E
N
E
RA
T
O
R
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
DC
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Usi
n
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
is
s
tep
p
e
d
u
p
to
a
ce
r
tain
lev
el
a
n
d
th
en
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
lo
a
d
at
its
r
ated
v
o
ltag
e.
Du
e
t
o
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
b
etwe
en
d
io
d
es
an
d
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
DC
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
th
at
is
u
s
ed
cu
r
r
en
tly
h
as
p
o
o
r
e
f
f
ici
en
cy
.
I
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
n
ee
d
in
g
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
m
ay
b
e
wasted
as
h
ea
t.
I
t
also
h
as
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
p
o
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ee
m
ed
ef
f
icien
t
ch
o
ices
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
2
]
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it m
an
ag
es th
e
m
is
m
atch
p
o
wer
,
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
lig
h
t lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
h
o
r
tag
e
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
lo
ad
,
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
m
ay
d
if
f
e
r
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
less
en
th
e
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
,
a
lar
g
e
s
tep
-
u
p
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
is
s
u
g
g
ested
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
a
two
-
s
t
ag
e
DC
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lie
r
with
an
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
b
en
ef
it
o
f
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
o
v
er
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
o
n
e
is
th
at
it
en
ab
les
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
r
aisi
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
ea
c
h
s
tag
e
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Als
o
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
r
e
g
u
lati
o
n
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
a
t
wo
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
with
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
i
n
teg
r
al
(
PI
)
an
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
in
teg
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
FOPID
)
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Diag
r
a
m
s
h
o
win
g
cu
r
r
en
t
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
DC
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
en
v
is
io
n
ed
d
u
al
-
s
tag
e
DC
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
7
4
-
885
876
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it f
o
r
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PI
a
n
d
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
-
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
cir
cu
it
s
ch
em
atic
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
ch
o
p
p
ed
u
s
in
g
an
I
GB
T
s
witch
.
E
ac
h
s
tag
e
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
p
u
ls
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
h
as
a
lar
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
(
V
out
)
a
n
d
a
b
r
i
ef
tim
e
d
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
ic
h
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
I
GB
T
s
witch
'
s
tu
r
n
-
o
n
tim
e
(
T
on
)
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
u
ls
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
k
ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
eq
u
al
to
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
es o
f
th
e
p
u
ls
ed
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
es a
t e
ac
h
s
tag
e.
To
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
witch
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
.
A
d
io
d
e
p
lace
d
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
s
tag
e'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
m
ay
h
elp
y
o
u
s
k
ip
th
at
s
tep
if
th
er
e
i
s
an
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
witch
es
o
r
if
th
e
s
tag
e
h
as
f
ailed
o
r
b
ee
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Lo
w
co
s
t p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
era
to
r
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
… (
Je
ya
S
h
r
ee
Th
u
la
s
id
a
s
)
877
d
ea
ctiv
ated
.
B
o
th
s
tag
es'
p
u
ls
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
Sin
ce
th
er
e
ar
e
n
s
tag
es
an
d
V
out
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
at
ea
c
h
s
tag
e,
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
u
ls
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
h
as th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
n
*
V
out
.
E
ac
h
s
tag
e
u
tili
ze
s
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
at
is
r
eg
u
lat
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
o
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
is
,
o
n
e
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
(
V
out
)
at
ev
er
y
s
tag
e
a
n
d
th
e
n
co
m
p
ar
e
it
to
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
is
s
en
t
to
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
a
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
ian
g
le
wav
e
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
g
ate
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
witch
(
T
)
.
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
rt
io
na
l
inte
g
r
a
l c
o
ntr
o
ller
(
P
I
)
T
wo
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
wer
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
:
o
n
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
er
r
o
r
in
teg
r
al.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
u
t
is
o
b
tain
e
d
by
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
(
)
(
(
)
+
∫
(
)
)
(
1
)
(
)
=
[
(
)
+
1
∫
(
)
]
(
2
)
W
h
er
e,
K
c
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
co
n
s
tan
t
g
ain
an
d
is
th
e
i
n
teg
r
al
co
n
s
tan
t
tim
e
.
T
h
e
L
ap
l
ac
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
q
u
atio
n
g
iv
es
as (
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
.
(
)
=
[
(
)
+
1
.
(
)
]
(
3
)
(
)
(
)
=
[
1
+
1
.
]
(
4
)
3
.
2
.
F
r
a
ct
io
na
l
o
rder
P
I
D
co
ntr
o
l
(
F
O
P
I
D)
T
h
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
FOPID)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
ca
lcu
lu
s
-
b
ased
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
O
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
I
O
PID
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
FO
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
th
e
PI
λ
D
µ
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ato
r
o
f
v
alu
e
λ
an
d
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiato
r
o
f
v
alu
e
µ,
wh
er
e
λ
an
d
µ
ca
n
b
e
an
y
tr
u
e
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
h
e
m
at
h
em
atica
l e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
PI
λ
D
µ
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
as
(
5
)
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
−
(
)
+
µ
(
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e,
D
µ
is
C
ap
u
to
's
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
v
al
u
e
'
µ'
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
v
ar
ia
b
le
'
t
'
.
T
h
e
T
F
o
f
th
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
as
(
6
)
.
(
)
(
)
=
+
−
+
µ
(
6
)
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
alize
d
T
F o
f
t
h
is
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
as
(
7
)
.
(
)
=
+
+
µ
(
7
)
I
n
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
co
n
s
tan
t
g
ain
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
c
o
n
s
tan
t
g
ain
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
co
n
s
t
an
t g
ain
,
a
n
d
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
u
t.
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latin
g
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
PI
a
n
d
FOPI
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
with
a
h
ig
h
s
tep
-
u
p
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
ep
icts
a
cir
cu
it
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lie
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
a
s
o
u
r
ce
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
As
in
d
icate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
5
8
V,
wh
ile
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
R
-
lo
ad
is
1
4
0
0
v
o
lts
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
R
-
lo
ad
h
as
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
o
f
3
.
8
A,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
n
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
3
9
0
0
W
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
s
ch
e
m
atic
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
illu
s
tr
ates
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
th
at
o
p
e
r
ates
as
a
tw
o
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
.
A
s
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
5
8
v
o
lts
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
esis
to
r
R
-
lo
ad
is
1
2
0
0
V.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t f
l
o
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
s
is
tiv
e
lo
ad
is
2
.
5
A.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
at
3
0
0
0
W
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
7
4
-
885
878
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
e
s
is
tiv
e
lo
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Lo
w
co
s
t p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
era
to
r
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
… (
Je
ya
S
h
r
ee
Th
u
la
s
id
a
s
)
879
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ou
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
ed
to
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Sch
em
atic
of
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
two
s
tag
es,
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
cl
o
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
PI
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
I
n
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
7
4
-
885
880
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
C
u
r
r
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
14
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
ed
to
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ch
em
at
ic
o
f
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
l
tip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
DC
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
is
5
8
v
o
lts
,
in
d
icate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
A
s
p
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
o
v
er
t
h
e
r
esis
to
r
lo
ad
is
1
2
0
0
v
o
lts
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
,
th
e
R
-
lo
a
d
ca
r
r
ies
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
2
.
5
A
.
As illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
,
t
h
e
lo
ad
ca
n
d
eliv
er
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
3
0
0
W.
T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
clo
s
ed
-
l
o
o
p
PI
an
d
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
tab
le
th
at
th
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
0
d
is
p
lay
s
a
c
o
n
tr
ast
b
etwe
en
PI
an
d
FOPID.
Sev
er
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
s
u
ch
as
tim
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e,
tim
e
to
r
ea
c
h
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
in
t,
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
tim
e,
an
d
er
r
o
r
in
a
s
tab
le
s
tate.
Fig
u
r
e
15
.
Sch
em
atic
f
o
r
a
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
n
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
two
s
tag
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Lo
w
co
s
t p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
era
to
r
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
… (
Je
ya
S
h
r
ee
Th
u
la
s
id
a
s
)
881
Fig
u
r
e
16
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
17
.
E
lectr
ic
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
v
er
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
18
.
T
h
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t i
n
a
r
esis
tiv
e
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
19
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
ed
to
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
T
ab
le
1
.
T
im
e
d
o
m
ain
p
ar
am
e
ter
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
R
i
se
t
i
me
(
s)
P
e
a
k
t
i
me
(
s)
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
t
i
me
(
s)
S
t
e
a
d
y
st
a
t
e
e
r
r
o
r
(
V
)
PI
0
.
3
2
0
.
4
2
0
.
4
8
3
.
1
5
F
O
P
I
D
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
9
2
.
2
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
7
4
-
885
882
Fig
u
r
e
20
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
PI
an
d
FOPID
5.
H
ARDWA
R
E
RE
SUL
T
S A
ND
DIS
C
USS
I
O
N
A
two
-
s
tag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
is
a
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
lev
el
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
DC
in
p
u
t.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
tag
es
o
f
d
i
o
d
e
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
th
at
w
o
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
g
en
e
r
ate
a
s
tep
p
ed
-
u
p
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
test
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
two
-
s
tag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
d
i
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
as f
o
llo
ws
.
5
.
1
.
O
pera
t
io
n
-
Stag
e
1
:
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ase
A
d
io
d
e
r
ec
tifie
r
a
n
d
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
c
o
n
v
er
t
th
e
2
3
0
VAC
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
u
t
in
to
a
1
2
VDC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
w
o
-
s
tag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
io
d
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
u
ltip
lier
s
(
V
M1
an
d
V
M2
)
r
ec
eiv
e
an
in
p
u
t
o
f
1
1
.
8
VDC.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
ch
ar
g
ed
with
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
wh
en
th
e
s
witch
i
s
tu
r
n
ed
ON
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ase.
W
h
en
th
e
s
witch
is
n
o
t
tu
r
n
ed
ON,
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
i
n
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
co
m
b
in
es
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
in
itial
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
th
e
p
ea
k
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
o
f
th
e
d
i
o
d
e.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
io
d
e
is
r
ev
er
s
e
-
b
iased
,
s
to
p
p
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
r
o
m
d
is
ch
a
r
g
in
g
v
ia
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
-
Stag
e
2
: v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
lin
g
p
h
a
s
e
T
h
e
in
itial
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
ju
s
t
b
elo
w
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
is
t
h
e
n
lin
k
e
d
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
s
tag
e
d
i
o
d
e
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
io
d
e
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
c
h
ar
g
es
to
th
e
s
am
e
v
o
ltag
e
as
th
e
in
it
ial
ca
p
ac
ito
r
wh
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
o
s
itiv
e.
W
h
en
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
n
eg
ativ
e,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
s
tag
e
d
i
o
d
e
is
in
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ias an
d
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
-
s
tag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
etain
s
it
s
ch
ar
g
e.
-
Stag
e
3
:
o
u
tp
u
t
p
h
ase
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
s
tag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
twice
th
e
p
ea
k
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
ac
h
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ad
d
s
to
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
o
u
b
lin
g
it,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
to
7
0
V.
Fig
u
r
e
2
1
(
b
)
in
d
icate
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
R
L
lo
ad
(
s
in
g
le
s
tag
e)
,
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
a
n
d
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
el
ec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
en
t,
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
two
-
s
tag
e
C
DVM
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
g
en
er
ates
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
u
ls
e
o
u
tp
u
t
with
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
7
0
V
an
d
p
o
wer
o
f
5
0
W
,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
a
1
2
VDC
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
a
m
p
lifie
d
b
y
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
5
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
B
y
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
s
tag
es,
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
p
o
ten
tially
ex
ten
d
in
g
in
to
th
e
k
ilo
v
o
lt
r
a
n
g
e
as
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
o
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
(
HV)
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
f
o
r
p
u
l
s
ed
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
(
PE
F)
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
m
ed
ical
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
an
d
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
,
h
av
e
g
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
.
W
ith
liter
al
tr
an
s
lat
io
n
s
,
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
u
ls
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
HV
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
cir
cu
i
t
d
esig
n
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
o
v
er
all
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
d
esig
n
,
a
n
d
its
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
.
B
elo
w
f
o
llo
w
a
f
ew
k
ey
a
r
ea
s
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
:
-
Hig
h
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
b
ec
au
s
e
n
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
u
s
ed
.
-
A
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e,
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
AC
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
is
ad
e
q
u
ate.
-
I
t is p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
-
Utilizin
g
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
an
d
d
io
d
es
h
elp
s
in
cu
t
tin
g
d
o
w
n
s
y
s
tem
co
s
ts
wh
i
le
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
h
ig
h
PEF.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Lo
w
co
s
t p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
era
to
r
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
… (
Je
ya
S
h
r
ee
Th
u
la
s
id
a
s
)
883
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
21
.
Har
d
war
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ci
r
cu
it
:
(
a)
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
R
L
lo
ad
(
s
in
g
le
s
tag
e)
T
ab
le
2
.
Har
d
war
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
1
6
F
8
4
A
D
i
o
d
e
1
N
4
0
0
7
D
r
i
v
e
r
I
C
I
R
2
1
1
0
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
1
0
0
mf
d
,
2
0
0
V
M
O
S
F
ET
I
R
F
5
4
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
7
8
1
2
,
7
8
0
5
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
1
0
0
0
n
F
,
4
0
0
V
T
ab
le
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t p
o
we
r
,
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
m
o
d
el
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
V
in
(V)
V
o
(V)
V
or
(V)
I
or
(A)
P
o
(W)
1
1
.
8
70
2
.
2
0
0
.
0
1
8
50
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was sim
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
,
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
t
im
e
-
d
o
m
ain
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
PI,
an
d
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
n
o
tab
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
r
is
e
tim
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
2
t
o
0
.
3
1
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
p
ea
k
tim
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
2
to
0
.
3
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
5
to
2
.
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
a
cl
o
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
a
two
-
s
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
f
ilter
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
at
o
r
th
at
em
p
lo
y
s
m
u
ltip
le
m
o
d
u
les,
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
-
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
(
C
DVM
)
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
en
er
a
to
r
o
f
f
e
r
s
d
is
tin
ct
ad
v
an
tag
es
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ep
ar
at
e
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
Ma
r
x
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el
was
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
test
in
g
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.