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Dec
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CC B
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C
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p
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A
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:
Fau
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ah
Saleh
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Mic
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C
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Facu
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Un
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Me
lak
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UT
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Me
lak
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Ma
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E
m
ail:
f
au
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ah
@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
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d
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a
d
e,
th
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ar
ch
itectu
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e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
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to
r
s
d
ep
en
d
s
cr
u
cially
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
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m
in
en
c
e
o
f
ju
n
ctio
n
s
is
m
er
ely
f
o
r
h
a
ltin
g
an
d
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
as
p
o
te
n
tial
is
ex
er
ted
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es,
th
ese
p
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
c
r
ea
ted
b
y
p
lacin
g
two
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
o
p
p
o
s
in
g
p
o
lar
ity
n
ex
t
to
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
er
m
al
b
u
d
g
et
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
ital
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
im
p
lan
t
g
r
ad
ien
t
ju
n
cti
o
n
with
o
u
t
h
ar
m
in
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ju
n
ctio
n
l
ess
d
esig
n
o
f
f
er
s
an
alter
n
ate
way
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
at
av
o
id
s
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
c
o
m
p
lex
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
On
Octo
b
er
2
2
,
1
9
2
5
,
J
u
liu
s
E
d
g
ar
L
ilien
f
ield
,
a
n
Au
s
tr
ian
-
Hu
n
g
ar
ian
p
h
y
s
icis
t,
p
aten
ted
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ju
n
ctio
n
less
tr
an
s
is
to
r
[
6
]
.
W
h
en
g
ate
b
ias
d
ep
letes
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
's
th
in
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
lay
er
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it
s
er
v
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as
a
r
esis
to
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en
ab
l
in
g
ca
r
r
ier
s
to
f
l
o
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
An
u
ltra
th
in
s
ilico
n
(
Si)
b
o
d
y
is
u
s
ed
to
f
ab
r
icate
a
j
u
n
ctio
n
less
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
allo
win
g
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
in
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
to
b
e
to
tally
d
r
ain
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
in
a
s
tate
o
f
ac
tiv
e
u
s
e
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
also
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ex
t
en
s
iv
ely
im
p
lan
ted
with
d
o
p
an
ts
to
f
ac
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s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
to
s
witch
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
o
n
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ajay
[
1
2
]
h
as
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
at
ju
n
ctio
n
less
Fin
FET
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
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5
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2
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4
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52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
4
3
7
-
1
4
4
7
1438
im
p
r
o
v
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e
n
t
in
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
R
F
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
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-
on
-
in
s
u
lato
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(
SOI
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ty
p
e.
Sh
u
k
la
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
p
lan
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less
f
ield
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tr
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aim
ed
at
h
ig
h
l
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en
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itiv
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an
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m
u
ltip
lex
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im
m
u
n
o
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
p
ep
tid
o
m
ics
an
d
p
r
o
te
o
m
ics.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
d
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
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o
r
im
m
u
n
o
s
en
s
in
g
p
latf
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r
m
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
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esp
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tim
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T
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e
tr
an
s
is
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d
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o
n
s
tr
ated
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s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
u
r
r
en
t sen
s
itiv
ity
in
r
elatio
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to
p
H,
ca
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lated
to
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e
3
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±
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A/p
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I
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h
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wed
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cu
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A.
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an
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ests
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ca
p
ab
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f
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d
ev
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p
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ate
b
etwe
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n
ea
r
l
y
co
m
p
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d
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f
u
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o
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d
u
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n
o
f
th
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ch
a
n
n
el.
Op
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g
lid
is
et
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l.
[
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
th
at
in
th
e
p
-
ty
p
e
tr
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p
le
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e
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r
esis
tan
ce
h
ad
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
d
g
m
/d
Vg
b
e
h
av
io
r
th
a
n
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
h
an
n
el
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as it
u
n
d
er
lin
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
s
u
ch
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
Sh
o
k
r
i
a
n
d
Am
ir
m
az
lag
h
an
i
[
1
4
]
d
esig
n
e
d
a
n
d
s
im
u
lated
an
in
v
er
ter
l
o
g
ic
g
ate
b
ased
o
n
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
b
ip
o
lar
ju
n
ctio
n
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
ey
p
r
esen
ted
b
o
th
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
ass
ess
m
en
t
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
is
lo
g
ic
g
ate
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
ese
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
with
o
th
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
lcu
lated
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
0
.
2
5
T
Hz,
th
e
p
o
wer
-
d
elay
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
PDP)
was
3
8
×1
0
-
1
7
J
,
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
9
4
µ
W
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
t
o
b
e
8
5
GHz
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
in
d
ica
te
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
f
o
r
Field
-
E
f
f
ec
t
B
ip
o
lar
J
u
n
ctio
n
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
in
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
it
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Sh
o
r
t
ch
a
n
n
el
ef
f
ec
ts
(
SC
E
)
,
im
p
ac
t
io
n
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
g
ate
lea
k
ag
e
h
av
e
all
b
ee
n
r
aised
b
y
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ca
lin
g
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
ch
an
n
el
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ased
o
n
h
ig
h
-
k
/m
etal
-
g
ate
(
HKM
G)
s
tack
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
lea
k
ag
e
m
itig
atio
n
[
2
0
]
.
Stra
in
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
also
co
u
ld
h
elp
allev
iatin
g
t
h
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
lim
it
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Sil
ico
n
-
g
er
m
an
i
u
m
(
SiGe)
o
n
s
ilico
n
f
ilm
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
an
alo
g
u
e
an
d
R
F c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics wh
ile
r
etain
in
g
C
M
OS c
o
m
p
lian
ce
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
attac
h
m
en
t
o
f
HKM
G
to
th
e
s
tr
ess
ed
ch
an
n
el
p
o
ten
tially
o
p
tim
ize
ca
r
r
ier
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
wh
ile
d
im
in
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
leak
a
g
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Gh
o
s
h
an
d
Nela
p
ati
[
2
8
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
s
teep
o
n
-
o
f
f
s
wit
ch
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
b
-
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
lo
p
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
k
s
tack
e
d
d
u
al
g
ate
j
u
n
ctio
n
less
MO
SF
E
T
ar
e
h
e
av
ily
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
I
t c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
elec
tr
o
s
tatics im
p
r
o
v
e
at
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
an
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
R
F
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
k
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
h
av
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
t
o
p
la
y
in
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
W
o
r
k
f
u
n
c
tio
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
ec
ess
itates th
e
u
s
e
o
f
HKM
G
m
ater
ial
s
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ty
p
es.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
HKM
G
p
r
o
p
er
ties
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
g
ain
in
g
b
etter
an
a
lo
g
u
e
a
n
d
R
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
r
o
m
a
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
th
is
o
b
jectiv
e,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
c
o
n
d
u
ct
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
in
s
u
lato
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
an
al
o
g
u
e
an
d
R
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
ju
n
ctio
n
less
d
o
u
b
le
g
ate
s
tr
ain
ed
tr
an
s
is
to
r
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
:
Sil
v
ac
o
Ath
en
a
an
d
Atlas
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
d
ev
ice
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
d
etail
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
in
s
u
lato
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
o
g
u
e
a
n
d
R
F p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
l
e
s
s
d
o
u
b
l
e
g
a
t
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
is
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
c
ti
o
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
co
n
cl
u
d
es with
a
b
r
i
ef
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
s
f
o
r
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
two
p
a
r
ts
:
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
im
u
latio
n
v
ia
Ath
en
a
Sil
v
ac
o
a
n
d
Dev
ice
s
i
m
u
latio
n
v
ia
Atlas
Sil
v
ac
o
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
s
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
m
ater
ials
o
f
h
i
gh
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
to
war
d
s
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
n
-
ch
a
n
n
el
ju
n
ctio
n
less
d
o
u
b
le
-
g
ate
s
tr
ain
ed
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
clu
d
e
o
n
-
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
ON
)
,
o
f
f
-
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
OFF
)
,
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
,
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
win
g
(
SS
)
,
tr
an
s
c
o
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
g
m
)
,
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
(
C
int
)
an
d
u
n
ity
-
g
ain
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
t
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
d
ev
ice
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
y
.
As
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
was
co
n
d
u
cted
v
i
a
Ath
en
a
Sil
v
ac
o
T
C
AD.
Ath
en
a
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
f
er
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
f
ac
ilit
ies
f
o
r
v
ir
t
u
al
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
em
u
lates
c
o
s
tly
r
ea
l
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ab
r
icatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
im
u
latio
n
was
i
n
itiated
with
th
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ain
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
wh
ich
was S
iGe
with
8
n
m
o
f
th
ick
n
ess
.
T
h
e
u
ltra
th
in
Si lay
er
(
1
n
m
)
was
th
en
d
e
p
o
s
ited
o
n
th
e
to
p
o
f
SiGe
b
o
d
y
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
th
e
Si
latti
ce
ten
s
ely
s
tr
etch
ed
as
th
e
SiG
e
ato
m
s
attem
p
tin
g
to
f
o
r
m
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
Si
ato
m
s
[
29
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ain
e
d
ch
a
n
n
el
was
h
ig
h
ly
d
o
p
e
d
with
1
x
1
0
17
cm
-
3
o
f
ar
s
en
ic
d
o
p
an
t to
f
o
r
m
n
+
r
eg
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
g
ate
m
ater
ial
was tu
n
g
s
ten
s
ilicid
e
(
W
Si
x
)
m
ain
ly
o
p
ted
d
u
e
to
its
wo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
W
F)
tu
n
ab
ilit
y
[
3
]
,
[
30
]
.
No
r
m
ally
,
W
Si
x
g
ate
was
p
air
ed
with
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
/g
ate
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
b
ei
n
g
d
e
f
ec
ted
d
u
e
to
v
o
lt
ag
e
p
in
n
i
n
g
.
Selectin
g
a
s
u
itab
le
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
as
th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
is
v
er
y
cr
u
cial
in
g
ettin
g
t
h
e
b
est
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ice.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
s
,
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
h
i
g
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
k
n
o
wn
ly
as
s
ilico
n
n
itrid
e
(
Si
3
N
4
)
,
alu
m
in
u
m
o
x
id
e
(
Al
2
O
3
)
,
h
af
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
(
Hf
O
2
)
a
n
d
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T
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ex
te
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ex
p
lo
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ed
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Nex
t,
th
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a
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(
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eg
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t
with
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ch
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wer
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atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
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esian
J
E
lec
E
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g
&
C
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p
Sci
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N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
mp
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ct
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la
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m
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HKM
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tr
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h
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ep
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n
tacts
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lete
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v
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C
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u
r
e
1
.
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u
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ically
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asically
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iv
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ig
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ter
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ical
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.
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ased
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tp
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t
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ile
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ated
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s
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ias
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r
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tted
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b
o
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ea
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an
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g
m
o
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e
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e
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d
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ical
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r
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f
er
e
n
t
h
ig
h
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k
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ic
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ater
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(
i.e
.
Si
3
N
4
,
Al
2
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3
,
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O
2
an
d
T
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2
)
as
th
e
in
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e
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ess
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OT
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ep
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ick
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ess
o
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th
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h
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h
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ate
r
ials
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T
hk
)
an
d
th
e
p
e
r
m
itti
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ity
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ics
(
Ԑ
hk
)
as
r
elatio
n
ally
d
escr
ib
ed
as [
31
]
,
[
32
]:
=
Ԑ
2
Ԑ
ℎ
ℎ
(
1
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wh
er
e
Ԑ
SiO2
is
th
e
p
er
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itti
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ity
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ilico
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io
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SiO
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m
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ater
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ted
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T
ab
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.
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h
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ds
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an
s
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e
r
ch
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r
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ter
is
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lo
tted
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ased
o
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th
e
r
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tiv
e
ty
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es
o
f
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ig
h
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k
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ielec
tr
ic.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
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ated
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tr
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p
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o
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ties
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d
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f
e
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ater
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n
b
e
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tr
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ted
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lated
f
r
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th
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ated
I
ds
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V
gs
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r
v
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T
ab
le
1
.
Per
m
itti
v
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h
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ic
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ater
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M
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t
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2
25
Ti
O
2
85
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
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SCU
SS
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t
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m
ater
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ON
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OFF
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on
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atio
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m
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d
f
t
o
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e
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ds
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r
v
e
f
o
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d
if
f
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n
t
h
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ics
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ated
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ate
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to
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ds
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f
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5
V.
Fo
r
a
f
air
ly
co
m
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r
ativ
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aly
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is
,
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
TH
)
m
a
g
n
itu
d
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o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ics
wer
e
tu
n
ed
an
d
f
ix
ed
at
0
.
2
V.
T
h
e
o
v
er
lay
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ds
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
e
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p
lo
tted
f
o
r
all
ty
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es
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
u
n
d
er
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
T
iO
2
m
ater
ial
ex
h
ib
its
th
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ig
h
est
I
ON
at
m
ax
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u
m
V
gs
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m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
o
th
er
h
ig
h
-
k
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ater
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.
T
h
e
I
ds
in
itiates
to
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ler
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f
ter
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itti
n
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
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it,
th
en
its
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ag
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d
e
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ea
k
s
h
ig
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
ials
as th
e
V
gs
is
s
h
if
ted
to
war
d
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
4
3
7
-
1
4
4
7
1440
T
h
e
p
r
im
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
e
h
in
d
s
th
i
s
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
is
th
e
h
ig
h
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
T
iO
2
as
an
in
s
u
lato
r
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
g
ate
f
r
in
g
i
n
g
in
ch
an
n
el
r
e
g
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
r
eg
io
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
h
ig
h
er
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
d
iele
ctr
ic
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
lead
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
i
n
v
er
s
io
n
lay
er
wh
ic
h
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ch
an
n
el
v
o
lu
m
e.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
o
f
I
ON
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ate
r
ials
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
d
ev
ice
with
T
iO
2
b
ased
in
s
u
lato
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
I
ON
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
3
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
d
ev
ice
with
S
i
3
N
4
b
ased
in
s
u
lato
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ov
e
r
lay
p
lo
t
o
f
I
ds
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
es in
lin
ea
r
a
n
d
lo
g
s
ca
les f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t h
i
g
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ics
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
ar
g
r
ap
h
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
I
OFF
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ate
r
ials
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
e
d
ev
ices
with
m
u
ch
h
i
g
h
er
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
s
u
ch
as
Hf
O
2
an
d
T
iO
2
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
d
r
ain
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
at
V
gs
= 0
V
(
o
f
f
-
s
tate)
.
I
t
is
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
is
m
u
c
h
h
ig
h
e
r
in
o
f
f
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
lo
wer
h
ig
h
-
k
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
I
OF
F
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
als
o
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
a
n
n
el
len
g
th
in
wh
ich
lar
g
er
lea
k
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e
is
o
f
te
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
d
ev
ice
with
lo
wer
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
an
n
el
len
g
th
.
T
h
e
I
OFF
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
i
s
also
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
m
er
it
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
n
o
r
m
ally
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
i
m
p
lies
th
e
d
ev
ice
h
as
b
etter
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
wh
ich
le
s
s
er
V
gs
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
to
r
ea
ch
s
atu
r
a
tio
n
m
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
ice
c
an
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
−
=
(
ℎ
=
1
)
(
ℎ
=
0
)
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
ar
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
h
i
g
h
-
k
m
ater
ials
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
is
q
u
ite
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
ice
with
lo
wer
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
lik
e
Si
3
N
4
an
d
Al
2
O
3
m
ater
ials
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
in
cr
ea
s
es
as h
ig
h
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
m
a
ter
ials
s
u
ch
as
Hf
O
2
a
n
d
T
iO
2
ar
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
with
T
iO
2
b
ased
in
s
u
la
to
r
ex
h
ib
its
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
5
%
h
ig
h
er
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
ati
o
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
d
ev
ice
with
T
iO
2
b
ased
in
s
u
lato
r
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
s
h
o
ws
d
r
am
atic
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
I
ON
,
I
OF
F
an
d
o
n
-
o
f
f
r
atio
,
y
et
it
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
b
s
tacle
s
an
d
lar
g
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
[
33
]
-
[
37
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
r
eg
i
o
n
,
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I
ds
b
e
h
av
io
r
em
u
lates
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ex
p
o
n
en
tial
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lo
wer
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
a
b
asic
f
o
r
war
d
b
iased
d
i
o
d
e.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
th
e
V
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r
eq
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ir
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ad
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T
h
is
ca
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b
e
m
ea
s
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y
tak
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g
th
e
in
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er
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e
m
a
g
n
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d
e
o
f
th
e
lin
ea
r
s
lo
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
lo
g
m
o
d
e)
I
ds
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
e
m
ath
em
at
ically
d
escr
ib
ed
as:
=
[
(
10
)
]
−
1
(3
)
A
tr
an
s
is
to
r
with
s
teep
er
/lo
wer
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
l
d
s
win
g
(
SS
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im
p
lies
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f
aster
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
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itio
n
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etwe
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s
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(
h
ig
h
I
ds
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d
o
f
f
-
s
tate
(
lo
w
I
ds
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o
r
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
ar
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
SS
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
ials
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
d
ev
ice
with
T
iO
2
b
ased
in
s
u
lato
r
e
x
h
ib
its
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
9
%
s
teep
er
SS
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
d
e
v
ice
with
th
e
lo
west d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
mp
a
ct
o
f h
i
g
h
-
k
i
n
s
u
la
to
r
s
o
n
elec
tr
ica
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f ju
n
ctio
n
less
…
(
K
h
a
ir
il E
z
w
a
n
K
a
h
a
r
u
d
in
)
1441
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
ar
g
r
ap
h
o
f
I
ON
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
ials
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
ar
g
r
ap
h
o
f
I
OFF
f
o
r
d
if
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er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
ar
g
r
ap
h
o
f
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o
f
f
r
atio
f
o
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d
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en
t
h
ig
h
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k
m
ate
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ials
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
ar
g
r
ap
h
o
f
SS
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
ials
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
SS
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
b
ec
o
m
es
s
teep
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as
h
ig
h
er
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
d
ielec
tr
ic
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
is
p
h
y
s
ically
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
an
n
el
len
g
th
th
at
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
to
tal
in
tr
in
s
i
c
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
I
ds
i
n
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
r
eg
i
o
n
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
an
d
th
e
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
tu
r
n
e
d
-
o
n
with
m
in
im
u
m
ch
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g
es
in
g
ate
b
ias.
T
h
e
d
ev
i
ce
with
s
teep
er
SS
also
ca
n
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
-
o
f
f
r
ap
id
l
y
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th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
V
gs
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
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ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
I
ds
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
b
y
o
n
e
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ec
ad
e
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
A
d
ec
ad
e
r
ep
r
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ts
1
0
tim
es
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e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
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ds
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f
th
e
d
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ice.
An
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
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ar
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ete
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th
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s
h
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u
ld
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e
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n
s
id
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d
in
tr
an
s
is
to
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’
s
d
esig
n
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t
r
a
n
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
(
g
m
)
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
g
m
i
s
v
e
r
y
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
t
o
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
’
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
g
m
is
u
s
e
d
t
o
e
v
a
lu
a
t
e
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
o
g
u
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
a
s
:
m
=
(
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
an
o
v
e
r
lay
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
g
m
)
v
s
.
V
gs
tr
an
s
f
er
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
V
ds
=
0
.
5
V
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
ice
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
a
ter
ials
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
g
m
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
with
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
e
r
m
it
tiv
ity
in
wh
ich
th
e
g
m
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
th
e
m
ater
ial
with
h
ig
h
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
.
T
h
e
T
iO
2
b
ased
d
ev
ice
ex
h
ib
its
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
2
%
h
ig
h
er
g
m
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
at
m
a
x
im
u
m
V
gs
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
Si
3
N
4
-
b
ased
d
e
v
ice.
Hig
h
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
T
iO
2
m
ater
ial
tr
ig
g
er
s
h
ig
h
elec
tr
o
n
tu
n
n
eli
n
g
with
m
in
im
al
leak
ag
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
I
ds
wh
ich
o
b
v
io
u
s
ly
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
er
g
m
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
u
s
,
h
ig
h
ch
a
n
n
e
l
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
g
m
o
f
th
e
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
wh
ich
is
v
er
y
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
an
alo
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
R
F
an
aly
s
is
,
1
M
Hz
o
f
AC
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
)
h
as b
ee
n
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
g
ate
t
er
m
in
al
as th
e
V
gs
is
b
ia
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
1
V.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
ex
tr
ac
t th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
wh
ich
ar
e
v
e
r
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
ca
lc
u
latin
g
th
e
u
n
ity
-
g
a
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
t
)
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
(
C
int
)
i
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
g
ate
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
gs
)
an
d
g
ate
-
to
-
d
r
ain
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
gd
)
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
i
n
t
=
gs
+
gd
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
4
3
7
-
1
4
4
7
1442
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
C
gs
an
d
C
gd
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
r
elies
o
n
th
e
d
ev
ice
g
eo
m
etr
y
a
n
d
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
ty
p
es.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
an
o
v
er
lay
p
l
o
t
o
f
th
e
C
int
-
V
gs
tr
an
s
f
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
V
ds
=
0.
5
V
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
p
lo
t,
it
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
ex
h
ib
its
lar
g
er
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
i
ce
in
s
tig
ate
to
p
ea
k
af
ter
r
ea
ch
in
g
0
.
8
V
o
f
V
gs
an
d
it
is
co
n
tin
u
ally
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
as
th
e
g
ate
b
ias
is
f
u
r
th
er
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
d
ielec
tr
ic
lik
e
T
iO
2
m
ater
ial
d
o
es
c
au
s
e
a
lar
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
as
th
e
V
gs
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
lik
e
Hf
O
2
,
Al
2
O
3
,
an
d
Si
3
N
4
d
o
n
o
t
ca
u
s
e
m
u
ch
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
as
th
e
V
gs
is
s
h
if
ted
to
h
ig
h
e
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
e
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
3
% h
ig
h
er
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
t
h
an
Hf
O
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ov
e
r
lay
p
lo
t
o
f
g
m
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
e
in
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
iel
ec
tr
ics
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ov
e
r
lay
p
lo
t
o
f
C
int
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
e
in
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
iel
ec
tr
ics
Hig
h
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
is
p
r
etty
m
u
ch
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
,
b
u
t
with
o
u
t
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
elec
tin
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
ial
with
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
its
th
ick
n
ess
is
v
er
y
cr
u
cial
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ain
tain
to
ler
ab
le
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
s
p
ec
ially
at
n
an
o
-
s
ca
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
C
int
is
th
en
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
t
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ic
e.
T
h
e
f
t
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
m
e
r
it
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
an
am
p
lifie
r
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
o
d
el
th
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
f
T
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
at
wh
ich
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
g
ai
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
ity
.
I
t
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
f
ast
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ca
n
o
p
e
r
ate
in
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
d
ep
icts
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
mode
l o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ice.
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Sm
all
-
s
ig
n
al
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
mp
a
ct
o
f h
i
g
h
-
k
i
n
s
u
la
to
r
s
o
n
elec
tr
ica
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f ju
n
ctio
n
less
…
(
K
h
a
ir
il E
z
w
a
n
K
a
h
a
r
u
d
in
)
1443
Sin
ce
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
o
is
r
elat
iv
ely
s
m
all,
its
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
to
tally
n
eg
lecte
d
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t g
ain
(
I
o
/I
i
)
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
e
d
as:
=
g
(
g
d
+
g
s
)
(
6
)
T
h
u
s
,
as th
e
cu
r
r
en
t g
ain
is
b
e
co
m
in
g
u
n
ity
,
th
e
(
7
)
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as:
=
g
g
d
+
g
s
|
|
(
7
)
Sin
ce
ω
=
2π
f
,
th
e
u
n
ity
-
g
ain
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
T
)
ca
n
b
e
r
ewr
itten
as:
=
g
2
(
gs
+
gd
)
≈
g
2
(
8
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws
an
o
v
er
lay
f
T
-
V
gs
tr
an
s
f
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
V
ds
=
0
.
5
V
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
ice
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
a
ter
ials
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
f
t
b
ec
o
m
es
lo
wer
as
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ial
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
th
e
g
ate
in
s
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
f
T
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
e
v
ice
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
ly
d
eter
io
r
ated
b
y
7
4
%
an
d
7
2
%
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
Al
2
O
3
-
b
ased
d
e
v
ice
an
d
Si
3
N
4
-
b
ased
d
e
v
ice
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
lar
g
e
r
C
int
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
th
at
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
g
o
v
er
n
s
th
e
f
T
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
v
er
th
e
g
m
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
u
s
,
h
ig
h
er
g
m
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
ex
h
i
b
ited
b
y
th
e
T
iO
2
-
b
ased
d
e
v
ice
d
o
n
o
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
a
n
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
n
f
T
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e.
Hig
h
f
T
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
is
v
er
y
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
R
F
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
am
p
lifie
r
s
,
h
o
we
v
er
,
o
th
er
d
e
v
ice
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
I
ON
,
I
OFF
an
d
SS
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
m
ater
ial
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
s
elec
ted
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
elec
tr
o
s
tatic,
an
al
o
g
a
n
d
R
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
all
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
at
er
ials
.
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
Ov
er
lay
p
lo
t o
f
f
T
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
e
in
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t h
i
g
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ics
T
ab
le
2
.
E
lectr
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t h
i
g
h
-
k
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
U
n
i
t
s
Si
3
N
4
Al
2
O
3
HfO
2
Ti
O
2
I
ON
μA
/
μm
6
7
1
.
3
8
3
2
1
2
0
0
.
2
1
8
1
5
.
6
I
O
F
F
n
A
/
μm
2
2
0
.
6
2
6
9
.
6
1
5
.
9
8
On
-
o
f
f
r
a
t
i
o
x
1
0
5
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
3
1
0
.
8
2
.
3
SS
mV
/
d
e
c
a
d
e
1
3
8
1
3
0
93
71
g
m
mS
/
μm
1
.
3
1
.
6
1
2
.
1
1
3
.
3
8
C
i
n
t
f
F
/
μm
0
.
3
4
0
.
3
9
0
.
8
1
3
.
1
4
f
T
GHz
6
1
6
6
5
2
4
1
5
1
7
1
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
o
u
r
wo
r
k
'
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
o
th
er
ju
n
ctio
n
le
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ty
p
es.
Ou
r
r
esear
c
h
ex
h
ib
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
o
n
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
u
n
ity
-
g
ain
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
s
t
ju
n
ctio
n
le
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ty
p
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
g
ate
len
g
th
to
6
n
m
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
4
3
7
-
1
4
4
7
1444
pe
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ics
wit
h
s
tr
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
am
o
n
g
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
aim
ed
at
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
m
i
n
iatu
r
izatio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
a
co
n
ce
p
t
ak
in
to
ex
ten
d
in
g
Mo
o
r
e'
s
L
aw.
T
r
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
n
o
v
el
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
tim
elin
es
f
o
r
n
an
o
s
h
ee
t tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
d
if
f
er
a
m
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
r
ies.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
with
o
th
e
r
ju
n
ctio
n
less
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ty
p
es
Ju
n
c
t
i
o
n
l
e
ss
t
r
a
n
si
s
t
o
r
t
y
p
e
Y
e
a
r
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
G
a
t
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
n
m)
On
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(μ
A
/
μm)
Tr
a
n
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
(
mS
/
μm)
U
n
i
t
y
-
g
a
i
n
f
r
e
q
u
n
e
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
G
a
t
e
u
n
d
e
r
l
a
p
p
e
d
d
o
u
b
l
e
g
a
t
e
[
38
]
2
0
1
9
12
2
5
0
0
.
3
9
3
6
9
D
u
a
l
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
d
o
u
b
l
e
g
a
t
e
[
39
]
2
0
2
0
20
1
5
0
0
4
7
9
5
D
o
u
b
l
e
g
a
t
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
f
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
g
a
t
e
[
40
]
2
0
2
1
20
1
2
3
.
1
1
.
2
3
1
0
0
M
u
l
t
i
‐
f
i
n
S
O
I
[
41
]
2
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42
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43
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45
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B
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1
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[
2
7
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,
[
47
]
-
[
49
]
co
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ased
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p
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(
FR
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an
d
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Facu
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o
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.
RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
V
e
r
ma
,
V
.
N
a
r
u
l
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
L
.
Tr
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p
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P
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2
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E.
M
.
S
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l
v
a
,
R
.
Tr
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a
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[
3
]
D.
-
Y
.
Je
o
n
,
J.
P
a
r
k
,
S
.
J.
P
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r
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-
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1445
[
4
]
A
.
B
a
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,
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R
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L.
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[
5
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S
.
K
u
m
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,
A
.
K
.
C
h
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[
6
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J.
-
P
.
C
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l
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l
.
,
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[
7
]
T.
A
.
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.
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re
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ly
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ti
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sig
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d
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se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
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ra
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ter
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ria
b
il
it
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n
g
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g
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a
n
d
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rt
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ig
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.
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n
tl
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,
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is
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ffo
rts
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m
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t
h
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sim
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latio
n
d
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sig
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n
c
ti
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les
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tran
sisto
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sili
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on
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tran
sisto
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k
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rime
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t
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E),
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ti
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o
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s
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d
c
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l
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telli
g
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n
c
e
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
h
a
iri
lez
wa
n
@y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m
.
m
y
.
Fa
u
z
iy
a
h
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a
lehu
d
d
in
re
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d
t
h
e
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S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
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rin
g
(Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
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M
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ra
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),
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a
lay
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n
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n
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e
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.
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c
.
d
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re
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in
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e
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tri
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a
l,
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e
c
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a
n
d
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y
ste
m
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g
in
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e
rin
g
fro
m
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rsiti
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b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
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,
in
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0
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3
.
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h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
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h
.
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.
d
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g
re
e
in
M
icro
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lec
tro
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g
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n
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rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
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rsiti
Ten
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l
(UN
ITE
N),
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
2
.
S
h
e
j
o
in
e
d
U
n
iv
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rsiti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
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e
lak
a
(UTe
M
)
i
n
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
1
a
s
a
tu
t
o
r
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
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c
tro
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n
d
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m
p
u
ter
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(F
TKEK)
,
UTe
M
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
p
r
o
c
e
ss
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
sim
u
lati
o
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
sc
a
le
M
OSF
ET
s
d
e
v
ice
,
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
CM
O
S
d
e
si
g
n
,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(DO
E)
,
a
n
d
p
ro
c
e
ss
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
v
a
riab
il
it
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
fa
u
z
iy
a
h
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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