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I
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Po
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o
s
s
v
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s
ap
p
licatio
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s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
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ter
s
ar
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en
tial
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At
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als with
h
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[
4
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.
Switch
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s
id
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s
[
6
]
.
T
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e
m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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J
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&
C
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p
Sci
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N:
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R
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[
7
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,
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8
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.
T
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e
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m
m
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l
y
u
s
ed
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T
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co
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latio
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
wh
ile
also
m
in
im
izin
g
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
[
9
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
te
r
s
(
VSI
s
)
ar
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
m
ea
n
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
in
to
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
v
o
ltag
e
with
co
n
tr
o
lled
m
ag
n
itu
d
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
n
d
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
VSI
s
p
l
ay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
(
UPS),
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
g
r
id
-
tied
in
v
er
te
r
s
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
r
in
cip
l
e
b
eh
in
d
a
VSI
in
v
o
lv
es
g
en
e
r
a
tin
g
an
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
a
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
ty
p
ically
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
s
u
ch
as
MO
S
FET
s
o
r
I
GB
T
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
s
witch
es
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
a
d
in
an
alter
n
atin
g
m
a
n
n
er
,
th
e
r
eb
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
d
esire
d
AC
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
o
f
a
VSI
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
d
u
latin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
d
esire
d
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
i
ev
ed
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
c
h
as
PW
M
,
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
PW
M
(
SP
W
M)
,
SVP
W
M
,
an
d
s
elec
tiv
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
elim
in
atio
n
(
SHE)
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
a
b
le
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
SVPW
M
is
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
VSI
.
SVP
W
M
i
s
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
VSI
s
wi
th
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
ab
s
tr
ac
t o
u
tlin
es th
e
k
ey
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
SVP
W
M,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
clar
if
icatio
n
,
s
ec
to
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
,
m
in
im
ized
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
s
wi
tch
es
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
i
c
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
2.
3
-
P
H
ASE
VO
L
T
AG
E
SO
U
RCE I
N
VE
R
T
E
R
A
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
VSI
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
DC
p
o
wer
in
to
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
AC
p
o
wer
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
t
is
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
v
er
ter
s
,
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
VSI
i
n
v
o
lv
es
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
witch
in
g
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
e
v
ices
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
VSI
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
ir
cu
it o
f
th
r
ee
p
h
as
e
VSI
I
n
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
e
r
ter
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
b
alan
ce
d
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
with
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
is
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
ar
m
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
with
a
1
2
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
in
a
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
m
an
n
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
s
witch
in
g
allo
ws
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
to
s
h
ar
e
a
s
in
g
le
f
u
s
e
an
d
u
tili
ze
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
’
s
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
a
d
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
p
o
le
v
o
ltag
e,
in
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
e
r
ter
is
ak
in
to
th
at
in
a
h
alf
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
in
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
c
ase
o
f
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
te
r
s
,
th
is
v
o
ltag
e
is
ev
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
to
g
en
er
ate
a
b
ala
n
ce
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
b
o
th
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
an
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
s
,
two
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
es
ar
e
u
t
ilized
:
th
e
120
-
d
eg
r
ee
a
n
d
1
8
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
es.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
es
g
o
v
e
r
n
th
e
tim
in
g
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
witch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
9
7
6
-
1
9
8
4
1978
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
th
e
1
2
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
m
o
d
e,
ea
c
h
s
witch
co
n
d
u
cts
f
o
r
1
2
0
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
cy
cle,
wh
er
ea
s
in
th
e
1
8
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
m
o
d
e,
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
p
er
s
is
ts
f
o
r
1
8
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
es
o
f
f
er
v
ar
y
in
g
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
im
p
ac
t
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
tailo
r
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
t
o
s
u
it
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
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eq
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ir
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e
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ts
.
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8
0
°
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
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m
o
d
e
:
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n
t
h
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t
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h
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c
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at
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v
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m
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B
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n
t
h
e
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
ls
.
1
2
0
°
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e:
I
n
th
is
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e,
ea
c
h
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
o
p
e
r
ates
f
o
r
1
2
0
°,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
d
elta
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
in
a
lo
ad
,
g
en
er
atin
g
a
s
ix
-
s
tep
wav
ef
o
r
m
ac
r
o
s
s
o
n
e
p
h
ase.
At
an
y
g
iv
en
m
o
m
en
t,
o
n
ly
d
ev
ices
co
n
d
u
c
tin
g
at
1
2
0
°
ar
e
ac
tiv
e.
T
h
e
‘
A
’
ter
m
in
al
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
d
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
‘
B
’
ter
m
i
n
al
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t
to
t
h
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
‘
C
’
ter
m
in
al
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
o
p
er
ates in
a
f
lo
atin
g
s
tate.
3.
SVPWM
SVP
W
M
is
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
VSI
s
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
Un
lik
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SP
W
M)
,
SVP
W
M
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
al
ity
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
r
e
d
u
cti
o
n
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
At
it
i
s
co
r
e,
SVP
W
M
o
p
er
ates
b
y
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
a
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
p
la
n
e.
T
h
is
p
lan
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
ax
es:
th
e
α
-
a
x
is
an
d
th
e
β
-
ax
is
.
T
h
e
α
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
d
AC
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ile
th
e
β
-
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ze
r
o
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
B
y
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
es
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
s
with
in
th
is
p
lan
e,
SVPW
M
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
th
e
VSI
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
i
s
is
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
b
y
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
d
j
u
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
es
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
e
ct
o
r
s
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
a
c
e
v
e
ct
o
r
p
l
a
n
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
o
f
SVP
W
M
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
S
VPW
M
T
h
e
k
e
y
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
es
o
f
S
VPW
M
i
n
c
l
u
d
es
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
:
S
V
PW
M
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
t
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
cl
o
s
el
y
r
e
s
e
m
b
le
p
u
r
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
i
d
al
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
O
p
t
i
m
al
u
ti
l
i
z
at
i
o
n
o
f
DC
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e:
SV
PW
M
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
es
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
DC
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
d
ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
es
.
Fl
e
x
i
b
i
li
t
y
a
n
d
P
r
e
c
is
i
o
n
:
SV
PW
M
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
f
le
x
i
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
m
p
l
it
u
d
e
,
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
g
l
e
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
t
s
u
it
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
w
i
d
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
.
R
e
d
u
c
ed
E
M
I
a
n
d
ac
o
u
s
ti
c
n
o
i
s
e
:
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
ti
o
n
,
S
VPW
M
h
e
l
p
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
e
l
ec
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
er
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
E
M
I
)
a
n
d
a
c
o
u
s
t
i
c
n
o
is
e
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
i
c
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
s
t
e
p
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
S
VPW
M
f
o
r
a
VSI
in
c
l
u
d
e
:
−
R
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
:
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
f
ir
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ted
in
t
o
α
-
β
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
als,
ty
p
ically
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
o
r
e
x
ter
n
al
co
m
m
an
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
S
p
a
ce
ve
cto
r
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
mo
d
u
la
tio
n
r
ea
liz
a
tio
n
fo
r
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
vo
lta
g
e
…
(
R
a
ma
s
a
my Pa
la
n
is
a
my
)
1979
−
Sp
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
g
e
n
er
atio
n
:
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
a
r
e
th
en
m
ap
p
e
d
o
n
to
th
e
s
p
a
ce
v
ec
to
r
p
lan
e
,
wh
er
e
th
eir
m
a
g
n
itu
d
es a
n
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
.
−
Secto
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
:
t
h
e
s
p
a
ce
v
ec
to
r
p
lan
e
is
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
s
ix
s
ec
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
e
cto
r
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
ec
to
r
.
−
Vo
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
elec
tio
n
:
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
x
im
it
y
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
with
in
th
e
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
p
la
n
e.
−
Switch
in
g
s
tate
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
:
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
witch
es
ar
e
th
en
d
eter
m
in
e
d
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
s
elec
ted
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ec
to
r
s
an
d
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
d
e
s
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
.
B
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cles
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
,
SVPW
M
ac
h
iev
es
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
wh
ile
m
in
im
i
zin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
EMI
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
tim
es
ca
lcu
latio
n
ty
p
ically
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
n
-
tim
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
tim
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
witch
d
u
r
in
g
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
latio
n
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
p
r
e
cise
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
an
d
m
i
n
im
izin
g
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
SVM
-
b
ased
V
SI
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
t
i
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
s
p
e
cif
ic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ca
lc
u
la
tin
g
s
witch
in
g
tim
es
m
a
y
v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
VSI
s
y
s
tem
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
SV
PW
M
m
ay
in
v
o
lv
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
witch
in
g
tim
es
an
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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I
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d
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J
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3
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
9
7
6
-
1
9
8
4
1982
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
K
o
u
r
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
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,
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T
ra
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s
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c
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n
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n
d
u
st
r
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a
l
El
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t
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s
,
v
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7
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2
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0
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2
0
4
9
7
1
9
.
[
2
]
B
.
W
u
a
n
d
M
.
N
a
r
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m
a
n
i
,
H
i
g
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[
3
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[
4
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J.
I
.
Le
o
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t
a
l
.
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s,
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2
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2
0
3
4
6
7
4
.
[
5
]
Z.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
Y
.
X
.
X
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e
,
W
.
P
.
H
u
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,
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Y
.
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a
n
d
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C
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,
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A
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w
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P
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M
me
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