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20
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[
2
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7
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
5
5
5
-
1
5
6
3
1556
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o
to
co
l
is
b
etter
th
a
n
th
e
A
ODV
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
e
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
Secu
r
e
AODV
b
y
th
e
illeg
itima
te
s
en
s
o
r
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
n
AODV
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
im
p
r
o
v
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
tim
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
u
s
e
a
s
in
g
le
li
n
e
o
f
d
ef
en
s
e
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
wh
ich
wea
k
en
s
th
eir
s
ec
u
r
ity
lev
el.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
eir
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ar
e
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
to
f
o
r
ce
-
b
r
u
te
attac
k
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
eir
p
r
im
ar
y
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
s
u
g
g
es
tin
g
a
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
co
m
b
at
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
in
th
e
W
B
AN
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tr
u
s
ted
v
alu
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
tr
u
s
ted
p
ath
to
av
o
id
attac
k
s
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
s
en
s
o
r
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
to
s
ele
ct
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
with
th
e
h
ig
h
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
y
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
Af
f
i
n
e
cip
h
er
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA c
ip
h
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
I
ts
m
ain
s
tr
en
g
th
is
th
at
it
co
n
s
id
er
s
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
illeg
itima
te
s
en
s
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
,
e
f
f
icien
t n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
co
m
b
ats
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
r
a
wb
ac
k
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
two
d
ef
e
n
s
e
lin
es
(
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
e
f
en
s
e
lin
e
with
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ef
en
s
e
lin
e)
to
f
ig
h
t
ag
ain
s
t
f
o
r
ce
-
b
r
u
te
att
ac
k
s
.
I
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
lev
el
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
aly
s
is
,
o
u
r
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
d
ata
r
ate,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
d
elay
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
o
u
r
o
b
jectiv
e
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
we
h
a
v
e
to
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
two
m
ain
task
s
as f
o
llo
ws:
a)
Simu
late
a
W
B
A
N
u
s
in
g
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
n
d
e
r
a
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
.
b)
Su
g
g
est
a
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ased
o
n
a
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ased
o
n
c
r
y
p
t
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
T
SAODVRP
B
OC
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
th
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
task
in
v
o
lv
es
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
s
im
u
latin
g
an
E
E
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
ilar
to
a
r
ea
l
E
E
G
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
2
.
3
5
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
er
al
b
io
m
ed
ical
E
E
G
s
en
s
o
r
s
s
et
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
h
ea
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tar
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
th
e
s
in
k
.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
wea
r
ab
le
b
io
m
ed
ical
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
s
in
k
is
n
o
t
s
ec
u
r
ed
a
n
d
ca
n
tar
g
eted
b
y
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
,
wh
ich
tak
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l w
ea
k
n
ess
an
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
d
ev
ices w
ith
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
task
is
to
s
u
g
g
est
a
n
ew
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
co
m
b
at
b
lac
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
in
th
e
W
B
AN
.
T
h
e
T
SA
ODV
R
PB
O
C
is
a
r
ef
in
ed
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
AODV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l’
v
er
s
io
n
.
I
t
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
in
W
B
AN
s
an
d
allo
ws
u
n
icast
an
d
m
u
lticast
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ev
en
wh
e
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
o
v
e
d
y
n
a
m
ically
.
I
ts
m
ain
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
it
s
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
,
ef
f
icien
t
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
t
o
p
er
ates
in
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
T
SAO
DVRP
B
O
C
p
r
o
to
co
l a
r
e
as f
o
l
lo
ws:
−
R
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
h
ase.
−
R
o
u
te
r
ep
ly
p
h
ase.
−
Data
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
h
ase.
I
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
h
ase,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
in
itiates
th
e
in
itial
r
o
u
te
r
e
v
elatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
a
s
p
u
r
io
u
s
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et
co
n
tain
in
g
a
f
a
k
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
.
W
h
en
a
m
alicio
u
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
a
f
alse
r
o
u
te
r
ep
ly
p
ac
k
et
claim
in
g
t
h
a
t
it
h
as
an
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
id
en
tify
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
b
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
in
v
alid
R
R
E
Ps
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
d
is
s
em
in
ates
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
all
o
th
e
r
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
i
n
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
it
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
allo
w
s
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
elim
in
ati
o
n
o
f
illeg
itima
te
s
en
s
o
r
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
an
ea
r
lier
s
tag
e.
Al
s
o
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
h
ase,
an
y
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
lo
w
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
a
n
d
r
em
o
v
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Mit
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b
la
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h
o
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a
tta
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in
w
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s
b
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r
k
(
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a
mme
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b
d
ess
a
ma
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)
1557
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h
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tr
u
s
t v
alu
e
o
f
a
s
en
s
o
r
S i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
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f
o
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win
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(
1
)
:
(
)
=
(
,
)
+
(
,
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(
,
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(
(
+
)
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(
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3
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1
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h
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(
,
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:
R
ep
r
esen
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th
e
s
u
cc
ess
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u
l tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
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ep
tio
n
p
ac
k
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ts
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r
o
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s
en
s
o
r
to
s
en
s
o
r
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(
,
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:
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n
d
icate
s
th
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
ets f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
to
s
en
s
o
r
.
(
,
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:
R
ep
r
esen
ts
an
u
n
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r
tain
ty
f
ac
to
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itially
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et
to
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tain
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icate
s
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at
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two
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th
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v
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p
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ated
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ailed
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is
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f
r
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m
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en
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r
,
will b
e
u
p
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ated
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(
)
: Rep
r
esen
ts
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
r
ee
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
v
a
r
y
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
.
Fo
r
a
s
en
s
o
r
to
b
e
tr
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s
ted
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its
tr
u
s
t
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alu
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s
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o
u
ld
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e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
o
r
e
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to
0
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5
.
E
v
e
r
y
s
en
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r
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
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d
ically
s
h
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r
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tr
u
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t
v
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o
f
its
n
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h
b
o
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g
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
all
o
th
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r
s
e
n
s
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r
s
.
On
ly
tr
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ted
s
en
s
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r
s
ar
e
in
v
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ed
in
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n
f
o
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m
atio
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ex
c
h
an
g
e
,
wh
ile
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
a
tr
u
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t
v
alu
e
less
th
an
0
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5
will
b
e
d
ee
m
ed
m
alev
o
len
t
an
d
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
e
o
f
a
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
p
d
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets f
o
r
war
d
ed
o
r
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
b
y
it
o
n
b
e
h
alf
o
f
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
s.
Up
o
n
id
e
n
tify
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g
an
d
is
o
latin
g
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
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s
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
b
lac
k
h
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le
attac
k
s
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th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
d
s
o
u
t
a
n
ew
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
(
R
R
E
Q)
p
ac
k
et
with
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
to
all
its
tr
u
s
ted
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
v
ia
a
tr
u
s
ted
r
o
u
t
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
tim
e,
th
u
s
in
itiatin
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
h
ase.
W
h
en
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
en
s
o
r
r
ec
eiv
es a
r
o
u
te
r
e
q
u
est p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
a
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
s
,
it f
o
llo
ws th
ese
s
tep
s
:
a)
I
t
v
er
if
ies
wh
eth
er
it
h
as
r
ea
c
h
ed
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
its
ad
d
r
ess
with
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
.
I
f
it
h
as
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
it
r
ep
lies
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
r
o
u
te.
I
f
n
o
t,
i
t
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tep
s
.
b)
I
t
v
er
if
ies
if
th
e
tim
e
to
liv
e
(
T
T
L
)
is
ze
r
o
.
I
f
it
is
,
it
to
s
s
es
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
et.
Oth
er
wis
e,
it
d
ec
r
em
en
t
s
th
e
T
T
L
f
ield
a
n
d
in
c
r
em
en
ts
th
e
h
o
p
_
co
u
n
t f
ield
.
c)
I
t m
ain
tain
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
ad
d
r
ess
in
its
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
a
n
d
a
d
d
s
it to
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
ac
k
et.
d)
I
t sen
d
s
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
r
eq
u
est to
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
en
s
o
r
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
an
d
waits f
o
r
a
d
esti
n
at
io
n
r
ep
ly
.
e)
I
t
v
er
if
ies
if
th
e
T
r
u
s
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
n
ex
t
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
s
en
s
o
r
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
is
less
th
an
0
.
5
.
I
f
it
is
,
it
m
ar
k
s
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
s
en
s
o
r
a
s
m
alicio
u
s
,
s
en
d
s
an
aler
t
m
ess
ag
e
to
all
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
ex
clu
d
e
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
g
p
ac
k
ets,
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
lo
o
k
s
f
o
r
a
n
o
th
er
tr
u
s
ted
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
th
e
r
eq
u
es
t.
I
f
th
e
T
r
u
s
t
v
alu
e
is
n
o
t
le
s
s
th
an
0
.
5
,
it
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
to
t
h
e
last
s
tep
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
e
q
u
est p
h
ase
.
f)
I
t sen
d
s
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et
to
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et
is
s
e
n
t u
n
til it r
ea
ch
es th
e
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
in
a
s
ec
u
r
e
way
.
W
h
en
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
es
a
r
o
u
te
r
e
q
u
est p
ac
k
et,
it wa
its
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
e
iv
in
g
o
th
e
r
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
ac
k
ets.
Af
ter
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
h
ase,
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
en
s
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
es
to
ex
ch
an
g
e
en
cr
y
p
ted
d
a
ta
p
ac
k
ets
with
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
ci
p
h
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
m
er
g
es
th
e
Af
f
in
e
cip
h
er
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA
cip
h
er
.
So
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
e
p
lay
p
h
ase,
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
:
−
I
t
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
R
SA
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
(
2
)
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
s
ix
p
r
im
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
u
n
lik
e
in
th
e
tr
ad
itio
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al
R
SA,
wh
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p
u
b
lic
k
ey
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ca
lcu
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b
ased
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n
two
p
r
im
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n
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m
b
er
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[
1
5
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-
[
1
8
]
.
=
.
.
ℎ
.
.
.
(
2
)
−
I
t
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
E
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ler
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s
Ph
i
(
)
f
u
n
ctio
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b
ased
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n
th
e
s
ix
p
r
im
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
co
m
p
u
ted
as
in
(
3
)
,
u
n
lik
e
in
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
R
SA,
wh
er
e
th
e
E
u
ler
’
s
Ph
i
f
u
n
ctio
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is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
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n
two
p
r
im
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n
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m
b
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s
[
1
5
]
-
[1
8
]
:
(
)
=
(
−
1
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(
−
1
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(
ℎ
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1
)
(
−
1
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(
−
1
)
(
−
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3
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−
I
t selec
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an
in
teg
er
e,
wh
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r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
,
with
gc
d
(
,
)
=
1
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d
1
<
<
−
I
t
ca
lcu
lates
an
in
teg
er
d
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
ec
r
et
k
ey
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
(
4
)
:
=
−
1
(
)
(
4
)
−
I
t c
o
m
p
u
tes ea
ch
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
p
ath
th
e
co
s
t a
s
in
(
5
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
5
5
5
-
1
5
6
3
1558
=
⁄
(
5
)
−
I
t
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
r
o
u
te
with
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
co
s
t
v
alu
e
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
p
ath
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
e
s
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
an
d
th
e
f
ewe
s
t in
ter
m
ed
i
ate
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
)
.
−
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t
s
en
d
s
th
e
p
u
b
lic
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ey
s
(
N,
e)
to
th
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s
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u
r
ce
s
en
s
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v
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a
r
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t
e
r
ep
ly
p
ac
k
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T
h
e
r
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te
r
ep
ly
p
ac
k
et
is
s
en
t
v
ia
th
e
r
ev
e
r
s
e
p
ath
u
n
til it r
ea
ch
es th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
i
o
s
en
s
o
r
.
Up
o
n
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
e
p
ly
p
ac
k
et,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
en
cr
y
p
ts
th
e
d
ata
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Af
f
in
e
cip
h
er
co
m
b
in
ed
with
m
o
d
if
ie
d
R
SA a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
llo
ws th
ese
s
tep
s
:
−
I
t
s
elec
ts
two
s
ec
r
et
k
ey
s
,
i
an
d
j,
with
≠
0
,
j
≠
0
,
gc
d
(
,
)
=
1
,
an
d
A
b
ei
n
g
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
al
p
h
ab
e
t
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
−
I
t e
n
cr
y
p
ts
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets u
s
in
g
th
e
Af
f
i
n
e
C
ip
h
er
as in
(
6
)
:
=
+
(
)
(
6
)
−
I
t e
n
cr
y
p
ts
th
e
en
cr
y
p
ted
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets with
th
e
Af
f
in
e
C
ip
h
e
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA c
ip
h
er
:
=
(
)
(
7
)
−
I
t
s
en
d
s
en
c
r
y
p
te
d
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
with
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e
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et
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ey
s
th
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o
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g
h
th
e
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er
s
e
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te
u
n
til
t
h
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ea
ch
t
h
e
d
esti
n
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n
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io
s
en
s
o
r
.
Up
o
n
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
th
e
e
n
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ted
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ata,
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
:
−
I
t d
ec
r
y
p
ts
th
e
en
cr
y
p
ted
m
ess
ag
e
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA c
ip
h
er
:
=
(
)
(
8
)
−
I
t d
ec
r
y
p
ts
th
e
d
ec
r
y
p
ted
m
ess
ag
e
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA c
ip
h
er
u
s
in
g
th
e
Af
f
in
e
cip
h
er
:
=
−
1
(
−
)
(
)
(
9
)
−
I
t
s
en
d
s
an
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
p
ac
k
et
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
v
ia
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
p
ath
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
eliab
l
e
as
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
e
r
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
On
ce
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
en
s
o
r
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
all
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
,
it
s
en
d
s
a
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
et
(
DR
P)
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
.
Up
o
n
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
th
e
DR
P
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
en
s
o
r
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
v
alid
ates
th
e
en
ti
r
e
r
o
u
te
as
tr
u
s
ted
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
th
e
DR
P.
Sen
s
o
r
s
d
eter
m
in
e
if
th
e
r
o
u
te
is
tr
u
s
ted
o
r
n
o
t
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
e
as
in
(
10
)
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
it a
tr
u
s
ted
r
o
u
te
wh
e
n
th
e
tr
u
s
t r
o
u
te
v
alu
e
≥
0
.
5
:
=
⁄
(
1
0
)
t
h
e
T
SAODV
R
PB
OC
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
en
h
an
ce
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
d
etec
tin
g
illeg
itima
te
m
ed
ical
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ef
f
icien
t
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
o
es
n
o
t c
o
n
s
id
er
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
e
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
tr
u
s
ted
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
p
r
o
tect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
in
th
e
W
B
A
N.
T
o
s
im
u
late
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
,
we
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
to
o
l N
S 2
.
3
5
an
d
ap
p
lied
v
ar
io
u
s
m
etr
ics
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
latio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
o
n
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
m
e
d
ical
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
twen
ty
-
f
iv
e
illeg
itima
te
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
ass
ess
m
en
t,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
T
SAODVR
PB
O
C
an
d
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
with
illeg
itima
te
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
b
it
r
ate,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
e
r
y
r
atio
.
T
ab
le
2
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
d
ata
r
ate,
p
ac
k
et
d
e
liv
er
y
r
ate
(
PDR
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elay
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a
n
d
en
er
g
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co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
n
d
er
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
AODV
an
d
T
SAODVRP
B
OC
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
tab
le,
th
e
v
alu
es
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
u
n
d
er
1
0
0
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
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ately
9
8
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1
2
%
f
o
r
PDR
,
0
.
7
8
Mb
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f
o
r
d
ata
r
ate,
7
.
1
3
J
f
o
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er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
1
.
6
2
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ela
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
S
AODV
B
OC
wh
ile
th
e
v
alu
es r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
u
n
d
er
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ig
a
tin
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b
la
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h
o
le
a
tta
ck
s
in
w
ir
eles
s
b
o
d
y
a
r
ea
n
etw
o
r
k
(
Go
u
mid
i Mo
h
a
mme
d
A
b
d
ess
a
ma
d
)
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en
s
o
r
s
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o
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ata
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f
o
r
en
er
g
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co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
1
.
5
2
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
elay
u
s
in
g
th
e
AODV
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
T
SAODVRP
B
OC
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
lig
h
t
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
PDR
o
f
7
.
6
8
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
d
u
e
to
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
p
ee
d
y
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
en
s
o
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
SAODVRP
B
O
C
,
wh
ich
d
etec
ts
an
d
is
o
lates
b
lack
h
o
le
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
ea
r
lier
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
d
eliv
er
y
,
u
n
lik
e
in
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
er
e
b
lac
k
h
o
le
n
o
d
es
d
r
o
p
th
e
p
ac
k
ets.
An
o
t
h
er
s
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
d
ata
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
5
Mb
it/s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
d
ata
p
ass
ed
v
ia
tr
u
s
te
d
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
its
tr
u
s
t v
alu
e
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
d
its
d
esti
n
atio
n
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
SAODVRP
B
OC
,
wh
ich
d
etec
ts
an
d
is
o
lates
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
is
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
w
en
er
g
y
,
u
n
lik
e
in
AODV
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
wh
er
e
th
is
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
lo
s
s
th
e
p
ac
k
ets.
Ho
we
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
lig
h
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
i
n
E
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
0
.
3
J
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
r
o
u
te
with
th
e
s
m
allest
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
m
ed
iate
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
e
s
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
elec
ted
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
SAODVR
PB
O
C
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
u
n
lik
e
in
AO
DV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
wh
e
r
e
th
e
b
la
ck
h
o
le
attac
k
s
wh
ich
d
is
r
u
p
t
leg
itima
te
n
o
d
es'
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
in
ac
cu
r
ate
r
eq
u
ests
o
r
in
s
is
t
en
ce
th
at
th
e
p
ath
v
ia
th
e
attac
k
er
s
en
s
o
r
was
th
e
r
ig
h
t
o
r
q
u
ick
est
r
o
u
te.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
we
n
o
ticed
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
elay
o
f
0
.
1
J
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
es
m
o
r
e
tim
e
en
cr
y
p
tin
g
a
n
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tin
g
d
ata
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
SAODV
R
P
B
OC
,
wh
ich
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
th
e
m
ix
e
d
cip
h
er
tech
n
iq
u
e.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
h
ig
h
d
el
ay
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
AODV
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
r
o
p
-
d
o
wn
o
f
a
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
s
etu
p
V
a
r
i
o
u
s
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
N
S
v
2
.
3
5
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
A
O
D
V
/
TSA
O
D
V
R
P
B
O
C
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
se
n
s
o
r
s c
o
u
n
t
1
0
0
b
i
o
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
S
q
u
a
r
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
1
2
0
0
m*
1
2
0
0
m
I
l
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
t
e
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
s
e
n
so
r
s
c
o
u
n
t
2
5
b
i
o
se
n
so
r
s
Th
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
se
n
so
r
s
1
50
J
o
u
l
C
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
r
a
n
smi
t
t
e
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
b
y
e
a
c
h
med
i
c
a
l
s
e
n
s
o
r
2
5
0
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
T
ab
le
2
.
Netwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
s
in
g
AODV
an
d
T
SAODVRP
B
OC
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
u
n
d
er
b
lack
h
o
le
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
P
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
(
%)
D
e
l
a
y
(
ms)
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
b
i
t
/
s)
En
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
J)
AODV
9
0
.
4
4
0
6
1
.
5
1
9
0
1
7
7
3
1
4
8
4
.
2
4
1
7
.
4
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at
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e
a
s
im
p
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cip
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e
r
tech
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iq
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e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
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J
E
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&
C
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Sci
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Vo
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36
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3
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20
24
:
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u
r
e
1
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s
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r
n
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Netwo
r
k
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im
u
latio
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n
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er
attac
k
s
u
s
in
g
AODV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
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-
4
7
52
Mit
ig
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la
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(
Go
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A
b
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1561
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
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e
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s
is
b
etwe
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d
T
SAODVRP
B
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o
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g
p
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h
a
r
a
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e
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s
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s
AODV
[
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5
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(
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0
2
1
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S
A
O
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V
[
1
3
]
(
2
0
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S
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1
4
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(
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TSA
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Tr
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Fig
u
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2
s
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o
t
o
f
o
u
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
l
atio
n
u
n
d
er
b
lack
h
o
le
atta
ck
s
with
T
SAODV
R
P
B
OC
p
r
o
to
co
l
at
th
e
tim
e
(
t)
.
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e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
e
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o
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m
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n
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s
m
itter
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with
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D
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th
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er
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ia
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ath
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h
e
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u
cc
ess
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u
l
co
m
m
u
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estab
lis
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m
en
t
is
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ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
d
etec
ts
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
f
ak
e
r
o
u
t
e
r
eq
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est
p
ac
k
ets
with
a
f
alse
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
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d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
eq
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en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
.
W
h
en
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
r
esp
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d
s
with
a
f
alse
r
o
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te
r
e
p
ly
p
ac
k
et
claim
in
g
th
at
it
h
a
s
an
o
p
tim
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r
o
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te
to
th
e
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esti
n
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,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
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io
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
id
en
tify
th
e
ille
g
itima
te
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io
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en
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o
r
b
y
r
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o
g
n
i
zin
g
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e
in
v
alid
R
R
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Ps
r
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ei
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n
s
u
ch
ca
s
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th
e
leg
itima
te
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en
s
o
r
s
s
en
d
aler
ts
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
eir
n
eig
h
b
o
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in
g
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itima
te
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en
s
o
r
s
.
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ac
h
b
io
s
en
s
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r
in
th
e
n
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r
k
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
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tain
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g
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tr
u
s
ted
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tin
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tab
le
co
n
tain
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n
g
th
e
i
d
en
ti
f
icatio
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
leg
itima
te
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
b
i
o
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
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h
is
s
etu
p
cr
ea
tes
a
co
m
p
lete
n
etwo
r
k
in
w
h
ich
all
th
e
b
io
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en
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o
r
s
ca
n
s
ec
u
r
ely
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m
m
u
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icate
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
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d
itio
n
ally
,
m
alici
o
u
s
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
is
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
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lack
o
f
en
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y
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e
d
etec
ted
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d
is
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lated
f
r
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m
th
e
n
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r
k
d
u
r
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th
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co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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if
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eir
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
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is
less
th
an
0
.
5
.
Af
ter
d
etec
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an
d
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latin
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illeg
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m
ate
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s
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o
u
r
ce
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d
d
esti
n
atio
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en
s
o
r
s
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
s
ec
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r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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en
cr
y
p
ted
with
th
e
Af
f
in
e
cip
h
er
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
R
SA a
lg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Netwo
r
k
s
im
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
attac
k
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u
s
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r
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u
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r
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4.
CO
NCLU
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Desp
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o
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y
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r
k
s
(
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B
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,
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ey
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r
e
s
u
s
ce
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tib
le
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ar
ticu
lar
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n
r
esp
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d
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r
e
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d
d
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ess
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in
W
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AN.
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r
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r
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u
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t
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ailab
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atter
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u
r
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th
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tin
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p
r
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c
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an
d
s
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u
r
e
d
ata
en
cr
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tio
n
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r
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o
m
m
u
n
ic
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I
t
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f
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tiv
ely
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lates
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s
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g
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n
d
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tifie
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alicio
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es
r
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ltin
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r
o
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er
g
y
b
y
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atin
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tr
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r
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o
r
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atter
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ter
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r
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te.
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d
itio
n
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it
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
r
o
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g
h
d
ata
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cr
y
p
tio
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u
s
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m
b
in
ed
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p
h
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
Af
f
in
e
cip
h
er
with
m
o
d
i
f
ied
R
SA c
ip
h
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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W
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
A
.
P
a
n
h
w
a
r
,
S
.
Jat
o
i
,
K
.
A
.
M
e
mo
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
d
d
a
r
,
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W
i
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e
l
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ss
b
o
d
y
a
r
e
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
:
a
r
c
h
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t
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c
t
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r
e
,
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s,
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h
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a
n
d
a
p
p
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c
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t
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s,
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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a
l
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o
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l
o
f
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o
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p
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r
S
c
i
e
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e
a
n
d
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e
t
w
o
r
k
S
e
c
u
ri
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
–
1
7
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
S
.
J
.
A
l
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o
f
i
,
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.
M
.
S
.
A
t
r
o
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y
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a
n
d
I
.
A
.
A
l
i
,
“
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
w
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r
e
l
e
s
s
b
o
d
y
a
r
e
a
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t
w
o
r
k
s
:
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r
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o
c
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s
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h
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s
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a
n
d
a
p
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,
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l
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6
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5
4
3
.
[
3
]
M
.
A
.
G
o
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,
E
.
Z
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h
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p
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4
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.
M
.
G
.
P
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t
h
i
c
h
a
n
d
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a
,
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l
a
k
a
,
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.
I
z
h
a
r
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.
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a
m
a
r
a
s
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h
e
,
a
n
d
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.
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.
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e
S
i
l
v
a
,
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W
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s
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y
a
r
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a
n
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t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
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r
e
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w
,
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E
A
c
c
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s
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p
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3
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0
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8
.
[
5
]
M
.
Y
a
g
h
o
u
b
i
,
K
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
Y
.
M
i
a
o
,
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W
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s
s
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y
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a
n
e
t
w
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(
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A
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)
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[
6
]
M
.
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.
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[
8
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9
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.
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1
2
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.
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1
3
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.
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.
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1
4
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.
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.
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[
1
5
]
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.
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t
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d
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.
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.
,
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Ph
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c
s:
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[
1
6
]
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.
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m
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;
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[
1
7
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.
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n
,
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.
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d
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.
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,
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,
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A
C
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[
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8
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.
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.
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.
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mp
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3
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6
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[
1
9
]
M
.
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n
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h
,
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.
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so
,
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n
d
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(
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A
)
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