I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
5
~
1
378
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
3
6
.
i
3
.
pp
1
3
6
5
-
1
3
7
8
1365
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Influence
of
the
u
se o
f
g
ro
und e
nha
ncement
ma
terial
s o
n t
he
reduction o
f
ele
ct
rica
l resistiv
ity in
gro
unding
sy
ste
ms
:
a
review
M
a
rt
ínez
Áng
eles
H
ug
o
1
,
Rí
o
s
M
o
re
no
J
o
s
é
G
a
briel
2
,
Velá
zquez
Ca
s
t
illo
Ro
drig
o
Ra
f
a
el
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T
re
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o
P
er
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M
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2
1
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Art
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I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
May
30
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
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Au
g
24
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202
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Acc
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A
ug
31
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2
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A
g
r
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u
n
d
i
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g
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(G
S
)
is
a
n
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o
m
p
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t
in
a
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tri
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ste
m
n
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rk
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a
s
it
is
re
sp
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c
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tri
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h
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rg
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g
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g
str
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o
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tran
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e
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t
sy
ste
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re
s.
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lo
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a
ll
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e
stim
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ted
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a
t
4
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g
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k
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s
o
c
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o
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d
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a
m
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n
d
1
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2
b
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o
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e
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e
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r,
re
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lt
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in
d
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o
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m
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talit
ies
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0
0
0
.
A
d
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it
io
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a
ll
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sistiv
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ty
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wh
ich
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e
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w
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ts,
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su
lt
in
g
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n
p
o
o
r
G
S
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Co
n
se
q
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e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
g
ro
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n
d
e
n
h
a
n
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e
m
e
n
t
m
a
teria
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(G
EM
s)
to
re
d
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c
e
imp
e
d
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n
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e
to
o
p
ti
m
a
l
l
e
v
e
ls
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
is
re
v
iew
is
t
o
b
ro
a
d
ly
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
c
u
rre
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t
sta
tu
s
o
f
G
EM
s
re
p
o
r
ted
i
n
t
h
e
li
tera
tu
re
fo
r
u
se
in
G
S
,
f
o
c
u
sin
g
o
n
t
h
e
ir
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
in
imp
r
o
v
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n
g
s
o
il
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
d
issip
a
ti
n
g
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
c
u
rre
n
ts
a
s
we
ll
a
s
to
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
e
m
e
rg
i
n
g
tren
d
s
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
se
m
a
teria
ls,
in
o
rd
e
r
to
p
ro
v
id
e
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
to
g
u
id
e
fu
t
u
re
re
se
a
rc
h
in
th
e
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
e
fficie
n
t
a
n
d
sa
fe
G
S
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Gr
o
u
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t m
ater
ial
Gr
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
E
lectr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
E
lectr
ical
s
af
ety
R
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
r
tín
ez
Án
g
eles
Hu
g
o
Div
is
ió
n
d
e
I
n
v
esti
g
ac
ió
n
y
P
o
s
g
r
ad
o
,
Facu
lta
d
d
e
I
n
g
en
ie
r
ía
,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
Au
tó
n
o
m
a
d
e
Qu
er
étar
o
765
3
7
C
ad
er
ey
ta
d
e
Mo
n
tes,
Qu
er
étar
o
,
Mé
x
ic
o
E
m
ail: o
g
u
h
_
h
u
g
o
1
9
9
4
@
h
o
t
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GS)
is
an
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
i
n
an
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
n
etwo
r
k
,
as
it
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
elec
tr
ical
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
d
u
e
to
f
au
lts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
l
ig
h
tn
in
g
s
tr
ik
es
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
y
s
tem
f
ailu
r
es
[
1
]
.
A
GS
r
ef
er
s
to
a
d
elib
er
ate
lin
k
estab
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
a
cir
cu
it
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
,
ty
p
ically
th
e
n
eu
tr
al
wir
e,
to
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
with
in
th
e
s
o
il.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
GS
s
etu
p
s
ty
p
ically
in
v
o
lv
e
an
ar
r
a
y
o
f
m
etal
r
o
d
s
b
u
r
ie
d
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
alo
n
g
with
m
esh
es
an
d
/o
r
r
ails
,
all
i
n
ter
lin
k
ed
with
elec
tr
ical
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
f
o
r
m
a
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
f
o
r
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
s
i
r
a
b
l
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
e
p
e
r
l
a
y
e
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
o
f
a
GS
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
eith
er
v
er
tically
o
r
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
to
c
h
an
n
el
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
r
en
t in
t
o
th
e
s
o
il [
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
en
a
lig
h
t
n
in
g
s
tr
ik
e
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
GS
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
r
id
g
e
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ical
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ices
g
r
ea
tly
r
elie
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
s
etu
p
o
f
t
h
e
GS
[
4
]
.
W
o
r
ld
wid
e,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
tr
ik
es
h
it
t
h
e
e
ar
th
ev
er
y
s
ec
o
n
d
,
to
talin
g
r
o
u
g
h
ly
1
.
2
b
illi
o
n
an
n
u
ally
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
ail
y
in
cid
en
ts
o
f
d
am
ag
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
elec
tr
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
h
u
m
an
ca
s
u
alties
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
6
,
0
0
0
to
2
4
,
0
0
0
[
5
]
,
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
s
tem
f
r
o
m
in
ad
eq
u
ate
d
esig
n
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
GS
[
6
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
in
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
er
ly
d
esig
n
ed
GS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
3
6
5
-
1
3
7
8
1366
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
tailo
r
ed
to
it
s
n
ee
d
s
,
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
ts
m
ay
s
e
ek
u
n
in
ten
d
ed
p
at
h
way
s
,
p
o
te
n
tially
en
d
an
g
e
r
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als [
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
teel
an
d
co
p
p
er
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
a
ter
ials
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
r
o
d
o
r
elec
tr
o
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
GS
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
an
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ee
p
ly
im
p
lan
ted
i
n
th
e
s
o
il,
r
em
ain
s
in
u
s
e
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
m
an
y
n
atio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
"u
f
er
"
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
lev
er
a
g
i
n
g
th
e
m
etallic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
lik
e
h
ig
h
-
r
is
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
o
r
t
o
wer
s
,
is
u
tili
ze
d
[
9
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
GS
i
s
lo
wer
o
r
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
to
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
all
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
b
u
t
also
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
s
af
ety
o
f
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
t
h
e
GS
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
Me
x
ica
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
"NO
M
-
0
0
1
-
SEDE
-
2
0
1
2
"
[
7
]
s
tip
u
lates
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
GS
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
2
5
Oh
m
s
(
Ω
)
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
liter
atu
r
e,
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
ig
h
tn
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
t
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
s
h
o
u
l
d
id
ea
lly
h
o
v
er
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
0
Ω
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
u
n
iv
er
s
al
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
b
o
d
ies
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
th
at
is
u
n
an
im
o
u
s
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
Natio
n
al
Fire
Pro
tectio
n
Ass
o
ciatio
n
(
NFPA)
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
(
I
E
E
E
)
,
two
h
ig
h
ly
r
esp
ec
ted
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
g
lo
b
al
ly
,
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
5
Ω
o
r
lo
wer
[
1
5
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
er
e
ar
e
5
asp
ec
ts
b
eliev
e
d
to
im
p
ac
t
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
a
GS,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
:
th
e
len
g
th
an
d
d
e
p
th
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e,
t
h
e
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
e
le
c
t
r
o
d
e
,
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
es
,
t
h
e
GS
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
r
es
is
t
i
v
i
t
y
[
2
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
ettin
g
u
p
a
GS
ca
n
p
o
s
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
h
ig
h
-
r
esis
tiv
ity
s
o
il
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
p
ac
es.
I
n
s
u
ch
c
ases
,
u
tili
zin
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
o
il
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
-
r
ed
u
cin
g
ag
en
ts
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
[
1
6
]
.
Ov
er
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
ad
es,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
6
]
h
a
v
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
m
itig
ate
an
d
s
u
s
tain
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
at
lo
w
an
d
s
af
e
lev
els.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
en
tail
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
m
ater
ial
s
(
GE
M
)
,
wh
ich
ac
t
as
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
m
ater
ials
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
GS
an
d
th
e
s
o
il [
2
7
]
.
A
GE
M
is
a
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
m
at
er
ial
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
.
I
t
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
p
o
o
r
,
s
u
ch
as
r
o
ck
y
ter
r
ain
,
m
o
u
n
tain
to
p
s
,
an
d
s
an
d
y
s
o
ils
.
T
h
e
GE
M
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
im
p
e
d
an
ce
an
d
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
GS
[
2
8
]
.
A
GE
M
is
ty
p
icall
y
p
lace
d
in
s
id
e
th
e
t
r
en
ch
wh
er
e
th
e
GS
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
in
s
t
alled
an
d
m
ix
ed
o
r
s
u
b
s
titu
ted
with
n
atu
r
al
s
o
il
[
1
6
]
.
Glo
b
ally
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
n
atu
r
al
an
d
ch
e
m
ical
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
as
GE
Ms
f
o
r
GS
is
co
m
m
o
n
an
d
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
ec
au
s
e
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
GE
Ms
h
elp
m
ain
tain
lo
w
im
p
ed
an
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l sy
s
tem
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
GS e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
ailin
g
t
r
en
d
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
is
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
e
n
to
n
ite
as
a
GE
M,
g
iv
e
n
its
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
icac
y
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
[
3
0
]
-
[
3
3
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
o
f
b
e
n
to
n
ite
lies
in
its
h
ig
h
co
s
t,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
its
s
tatu
s
as
a
lim
ited
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
,
o
f
ten
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
[
1
8
]
.
B
en
to
n
ite,
a
n
at
u
r
al
cla
y
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
s
m
e
ctite
m
in
er
al
g
r
o
u
p
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
m
o
n
tm
o
r
illo
n
ite,
ex
h
ib
its
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es,
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
wate
r
f
r
o
m
its
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
[
3
3
]
.
C
o
m
m
er
cially
,
two
v
ar
ian
ts
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
ar
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t: so
d
i
u
m
b
en
t
o
n
ite
an
d
ca
lciu
m
b
e
n
to
n
ite
[
3
4
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it's
wi
s
e
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ater
ials
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
as
GE
Ms
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
ey
ex
h
ib
it
wh
en
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
e
n
h
an
ce
GS.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
is
to
b
r
o
ad
ly
ex
am
in
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tatu
s
o
f
GE
Ms
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
GS,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
eir
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
o
il
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
elec
tr
ical
cu
r
r
en
ts
as
well
as
to
id
en
tify
em
er
g
in
g
t
r
en
d
s
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
c
h
allen
g
es
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
ese
m
ater
ials
,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
to
g
u
id
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
s
af
e
GS.
2.
I
NT
E
RAC
T
I
O
N
B
E
T
W
E
E
N
T
H
E
G
RO
UND
I
NG
SYS
T
E
M
AND
T
H
E
SO
I
L
2
.
1
.
I
nfluence
o
f
s
o
il o
n t
he
elec
t
rica
l e
f
f
iciency
o
f
g
ro
un
din
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
s
o
il
is
th
e
e
ar
th
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
lay
er
,
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
g
eo
lo
g
ical
an
d
b
io
l
o
g
ical
m
ater
ials
o
v
er
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
m
in
er
als,
o
r
g
a
n
ic
m
ate
r
ial,
wate
r
,
air
,
an
d
liv
in
g
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
b
a
cter
ia,
f
u
n
g
i,
in
s
ec
ts
,
an
d
p
l
an
t
r
o
o
ts
.
So
il
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
ter
r
estrial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
as
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
h
y
s
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
,
ac
ts
as
a
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
n
u
tr
ie
n
t
an
d
wate
r
cy
clin
g
,
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
h
ab
itat
f
o
r
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
[
3
5
]
.
On
an
o
th
er
n
o
te,
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
i
cien
cy
r
ef
er
s
to
h
o
w
o
p
tim
ally
elec
tr
icity
is
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
task
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
it'
s
ca
lcu
lated
as
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
an
el
ec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
at
o
u
tp
u
t.
Hig
h
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
in
d
icate
s
th
at
less
en
er
g
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
am
e
r
esu
lts
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
E
lectr
ical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
flu
en
ce
o
f th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t m
a
teri
a
ls
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
…
(
Ma
r
tín
ez Á
n
g
el
es Hu
g
o
)
1367
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
f
r
o
m
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
a
p
p
lian
ce
s
to
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
[
3
6
]
.
Hen
ce
,
s
o
il
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
er
e
b
y
i
m
p
ac
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
with
in
a
GS.
Po
ten
tials
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ele
ctr
o
m
ag
n
etic
o
r
r
esis
tiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
(
d
ir
ec
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
)
p
o
s
e
a
r
is
k
o
f
d
am
ag
in
g
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
o
r
f
ac
ilit
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
GS.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
o
il
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
m
a
y
r
esu
lt
in
a
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
ten
tial
r
is
e,
esp
ec
ially
af
f
ec
tin
g
elec
tr
ical
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t
in
r
esid
en
tial
in
s
tallatio
n
s
o
r
h
o
m
es [
3
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it'
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
at
th
e
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
e
m
ical
m
ak
eu
p
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lev
el
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
,
g
iv
en
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ex
h
ib
ited
b
y
s
o
ils
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
a
G
S
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
GS,
it
'
s
cr
u
cial
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
with
in
th
e
GS
is
h
ea
v
ily
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
o
il
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e,
g
iv
en
t
h
at
s
o
il a
cts as th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
[
3
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
esis
tiv
ity
f
lu
ctu
ates
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
s
o
il
m
ater
ials
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
at
b
o
th
h
ig
h
an
d
lo
w
r
esis
tiv
ity
v
alu
es c
o
r
r
elate
with
p
o
r
o
s
ity
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
is
tied
to
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
elec
tr
i
c
ch
ar
g
e
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
lid
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
[
3
9
]
.
I
n
clay
ey
s
o
ils
,
th
e
elev
ate
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
d
d
itio
n
al
s
ites
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
g
es
to
r
esid
e
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
clay
p
ar
ticles.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
clay
s
o
ils
ty
p
i
ca
lly
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
c
o
ar
s
e
-
tex
tu
r
ed
s
o
ils
lik
e
s
an
d
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
e
wer
av
ailab
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
g
es.
T
h
is
h
e
ig
h
ten
ed
elec
tr
ica
l
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
cla
y
s
o
ils
c
an
im
p
ac
t
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
n
u
tr
ien
t
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
lan
ts
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
tam
i
n
an
ts
with
in
th
e
s
o
il [
4
0
]
.
E
lectr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
in
s
o
ils
is
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
elec
tr
o
ly
tic,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
io
n
s
in
th
e
in
ter
s
titi
al
wate
r
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
o
il
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
wate
r
q
u
a
n
tity
an
d
q
u
ality
with
in
th
e
p
o
r
es.
E
lectr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
d
im
in
is
h
es
as
wate
r
co
n
ten
t
r
is
es.
So
il
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
il ty
p
e,
as
ea
ch
ty
p
e
p
o
s
s
ess
es d
is
tin
ct
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
[
4
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
im
p
ed
in
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
i
city
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
ical
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
G
S
[
4
2
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
an
y
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
s
o
il's
im
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lik
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e,
clim
ate,
s
tr
atig
r
ap
h
y
,
an
d
s
alin
ity
[
4
3
]
.
Ph
en
o
m
en
a
lik
e
d
ir
ec
t
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
tr
ik
es
o
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
am
ag
e
t
o
b
o
th
r
esid
en
tial
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
,
s
o
il
im
p
ed
an
c
e
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le,
as
elec
tr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
ten
d
s
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
p
at
h
o
f
least
r
esis
tan
ce
[
4
4
]
.
W
o
r
ld
wid
e
,
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
im
p
ac
t
v
ar
io
u
s
ter
r
ain
s
an
d
s
o
il
ty
p
es.
C
er
tain
ter
r
ain
s
m
a
y
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it'
s
cr
u
cial
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
is
h
i
g
h
r
e
s
is
t
i
v
it
y
f
r
o
m
i
m
p
e
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
s
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
al
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
4
5
]
.
Hen
ce
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
a
GS
h
in
g
es
o
n
th
e
s
o
il's
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le,
s
er
v
in
g
as
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
ea
r
t
h
an
d
elec
tr
ical
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
[
3
8
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
to
attain
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
GS,
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
lev
e
ls
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
i
n
im
ized
,
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
d
ictated
b
y
its
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ca
p
ac
ity
[
2
4
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it's
es
s
en
tial
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
with
in
a
GS,
b
eh
av
io
r
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
il e
n
v
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
[
2
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
Desig
n o
f
a
g
r
o
un
din
g
s
y
s
t
em
t
o
im
pro
v
e
g
ro
un
d imp
eda
nce
Vir
tu
ally
all
elec
tr
ical
an
d
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
GS
[
4
6
]
.
An
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
GS
lead
s
to
h
eig
h
te
n
ed
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
elec
tr
ical
d
o
wn
tim
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
its
ab
s
en
ce
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
k
s
o
f
f
ailu
r
es
in
elec
tr
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
GS
is
p
a
r
a
m
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
m
o
o
t
h
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
s
t
r
i
k
e
s
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
a
il
u
r
e
s
[
4
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
h
av
i
n
g
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
GS
is
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
d
is
s
ip
at
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
iv
er
s
e
tech
n
i
q
u
es
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
GS
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
e
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
an
d
f
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
,
alo
n
g
with
an
aly
tical
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
els
[
5
2
]
-
[
5
4
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
tr
ig
u
i
n
g
asp
ec
ts
r
elate
d
t
o
GS
d
esig
n
,
with
th
e
latest f
in
d
in
g
s
d
etailed
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
cien
tific
ar
ticles [
5
5
]
-
[
5
7
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
b
asic
GS
s
ar
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
elec
tr
o
d
e
in
s
er
ted
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
elem
en
t
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
s
t
ty
p
ical
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
GS
d
esig
n
,
o
f
ten
lo
ca
te
d
in
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
p
ac
es
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
s
o
r
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
co
m
p
lex
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
v
o
lv
e
m
u
ltip
le
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
r
o
d
s
,
m
esh
o
r
g
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
p
lates,
an
d
lo
o
p
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Su
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
in
s
talled
in
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
,
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ca
m
p
u
s
es,
an
d
ce
llu
lar
t
o
wer
s
ites
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
a
GS
to
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
en
g
in
e
er
ed
to
en
d
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
e
r
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
s
u
itab
le
d
esig
n
,
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
ca
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
u
ltima
te
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
5
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
3
6
5
-
1
3
7
8
1368
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Var
io
u
s
way
s
to
d
esi
g
n
a
GS
[
5
8
]
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
F
O
R
E
V
AL
UA
T
I
NG
T
H
E
E
F
F
E
C
T
I
VE
N
E
S
S O
F
T
H
E
G
RO
UN
DING
SYST
E
M
3
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
elec
t
ric
a
l
ef
f
iciency
t
hro
ug
h c
urre
nt
dis
s
i
pa
t
io
n t
hro
ug
h t
he
g
ro
un
d
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
ts
th
at
r
ea
ch
it.
E
lectr
ically
,
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
its
r
esis
tiv
ity
(
)
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
a
cu
b
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
is
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
o
h
m
s
p
er
m
eter
(
)
(
1
)
[
6
0
]
.
=
Ω
2
=
Ω
(
1
)
I
n
p
r
ac
tice
,
th
e
e
x
tr
em
e
v
alu
es
ca
n
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
a
f
ew
te
n
s
o
f
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
ic
an
d
m
o
is
t
s
o
ils
to
ten
s
o
f
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
o
h
m
-
m
eter
s
f
o
r
d
r
y
g
r
a
n
ites
[
6
0
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
wh
ich
u
n
wan
ted
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
d
iv
er
t
ed
in
to
th
e
s
o
il,
u
s
in
g
th
e
G
S
as
th
e
p
ath
o
f
least
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
s
af
ety
,
as
it
h
elp
s
p
r
o
tect
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
p
eo
p
le,
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ag
ain
s
t
elec
tr
ical
h
az
ar
d
s
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
in
ca
s
e
o
f
an
u
n
d
e
s
ir
ed
cu
r
r
en
t,
lik
e
leak
a
g
e
o
r
o
v
er
lo
a
d
,
th
e
GS
(
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
)
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
lo
w
-
r
esis
tan
ce
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
r
o
u
te,
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
p
ass
f
r
o
m
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
o
r
elec
tr
ical
s
etu
p
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
v
ia
th
e
s
o
i
l,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
[
6
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
o
il
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
ag
ain
s
t
elec
tr
ical
d
is
ch
ar
g
es,
f
ir
es,
an
d
o
th
e
r
el
ec
tr
ical
h
az
ar
d
s
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
titu
tes
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
elem
e
n
t
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
af
ety
o
f
elec
tr
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
6
4
]
.
3
.
2
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ev
a
lua
t
ing
t
he
elec
t
rica
l r
esis
t
a
nce
o
f
a
g
ro
un
din
g
s
y
s
t
em
Var
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
e
x
is
t
f
o
r
a
s
s
es
s
in
g
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
b
u
t
th
e
g
lo
b
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
s
et
b
y
th
e
I
E
E
E
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
is
s
u
ed
a
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
[
6
5
]
,
[
6
6
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
o
r
W
en
n
er
m
eth
o
d
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
e
v
alen
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
tails
b
u
r
y
in
g
f
o
u
r
elec
tr
o
d
es
with
id
en
tica
l
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
len
g
th
(
l)
i
n
th
e
s
o
il,
all
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t a
p
p
ar
atu
s
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
6
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t o
f
ea
r
t
h
r
esis
tan
ce
b
y
th
e
W
en
n
e
r
m
eth
o
d
[
6
5
]
T
h
e
d
e
v
ice
cir
cu
lates
an
ele
ctr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
I
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
1
an
d
2
,
an
d
a
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
1
y
2
,
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
r
atio
=
is
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y
at
a
g
i
v
e
n
d
e
p
t
h
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
a
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
e
l
ec
t
r
o
d
e
s
i
s
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
2
)
[
6
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
flu
en
ce
o
f th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t m
a
teri
a
ls
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
…
(
Ma
r
tín
ez Á
n
g
el
es Hu
g
o
)
1369
=
4
1
+
2
√
2
+
4
2
−
√
2
+
2
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e:
=a
p
p
ar
en
t
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
in
,
=d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
in
m
ete
r
s
(
)
,
=m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
in
,
=d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
ad
jace
n
t e
lectr
o
d
es in
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
ch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
etail,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
with
in
a
GS
[
6
5
]
,
[
6
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
d
iag
r
am
d
elin
ea
tes
th
e
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
it
y
with
in
a
GS,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
s
ite
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
s
etu
p
,
an
d
r
esu
lt
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
E
ac
h
s
tag
e
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
c
e
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
ity
with
in
th
e
GS.
Similar
ly
,
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
ch
o
la
r
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
4
2
]
h
av
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
t
h
e
W
en
n
er
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
t
o
a
s
s
es
s
s
o
i
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
wh
en
b
len
d
ed
o
r
r
e
p
lace
d
b
y
a
GE
M.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
ese
in
q
u
ir
ies
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
at
t
h
e
s
o
il'
s
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
wh
en
u
tili
zin
g
a
GE
M,
d
is
p
lay
s
an
im
p
e
d
an
ce
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
m
at
er
ial
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
W
en
n
er
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
es
ap
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
p
r
e
an
d
p
o
s
t
GE
M
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ele
ctr
ic
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
em
er
g
es
as
a
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
f
o
r
v
alid
atin
g
o
r
r
ef
u
tin
g
th
e
GE
M'
s
ef
f
icac
y
in
m
itig
atin
g
GS
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
[
6
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
in
s
tan
ce
s
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
-
G
S
l
i
n
k
a
g
e
,
f
o
u
r
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
[
7
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Deta
iled
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
to
o
b
tai
n
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
it
y
in
a
GS
[
6
5
]
,
[
6
8
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
eib
u
ll d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
all
f
iller
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
s
[
7
0
]
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
a
GS,
as
d
elin
ea
te
d
ea
r
lier
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
s
er
v
e
th
e
p
a
r
am
o
u
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
p
h
o
ld
i
n
g
elec
tr
ical
s
af
ety
wit
h
in
an
y
s
etu
p
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
s
tr
ict
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
p
e
r
tin
en
t
el
ec
tr
ical
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
with
in
ea
c
h
lo
c
ale
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
ex
ec
u
tin
g
GS
v
alid
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
,
t
h
er
eb
y
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
b
o
th
elec
tr
ical
in
s
tallatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
in
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ju
r
is
d
ictio
n
s
,
GS
v
alid
atio
n
m
an
d
ates e
x
ec
u
tio
n
b
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
als p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
r
eq
u
is
ite
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
ce
r
tific
atio
n
[
7
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
3
6
5
-
1
3
7
8
1370
4.
G
R
O
U
N
D
E
N
H
A
N
C
E
M
E
N
T
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
A
S
A
C
O
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
T
O
I
M
P
R
O
V
E
S
O
I
L
R
E
S
I
S
T
I
V
I
T
Y
4
.
1
.
G
ro
un
d
enha
ncem
ent
m
a
t
er
ia
l
v
a
ria
nts us
ed
in s
ci
ent
if
ic
lite
ra
t
ure
Ob
tain
in
g
a
lo
w
im
p
e
d
an
ce
l
ev
el
in
r
o
c
k
y
an
d
s
an
d
y
s
o
ils
p
r
o
v
es
h
i
g
h
ly
c
h
allen
g
in
g
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
GE
Ms,
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
m
itig
ate
an
d
s
u
s
tain
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
at
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
m
in
im
al
lev
els
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
GE
Ms
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
as
en
h
an
ce
r
s
o
f
s
o
il
im
p
ed
an
ce
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
GSs
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
a
s
n
o
ted
in
[
7
]
,
a
GE
M
m
u
s
t
ex
h
ib
it
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
to
en
h
an
ce
GS
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
;
it
s
h
o
u
ld
r
etain
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
GS
r
o
d
an
d
f
o
r
m
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
b
a
r
r
ier
to
p
r
ev
en
t
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
elec
tin
g
a
m
at
er
ial
m
ee
tin
g
th
ese
cr
iter
ia
b
ec
o
m
es e
s
s
en
tial,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t t
h
e
s
o
il ty
p
e,
t
er
r
ain
,
an
d
clim
ate
o
f
th
e
r
eg
i
o
n
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
GE
Ms,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
eir
ef
f
icac
y
as
r
ed
u
ce
r
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
,
is
th
eir
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
n
atu
r
e
[
1
9
]
.
Hy
g
r
o
s
co
p
y
d
e
n
o
tes
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ce
r
tain
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
to
ab
s
o
r
b
m
o
is
tu
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
v
ia
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
u
p
tak
e
o
f
wate
r
o
n
th
e
m
ate
r
ial's
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
ch
e
m
ical
u
p
tak
e
wh
er
e
wate
r
b
e
co
m
es
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial'
s
m
o
lecu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
7
2
]
.
Hy
g
r
o
s
co
p
y
f
in
d
s
r
elev
an
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
f
o
o
d
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
,
p
h
a
r
m
ac
eu
ticals,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
y
,
t
o
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
m
ater
ials
l
ik
e
p
ap
er
,
tex
tiles
,
an
d
ch
e
m
icals.
Hy
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
m
ater
ials
m
ay
u
n
d
er
g
o
alter
at
io
n
s
in
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
c
h
e
m
ical
attr
ib
u
tes
d
u
e
to
wate
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
eir
s
tab
ilit
y
,
en
d
u
r
an
ce
,
a
n
d
u
tili
ty
[
7
3
]
,
[
7
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
G
E
Ms,
in
v
esti
g
ated
as
s
o
il
en
h
an
ce
r
s
,
ar
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
m
ater
ials
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
ag
en
ts
,
waste,
an
d
ch
em
icals
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
aim
s
to
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
ils
ad
jace
n
t
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
,
y
et
ea
ch
v
a
r
ian
t
ca
r
r
ies
its
u
n
iq
u
e
in
h
er
en
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
7
5
]
.
W
ith
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
p
o
i
n
ts
in
m
in
d
,
we
will
n
o
w
u
n
d
er
tak
e
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ater
ials
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
e
d
an
d
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ly
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
v
ar
ian
ts
with
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ty
p
es o
f
GE
Ms.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Var
ian
ts
o
f
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t ty
p
es o
f
GE
Ms [
7
4
]
4
.
2
.
Na
t
ura
l ma
t
er
ia
ls
t
o
i
mp
ro
v
e
t
he
g
ro
un
din
g
s
y
s
t
em
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
n
atu
r
al
GE
Ms,
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
o
r
m
ater
ials
th
at
o
cc
u
r
n
atu
r
ally
o
n
th
e
p
la
n
et;
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ese
m
ater
ials
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
an
d
lo
w
-
co
s
t
[
7
6
]
.
I
n
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
ese
m
ater
ials
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
cr
o
p
g
r
o
wth
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
r
et
en
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
[
7
7
]
.
Fo
r
ele
ctr
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
cr
u
cial
as
th
ey
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
GS
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
p
ath
o
f
lo
wer
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
,
t
h
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
ts
d
is
p
e
r
s
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
7
8
]
.
Utilizi
n
g
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
as
GE
Ms
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
n
o
t
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
f
o
r
ei
g
n
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
in
to
th
e
s
o
il,
th
e
r
eb
y
av
o
id
in
g
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
9
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
[
7
9
]
,
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
o
u
r
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
em
p
h
asizes th
e
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
is
e
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
d
esig
n
s
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
Op
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
b
e
n
to
n
it
e,
p
ig
m
an
u
r
e
an
d
a
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
ch
ar
c
o
al
an
d
s
alt
as
GE
M
r
ea
g
e
n
ts
f
o
r
GS
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
ig
m
a
n
u
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
o
u
tco
m
e
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
f
r
o
m
7
4
.
9
4
to
8
.
2
6
Ω
m
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
b
e
n
to
n
ite
at
9
.
2
5
Ω
m
an
d
s
alt
with
co
al
at
1
0
.
8
7
Ω
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
n
o
ted
th
at
p
ig
m
an
u
r
e
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
v
er
tim
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e'
s
m
as
s
an
d
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t,
th
er
e
b
y
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
alt
g
r
ad
u
ally
p
er
m
ea
ted
t
h
e
s
o
il,
an
d
co
al
al
o
n
e
d
i
d
n
o
t
o
f
f
e
r
o
p
tim
al
r
esis
tiv
ity
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
em
b
ed
d
e
d
elec
tr
o
d
e.
Desp
ite
its
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
co
s
t,
b
en
t
o
n
ite
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ag
en
t
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
o
il
elec
tr
i
ca
l
r
esis
tiv
ity
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
S
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
's
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
en
n
er
a
r
r
ay
m
eth
o
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
o
il
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
in
clu
d
ed
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
at
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
flu
en
ce
o
f th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t m
a
teri
a
ls
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
…
(
Ma
r
tín
ez Á
n
g
el
es Hu
g
o
)
1371
1
:2
.
5
r
atio
(
s
o
il
to
wate
r
)
,
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
v
ia
th
e
W
alk
ley
-
b
lac
k
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
to
tal
n
itro
g
en
(
N)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
Kjeld
a
h
l
m
eth
o
d
.
Fin
al
ly
,
av
ailab
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
(
P)
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
r
ay
I
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
J
asn
i
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
th
at
s
er
v
e
as
GE
M
to
p
r
o
tect
ag
ain
s
t
elec
tr
ic
s
h
o
ck
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
b
e
n
to
n
ite.
W
ith
in
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
it
is
p
o
s
ited
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
ill
er
s
lik
e
b
en
to
n
ite
an
d
o
th
er
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
p
o
s
es
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tia
l
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ch
allen
g
e
d
u
e
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
at
u
r
al
m
ater
ials
s
cr
u
tin
ized
as
GE
Ms
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
r
ice
p
o
wd
er
,
cla
y
ey
s
o
il,
an
d
co
c
o
n
u
t
f
ib
er
p
ea
t.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
id
e
n
tifie
d
cla
y
ey
s
o
il
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icac
io
u
s
e
ar
th
f
iller
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
co
co
n
u
t
f
ib
er
p
ea
t
an
d
r
ice
p
o
wd
er
.
T
h
is
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
ar
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
its
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ab
ilit
y
to
y
ield
th
e
lo
west
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
d
ay
2
5
o
n
war
d
(
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
r
o
ject'
s
to
tal
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
1
3
8
d
ay
s
)
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
clay
ey
s
o
il
as
a
GE
M
,
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
GS
r
esis
tiv
ity
ex
h
ib
ited
a
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
3
3
Ω
o
n
d
ay
1
to
2
4
Ω
o
n
d
a
y
1
3
8
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ically
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
en
tailed
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
s
tip
u
lated
in
th
e
"I
E
E
E
g
u
i
d
e
f
o
r
m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
e
a
r
t
h
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
e
a
r
t
h
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
e
a
r
t
h
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
"
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
e
Fra
n
k
W
en
n
e
r
m
et
h
o
d
w
as
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
6
2
%
r
u
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
all
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
g
au
g
e
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
o
d
,
u
tili
zin
g
au
x
iliar
y
s
tak
es
d
r
iv
en
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
to
f
o
r
m
a
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
in
jectin
g
test
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
en
tailed
th
e
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
r
o
d
s
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
at
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
is
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
in
s
t
r
aig
h
tf
o
r
wa
r
d
GS
s
etu
p
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
o
d
in
s
er
tio
n
,
th
er
e
ex
is
ts
a
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
im
p
e
r
ativ
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
y
s
p
an
n
in
g
3
to
5
y
ea
r
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
m
ater
ials
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
iller
s
.
Su
ch
an
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
an
eq
u
itab
le
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
co
m
m
er
cial
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
a
p
p
ar
at
u
s
es.
L
ai
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
a
r
e
v
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
m
ate
r
ials
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
lik
e
ze
o
lite,
p
er
lite,
an
d
v
er
m
icu
lite,
s
o
m
e
o
f
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
a
n
o
tab
le
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
r
etain
in
g
m
o
is
tu
r
e
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
il;
h
en
ce
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
ese
m
ater
ials
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
as
GE
Ms
f
o
r
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
in
t
o
GSs
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ce
r
tain
m
ate
r
ials
ex
am
in
ed
e
x
h
ib
ited
ce
r
t
ain
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
er
lite
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
a
m
a
r
k
ed
ly
lo
w
a
p
p
ar
e
n
t
d
en
s
ity
,
co
u
p
led
with
a
lim
i
ted
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
r
en
d
er
i
n
g
it
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
GE
M
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
ze
o
lite
ex
h
ib
ited
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
il
ty
p
es
an
d
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
e
less
,
v
er
m
icu
lite,
wh
ile
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eten
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
b
en
t
o
n
ite,
d
is
p
lay
ed
a
lo
w
p
o
r
o
s
ity
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
r
es
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ex
ter
n
al
wate
r
f
lo
w
in
to
th
e
s
o
il.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
at
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ater
ials
ev
alu
ated
,
ze
o
lite,
g
iv
en
its
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
c
o
u
ld
em
er
g
e
as
th
e
o
p
tim
al
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
GE
M
u
tili
za
tio
n
with
in
a
GS
Ah
m
ad
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
h
in
a
clay
an
d
s
ilica
s
an
d
,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
v
ar
y
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
b
en
t
o
n
ite,
as
GE
M
f
o
r
GS,
an
d
f
in
ally
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
at
b
en
to
n
ite
s
er
v
es
as
a
clea
r
in
d
i
ca
to
r
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
GS
wh
en
u
s
ed
as
a
f
iller
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
es
u
n
d
er
wen
t
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
test
in
g
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
an
d
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
f
in
ite
elem
en
t
m
eth
o
d
(
FEM
)
s
o
f
twar
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
GS
an
aly
s
is
,
ev
alu
atin
g
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lt
ag
es.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
t
h
ey
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
as
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
b
le
n
d
in
a
1
:1
r
ati
o
.
T
h
e
am
al
g
am
atio
n
o
f
s
ilica
s
an
d
a
n
d
b
en
t
o
n
ite
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
n
o
tab
le
3
0
%
d
ec
lin
e
in
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
len
d
s
o
f
C
h
in
es
e
clay
an
d
b
en
to
n
ite.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
FEM
s
o
f
twar
e
an
aly
s
is
u
n
v
eiled
th
at
th
e
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
ilica
p
ar
ticles
s
h
o
wca
s
ed
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
lev
el
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
h
in
ese
clay
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
ilica
s
an
d
ex
h
ib
ited
a
h
ei
g
h
ten
e
d
in
ten
s
ity
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
g
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
u
tu
r
e
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
s
id
er
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
test
s
u
n
d
er
h
u
m
i
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
h
y
s
ical
an
aly
s
es
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
r
esis
tiv
ity
u
s
in
g
a
GS
ar
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
en
co
m
p
ass
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
b
ey
o
n
d
m
er
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
u
b
jectin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
am
p
les
to
an
ag
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
with
test
s
r
ep
ea
ted
o
v
er
a
6
-
m
o
n
th
p
er
io
d
,
w
o
u
ld
e
n
ab
le
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
eir
d
i
v
er
s
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
b
y
E
d
u
f
u
l
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
s
h
o
wca
s
es
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
d
er
iv
ativ
e
f
r
o
m
p
alm
k
er
n
el
o
il
(
PKOC
)
as
a
GE
M
aim
in
g
to
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
il.
T
h
e
am
alg
am
atio
n
o
f
s
o
il,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
elec
tr
ic
al
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
with
PKOC
ex
h
ib
ited
a
n
o
tewo
r
t
h
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
o
v
er
an
ex
ten
d
e
d
d
u
r
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
b
len
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
esis
tan
ce
a
g
ain
s
t
ac
id
ic
an
d
alk
alin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
lo
w
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
,
with
g
r
ad
u
al
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
im
p
ac
ts
d
u
r
in
g
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
ch
em
ical
at
tr
ib
u
tes
o
f
th
is
b
len
d
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
s
cr
u
tin
y
at
a
s
o
il
m
ec
h
an
ics
r
esear
ch
ce
n
ter
,
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
m
er
cial
GE
Ms.
As
s
es
s
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
to
tal
n
itro
g
en
,
ca
r
b
o
n
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
,
p
o
tass
iu
m
,
ca
lciu
m
,
m
ag
n
esiu
m
,
an
d
p
H
ac
id
ity
lev
els.
T
h
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
r
elie
d
o
n
t
h
e
ad
ap
ted
W
alk
ley
an
d
B
lack
m
et
h
o
d
[
7
8
]
,
wh
ile
to
tal
n
itro
g
en
c
o
n
ten
t
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
Kj
eld
ah
l
d
ig
esti
o
n
an
d
d
is
till
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
So
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
was
g
au
g
ed
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
Fra
n
k
W
en
n
er
te
ch
n
iq
u
e.
Key
f
ac
to
r
s
id
en
tif
ied
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
PKOC
'
s
h
ig
h
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
,
m
o
is
tu
r
e
lev
els,
an
d
a
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
3
6
5
-
1
3
7
8
1372
p
H.
I
t'
s
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
th
at
PKO
C
ex
h
ib
ited
a
p
H
lev
el
o
f
5
.
1
3
,
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
co
p
p
er
elec
tr
o
d
e
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
ty
p
ically
o
cc
u
r
s
at
p
H
le
v
els
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
7
.
0
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ea
r
th
r
esis
tan
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
DE
T
5
/4
R
d
ig
ital
ea
r
th
test
er
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
d
r
o
p
m
eth
o
d
o
r
ad
h
er
in
g
to
th
e
"6
2
%"
r
u
le.
I
n
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
ea
r
th
r
esis
tan
ce
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
a
1
-
m
eter
elec
tr
o
d
e
was
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
to
s
o
il
with
a
r
es
is
tiv
ity
o
f
3
0
0
Ω
m
.
At
th
is
lev
el
o
f
r
esi
s
tiv
it
y
,
an
ea
r
th
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
2
3
6
Ω
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
o
il
with
in
th
e
cr
itical
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
1
-
m
eter
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
0
.
4
m
)
was
r
e
p
lace
d
with
PKOC
,
b
o
asti
n
g
a
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
5
.
7
Ω
m
.
T
h
is
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
y
ield
ed
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
r
esis
tan
ce
to
6
2
.
5
4
Ω
,
m
ar
k
in
g
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
7
3
%.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
m
en
tio
n
e
d
b
y
Ah
m
ad
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ly
u
s
ed
n
atu
r
al
GE
Ms
s
u
ch
as
s
alt,
s
an
d
,
lim
e,
ch
ar
co
al,
an
d
th
eir
m
ix
t
u
r
es
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
i
n
to
th
e
s
o
il,
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
ly
in
m
o
is
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
d
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ese
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
p
o
s
e
in
s
tallatio
n
ch
allen
g
es,
o
f
ten
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
d
ee
p
ex
ca
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e,
th
er
eb
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
co
s
ts
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
th
ey
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
i
n
s
talled
in
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
4
.
3
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
f
r
o
m
wa
s
t
e
t
o
im
pro
v
e
t
he
g
r
o
un
din
g
s
y
s
t
em
R
esid
u
al
m
ater
ials
en
co
m
p
ass
a
b
r
o
ad
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
d
er
iv
in
g
f
r
o
m
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
r
em
n
an
ts
,
u
r
b
an
r
ef
u
s
e,
a
n
d
d
eb
r
is
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
d
em
o
liti
o
n
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
g
a
r
n
er
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
s
o
lid
,
liq
u
id
,
o
r
g
aseo
u
s
r
esid
u
es,
aim
in
g
to
r
ep
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
r
r
ei
n
teg
r
ate
th
em
in
to
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
cy
cles
[
8
0
]
.
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
f
ly
ash
,
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
waste,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
GS.
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
m
ix
tu
r
es
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
f
ly
ash
,
ce
m
en
t,
an
d
wate
r
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
clu
d
in
g
f
l
y
ash
,
ce
m
en
t,
wate
r
,
an
d
s
alt.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
ix
tu
r
e
with
a
r
atio
o
f
1
:0
.
3
:0
.
3
r
e
v
ea
led
an
av
er
ag
e
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
ity
o
f
1
0
3
.
6
8
Ω
m
,
wh
ile
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
ix
tu
r
e
with
a
r
atio
o
f
1
:0
.
4
:0
.
3
:0
.
1
5
,
an
av
er
a
g
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
4
.
8
3
Ω
m
was
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
illu
s
tr
ated
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
f
ly
ash
alo
n
g
s
id
e
a
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
ag
en
t
s
u
ch
as
s
alt,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t to
s
o
il st
ab
ilizatio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
GS b
ar
s
,
lead
s
to
a
3
5
% r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ea
r
th
r
esis
tiv
ity
.
Ped
r
o
za
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
GE
M
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
two
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
wastes
:
co
al
ash
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
(
C
F)
an
d
g
y
p
s
u
m
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
d
e
m
o
liti
o
n
waste
(
PW
)
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
r
esh
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
m
an
ag
i
n
g
th
ese
r
esid
u
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
alter
n
ativ
e
t
o
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
m
m
er
cial
GE
Ms
a
im
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
I
n
itially
,
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
C
F
an
d
PW
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
lev
els
in
th
e
s
o
il.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
tr
ials
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
W
en
n
er
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
m
ix
tu
r
e
to
ascer
tain
its
tech
n
ical
v
iab
ilit
y
.
A
co
m
p
ar
a
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
was
th
en
co
n
d
u
cted
ag
ain
s
t
e
x
is
tin
g
m
a
r
k
et
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
b
len
d
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
7
0
%
C
F,
1
5
%
s
o
il,
an
d
1
5
%
P
W
waste.
T
h
is
b
len
d
m
ar
k
ed
ly
elev
ated
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
6
5
μ
S/cm
to
2
7
9
2
μ
S/cm
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
co
n
d
u
ct
f
u
r
t
h
er
tr
ials
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
m
ix
t
u
r
e
d
esig
n
s
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
d
u
r
ati
o
n
s
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
ed
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
p
r
ev
ailin
g
c
o
m
m
er
cial
p
r
o
d
u
c
ts
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
T
ad
za
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
a
n
in
q
u
ir
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
t
o
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ite
(
GR
)
an
d
ac
tiv
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
(
AC
)
as
alt
er
n
ativ
e
GE
Ms
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
GS.
Ag
g
r
eg
ate
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
was
g
au
g
ed
u
tili
zin
g
t
h
e
s
o
il
b
o
x
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e.
Fin
d
in
g
s
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
wate
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
an
d
cr
u
s
h
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
all
a
g
g
r
eg
ates
f
lu
ct
u
ated
o
v
er
tim
e,
s
tab
ilizin
g
at
th
e
14
-
d
a
y
m
a
r
k
.
Ag
g
r
e
g
ates
co
n
tain
in
g
GR
a
n
d
AC
e
x
h
ib
it
ed
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ities
o
f
4
9
.
2
0
an
d
1
8
5
Ω
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
1
2
.
7
0
Ω
m
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
a
g
g
r
eg
ates
u
tili
zin
g
co
m
m
er
cial
GE
Ms.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
GR
an
d
AC
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
en
h
an
ce
s
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
attr
ib
u
tes
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
GS
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
e
d
th
at,
g
en
er
ally
,
GR
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
AC
in
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
ti
v
ity
.
4
.
4
.
Chem
ic
a
l r
esis
t
iv
it
y
re
du
ct
io
n m
et
ho
ds
B
ey
o
n
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es u
tili
zin
g
m
ater
ials
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
o
r
ig
in
s
an
d
waste
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
ar
tific
ial
o
r
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
esis
tiv
it
y
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
2
4
]
,
[8
1
]
-
[
8
4
]
,
ch
em
ical
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
m
ater
ials
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ec
r
e
ase
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
b
u
t
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
lead
to
s
o
i
l
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
GS e
lectr
o
d
e.
W
h
en
em
p
lo
y
in
g
ch
em
ical
a
g
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
s
o
il
elec
tr
i
ca
l
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
th
er
e
b
y
d
im
in
is
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
elec
tr
o
ly
te
lik
e
s
o
d
iu
m
c
h
lo
r
id
e
,
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate,
co
p
p
er
s
u
lf
ate,
m
ag
n
esiu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e,
ca
lciu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e,
am
m
o
n
iu
m
ch
l
o
r
id
e,
o
r
s
im
ilar
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
GS
elec
tr
o
d
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
tem
p
o
r
a
r
ily
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
elec
tr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it'
s
cr
u
cial
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
at
th
ese
ch
e
m
icals
ca
n
b
e
wash
ed
awa
y
b
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
u
n
o
f
f
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
d
u
r
in
g
r
ain
y
p
e
r
io
d
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
ch
em
ical
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
is
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
,
last
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
flu
en
ce
o
f th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t m
a
teri
a
ls
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
…
(
Ma
r
tín
ez Á
n
g
el
es Hu
g
o
)
1373
an
y
wh
er
e
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
m
o
n
th
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
ev
er
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
3
y
ea
r
s
,
with
an
av
e
r
ag
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ty
p
ically
ar
o
u
n
d
2
y
ea
r
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
8
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
h
is
to
r
ical
an
al
y
s
es
C
am
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
,
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
s
cien
tis
ts
s
in
ce
th
e
1
9
4
0
s
,
as
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
to
r
m
s
wer
e
q
u
ite
c
o
m
m
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
at
tim
e,
co
u
p
le
d
with
g
r
o
win
g
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
f
o
r
s
af
ety
.
Du
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
esear
c
h
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
th
er
e
was
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
c
h
l
o
r
id
e
(
NaCl)
as a
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t m
ater
ial
[
3
2
]
.
Ah
m
ad
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
c
h
lo
r
id
e,
s
o
d
iu
m
th
i
o
s
u
lf
ate,
m
ag
n
esiu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e,
c
o
p
p
e
r
s
u
lf
ate
an
d
a
m
m
o
n
iu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e
as
s
o
il
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
m
ater
ials
.
I
t
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
ese
ch
em
ical
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
m
ater
ials
n
ea
r
t
h
e
GS
elec
tr
o
d
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
o
v
er
tim
e.
Af
ter
1
4
1
d
a
y
s
,
s
o
d
iu
m
c
h
lo
r
id
e
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
em
ical
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
m
ater
ial,
wh
ile
am
m
o
n
iu
m
ch
l
o
r
id
e
ex
h
i
b
ited
in
f
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
m
m
er
cial
GE
Ms.
Desp
ite
th
e
n
o
tab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
GS
g
r
o
u
n
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
with
s
o
d
iu
m
ch
l
o
r
id
e,
its
ch
em
ical
n
atu
r
e
r
en
d
e
r
s
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
v
iab
ilit
y
q
u
esti
o
n
ab
le.
Go
m
es
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
s
p
an
n
in
g
2
to
3
y
ea
r
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
ee
p
l
y
im
m
er
s
ed
g
alv
an
ized
ir
o
n
elec
tr
o
d
es
co
ated
with
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ill
m
ater
ials
in
clu
d
in
g
:
m
etal
o
x
id
e
p
o
wd
er
,
lim
esto
n
e,
s
o
d
iu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e,
b
en
to
n
ite,
ir
o
n
f
ilin
g
s
,
an
d
g
r
an
ite
p
o
wd
er
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ater
ial
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
th
e
m
etal
o
x
id
e
p
o
wd
er
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
8
Ω
m
.
T
h
is
m
ater
ial
was
th
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t
co
m
m
er
cially
av
ailab
le
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
GE
Ms,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
lev
els
s
ev
er
al
m
o
n
th
s
p
o
s
t
-
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
I
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
t
h
at
lim
esto
n
e
an
d
ir
o
n
f
ilin
g
s
ex
h
ib
ited
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
wh
ile
co
m
m
er
c
ially
av
ailab
le
n
atu
r
al
b
e
n
to
n
i
te
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
well,
y
ield
in
g
an
av
er
a
g
e
r
esis
tiv
it
y
o
f
3
Ω
m
in
th
e
GS.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
s
o
d
iu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e
,
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
So
u
th
Asi
a,
r
esu
lted
in
a
r
esi
s
tiv
ity
o
f
0
.
9
Ω
m
,
al
b
eit
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
lev
els
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
r
an
ite
p
o
wd
er
d
is
p
lay
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
esis
tiv
ity
at
2
4
Ω
m
.
No
tab
ly
,
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
en
n
e
r
Ar
r
a
y
m
e
th
o
d
,
with
wet
s
am
p
les,
as
r
es
is
tiv
ity
v
alu
es
ten
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
in
d
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Galv
an
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ev
alu
ated
s
ix
s
o
il e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
u
n
d
er
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
f
iv
e
b
ased
o
n
ch
em
ical
p
o
wd
er
s
a
n
d
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
c
o
n
cr
ete.
T
wo
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
f
ield
s
wer
e
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
,
o
n
e
o
n
v
o
lcan
ic
r
o
c
k
y
s
o
il
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
o
n
lim
esto
n
e
r
o
c
k
y
s
o
il,
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
to
wer
s
to
g
ath
er
p
r
ac
tical
d
ata
f
o
r
lig
h
tn
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
W
h
ile
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
e
x
h
ib
ited
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
lev
els,
o
th
er
s
s
h
o
wed
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
o
r
d
im
in
is
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
with
h
ig
h
er
r
esis
tiv
ities
.
Su
r
p
r
is
in
g
ly
,
th
e
co
n
c
r
ete
-
b
ased
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
o
m
e
c
h
em
ical
p
o
wd
er
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ce
r
tain
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
e
x
h
ib
it
ed
s
teep
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
v
er
tim
e,
p
o
s
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
p
o
ten
tial
s
p
ik
es
in
GS
r
esi
s
tan
ce
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ject
f
o
r
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
2
y
ea
r
s
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
P
r
esen
ts
q
u
alitativ
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
GE
Ms
[
2
6
]
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ar
ticles
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t,
o
r
g
a
n
ized
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
m
ate
r
ials
u
s
ed
as
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
GE
M
v
ar
ian
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
2
]
s
h
o
w
th
e
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
b
y
v
ar
i
o
u
s
au
th
o
r
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
th
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
GS
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
m
ater
ials
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
b
en
to
n
ite,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
m
a
ter
ials
s
u
ch
as
p
ig
m
an
u
r
e
o
r
C
h
in
a
cla
y
,
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
with
m
ater
ial
s
f
r
o
m
waste
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
s
o
m
e
ex
h
i
b
it
b
ette
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
h
el
p
en
h
an
c
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
th
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
ca
r
b
o
n
,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
a
p
h
ite
an
d
f
ly
ash
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
em
ical
m
ater
ials
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
co
n
tain
in
g
s
o
d
iu
m
as
u
s
ed
b
y
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
'
s
elec
tr
o
d
e.
As
p
er
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
au
th
o
r
s
,
wh
ile
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
esu
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h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
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tain
ed
,
th
e
y
o
f
ten
f
all
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
s
u
g
g
ested
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
test
s
o
n
th
e
s
am
p
les
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
ad
v
is
ab
le,
as
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
r
ain
o
r
s
u
n
lig
h
t c
o
u
ld
im
p
ac
t th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
th
e
GE
Ms a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
af
f
ec
t th
eir
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
ca
n
also
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
m
ater
ials
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
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e
th
o
s
e
d
er
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ed
f
r
o
m
ch
em
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r
ed
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ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
On
th
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th
er
h
an
d
,
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
al
s
o
o
f
f
er
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
wh
e
n
m
ix
ed
with
b
e
n
to
n
ite.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
ater
ials
f
r
o
m
waste
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
b
u
t
also
f
o
r
r
eu
s
in
g
waste,
th
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ec
o
lo
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
3
6
5
-
1
3
7
8
1374
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
m
ai
n
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
U
sed
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
M
a
i
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
Li
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
O
p
a
r
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
B
e
n
t
o
n
i
t
e
,
p
i
g
ma
n
u
r
e
,
c
h
a
r
c
o
a
l
a
m
a
l
g
a
m
w
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t
h
h
o
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se
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d
s
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l
t
P
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g
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n
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r
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p
r
o
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c
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d
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b
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t
r
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s
u
l
t
,
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e
d
u
c
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g
so
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l
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e
s
i
st
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v
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t
y
f
r
o
m
7
4
.
9
4
t
o
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.
2
6
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
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b
y
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e
n
t
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t
e
,
9
.
2
5
,
a
n
d
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l
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w
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h
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r
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o
a
l
,
1
0
.
8
7
P
i
g
ma
n
u
r
e
i
s
t
h
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mo
s
t
e
f
f
i
c
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t
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
,
b
u
t
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t
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
ses
o
v
e
r
t
i
me
,
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
s
a
l
t
l
e
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c
h
e
s
o
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t
,
a
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d
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r
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l
a
l
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a
c
h
i
e
v
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t
h
e
b
e
st
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
Jasn
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
R
i
c
e
p
o
w
d
e
r
,
c
l
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y
s
o
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l
,
c
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Lo
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La
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l
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[
2
0
]
Ze
o
l
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t
e
,
p
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l
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t
e
,
v
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mi
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Ze
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p
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si
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y
A
h
ma
d
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
C
h
i
n
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c
l
a
y
,
si
l
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c
a
s
a
n
d
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n
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2
2
]
P
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[
1
6
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F
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[
2
4
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S
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m c
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M
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[
2
6
]
C
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6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Var
io
u
s
ar
ticles
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ev
iewe
d
o
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t
h
e
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s
e
o
f
s
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-
e
n
h
a
n
cin
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ate
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ials
,
b
etter
k
n
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wn
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Ms,
an
d
th
e
in
f
lu
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t
h
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s
e
h
as
o
n
GS.
I
t
h
as
b
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n
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
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m
ater
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ls
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
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t
im
p
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t
o
n
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
t
h
e
GS.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
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tin
g
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
a
GS
is
t
h
e
s
o
il
its
elf
a
n
d
,
co
n
s
eq
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en
tly
,
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t,
as
well
as
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
ter
r
ain
.
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is
is
wh
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,
u
n
d
er
th
ese
a
d
v
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s
e
co
n
d
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n
s
,
m
ain
ly
in
s
an
d
y
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d
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k
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s
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ls
,
th
e
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s
e
o
f
a
GE
M
b
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o
m
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ess
ar
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to
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d
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th
e
im
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d
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o
f
th
e
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to
s
af
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v
alu
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T
h
e
d
if
f
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e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
GE
Ms
r
ep
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r
ted
b
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v
ar
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s
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
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b
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n
an
aly
z
ed
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in
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
d
er
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f
r
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m
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ia
ls
,
waste
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
ch
em
ical
m
ater
ials
.
I
t
i
s
f
o
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n
d
th
at
m
ater
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f
r
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m
ch
em
ical
s
o
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r
ce
s
ar
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
ig
n
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f
ican
tly
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d
u
cin
g
s
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il
r
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tiv
ity
.
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we
v
er
,
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h
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ater
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ten
d
to
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o
r
r
o
d
e
t
h
e
GS
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tr
o
d
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
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,
in
s
o
m
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
a
s
o
u
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ce
o
f
c
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n
tam
in
atio
n
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
o
il
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
On
th
e
o
th
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h
a
n
d
,
n
at
u
r
al
m
ater
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,
d
esp
ite
y
ield
in
g
g
o
o
d
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d
GS
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tiv
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v
alu
es
an
d
b
ein
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en
v
ir
o
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m
en
tally
f
r
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d
ly
,
as
well
as
b
en
ef
icial
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o
r
s
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il
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d
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o
s
y
s
tem
h
ea
lth
,
p
er
f
o
r
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b
etter
o
n
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
m
o
is
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
eir
life
s
p
an
is
s
o
m
etim
es
s
lig
h
tly
s
h
o
r
ter
th
an
GE
Ms
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ch
e
m
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ain
f
all
ten
d
to
wash
awa
y
th
ese
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