I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Ro
bo
t
ics a
nd
Aut
o
m
a
t
io
n
(
I
J
RA)
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
4
6
9
~
4
7
5
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jr
a
.
v
13
i
4
.
pp
4
6
9
-
475
469
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
r
a
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
An int
ro
duction
t
o
using
Q
R
codes
in web
porta
ls for
sy
nchro
nizing
calenda
r events
ov
er phones
I
nd
er
P
a
l Sing
h
Set
hi,
O
m
P
ra
dy
um
a
na
G
up
t
a
,
Su
lbh
a
B
ha
is
a
re
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esh
K
um
a
r
Dw
iv
edi,
M
is
ha
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a
po
o
r
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e
c
t
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c
Tr
a
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o
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g
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t
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n
a
l
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s
La
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r
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e
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a
l
)
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t
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o
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a
l
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n
f
o
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ma
t
i
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s
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i
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y
o
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El
e
c
t
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c
s
a
n
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o
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i
a
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w
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l
h
i
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n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
m
o
n
th
d
d
,
y
y
y
y
R
ev
is
ed
m
o
n
th
d
d
,
y
y
y
y
Acc
ep
ted
m
o
n
t
h
d
d
,
y
y
y
y
An
o
p
t
ica
l
lab
e
l
with
m
a
c
h
in
e
-
r
e
a
d
a
b
le
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
b
o
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t
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e
o
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jec
t
it
is
a
tt
a
c
h
e
d
to
is
c
a
ll
e
d
a
q
u
ick
re
sp
o
n
se
(QR)
c
o
d
e
.
QR
c
o
d
e
s
fre
q
u
e
n
tl
y
h
o
l
d
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
trac
k
e
r,
lo
c
a
to
r
,
o
r
id
e
n
ti
fier
t
h
a
t
d
irec
ts
u
se
rs
to
a
we
b
site
o
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
T
o
e
fficie
n
tl
y
st
o
re
d
a
ta,
a
QR
c
o
d
e
h
a
s
fo
u
r
sta
n
d
a
rd
ize
d
e
n
c
o
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
s:
k
a
n
ji
,
b
y
te
o
r
b
in
a
ry
,
a
lp
h
a
n
u
m
e
ric,
a
n
d
n
u
m
e
ric.
As
a
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
a
wid
e
ra
n
g
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
g
o
o
d
s
,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
tran
sa
c
ti
o
n
s,
a
d
s,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
p
u
b
li
c
n
o
ti
c
e
s,
t
h
e
QR
c
o
d
e
g
a
i
n
e
d
p
o
p
u
larity
.
I
n
o
u
r
we
b
p
o
rtal,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
Q
R
c
o
d
e
m
o
d
e
l
sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
ize
s
a
ll
th
e
e
v
e
n
t
d
e
tails
sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
sl
y
in
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
c
a
len
d
a
r.
QR
c
o
d
e
is
u
se
d
f
o
r
we
b
-
to
-
m
o
b
il
e
d
a
ta t
ra
n
sfe
r,
sa
v
i
n
g
e
v
e
n
t
s
o
r
m
e
e
ti
n
g
d
e
tails
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
c
a
len
d
a
r.
An
y
o
n
e
wit
h
a
sm
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
c
a
n
v
iew
th
e
d
a
ta
e
n
c
o
d
e
d
i
n
a
Q
R
c
o
d
e
b
y
sc
a
n
n
in
g
it
.
Al
th
o
u
g
h
it
m
a
k
e
s
it
e
a
sie
r
fo
r
e
n
d
u
se
rs
t
o
d
e
c
o
d
e
QR
c
o
d
e
s,
v
e
rify
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
ss
to
th
e
e
n
c
o
d
e
d
d
a
ta
is
a
c
a
u
se
fo
r
wo
rry
.
Ou
r
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
o
d
e
l
v
a
li
d
a
tes
a
c
c
e
ss
to
d
a
ta
th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
QR
c
o
d
e
,
a
ll
o
win
g
o
n
ly
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
p
e
rso
n
n
e
l
t
o
a
c
c
e
ss
d
a
ta.
To
e
n
s
u
re
a
c
c
e
ss
ib
il
it
y
c
o
n
tro
l
,
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
o
d
e
l
h
a
s
t
h
e
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
a
li
ty
o
f
a
o
n
e
-
ti
m
e
p
a
ss
wo
rd
(
OTP
)
th
a
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
se
c
u
rit
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
a
c
h
iev
e
d
a
n
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
sp
e
e
d
o
f
1
5
7
m
il
li
se
c
o
n
d
s wit
h
a
n
e
rro
r
ra
te o
f
0
.
3
8
%
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Mo
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
On
e
-
tim
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
(
OT
P)
Qu
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
d
e
(
QR
co
d
e)
Secr
et
d
ata
Sen
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
User
au
th
en
ticatio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
lb
h
a
B
h
aisar
e
E
lectr
o
n
ic
T
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
Ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
an
d
An
aly
s
is
L
ay
er
(
eT
aa
l)
,
Natio
n
al
I
n
f
o
r
m
atics C
en
tr
e,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t o
f
I
n
d
ia,
New
Delh
i,
I
n
d
ia
New
Delh
i,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
u
lb
h
a.
b
h
aisar
e@
n
ic.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Qu
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
d
es,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
QR
co
d
es,
ar
e
m
ac
h
in
e
-
r
ea
d
ab
le
o
p
tical
lab
els
th
at
in
clu
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
elate
d
it
em
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
au
t
o
m
o
tiv
e
s
ec
to
r
was
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
ad
o
p
t
th
e
QR
s
y
s
tem
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
q
u
ick
r
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
lar
g
er
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
wh
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
UPC
b
ar
co
d
es
[
2
]
.
Pro
d
u
ct
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
item
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
tim
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
g
en
er
al
m
ar
k
etin
g
a
r
e
a
f
ew
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
o
n
ly
co
d
e
d
in
o
n
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
o
r
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
b
ar
co
d
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
en
co
d
ed
in
two
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
a
QR
co
d
e:
v
er
tically
an
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
.
I
t
is
ea
s
ily
r
ea
d
ab
le
an
d
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
A
QR
co
d
e
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
b
lac
k
s
q
u
ar
es
p
lace
d
in
a
s
q
u
ar
e
g
r
id
o
n
a
wh
ite
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
A
ca
m
er
a
o
r
o
th
er
im
ag
in
g
d
ev
ice
ca
n
r
ea
d
th
is
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t,
an
d
th
e
R
ee
d
-
So
lo
m
o
n
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
5
]
is
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
im
ag
e
u
n
til
it
c
an
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
co
r
r
ec
tly
[
6
]
.
Nex
t,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
is
tak
en
o
u
t
o
f
p
atter
n
s
s
ee
n
in
th
e
im
ag
e
’
s
v
er
tical
an
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
4
6
9
-
4
7
5
470
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
OT
P
-
b
ased
QR
co
d
es
f
o
r
web
p
o
r
tals
th
at
co
n
tain
all
t
h
e
ev
en
t
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
a
d
a
y
.
User
s
n
ee
d
to
s
ca
n
th
e
QR
co
d
e
th
at
p
r
o
m
p
ts
th
em
to
en
ter
th
e
one
-
tim
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
(
OT
P
)
to
au
th
e
n
ticate
th
e
u
s
er
s
’
p
h
o
n
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
On
en
ter
in
g
t
h
e
OT
P,
all
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
s
y
n
ce
d
an
d
s
av
ed
in
th
e
m
o
b
ile
’
s
d
ef
au
lt c
alen
d
a
r
[
8
]
.
An
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
allo
ws
u
s
er
s
to
m
an
ag
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
d
aily
a
ctiv
ities
is
av
ailab
le
o
n
b
o
th
d
esk
to
p
an
d
m
o
b
ile.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
m
o
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
s
y
n
c
ev
en
ts
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
ts
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
C
alen
d
ar
s
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le,
Ou
tlo
o
k
,
an
d
iOS.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
y
n
cin
g
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
d
etails
s
av
ed
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
with
th
e
d
ef
au
lt
ca
len
d
ar
a
p
p
(
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices)
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
a
n
d
r
e
m
ain
s
a
ch
allen
g
e
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Q
uic
k
re
s
po
ns
e
(
Q
R)
co
de
J
ap
an
’
s
Den
s
o
W
av
e
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
v
e
n
ted
QR
co
d
es
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
1
9
9
4
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
y
o
ta
’
s
p
ar
en
t
b
u
s
in
ess
is
Den
s
o
W
av
e.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
QR
co
d
es
was
to
h
elp
au
to
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
k
ee
p
tr
ac
k
o
f
th
ei
r
in
v
en
to
r
y
o
f
au
t
o
m
o
tiv
e
p
ar
ts
.
I
n
an
e
f
f
o
r
t
to
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
wid
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
QR
co
d
es,
Den
s
o
W
av
e
an
n
o
u
n
ce
d
th
at
it
will
n
o
t
e
x
e
r
cise
its
o
p
tio
n
to
k
ee
p
th
e
p
a
ten
t
r
ig
h
ts
to
th
e
c
o
d
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
QR
co
d
es
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
p
u
b
li
c
co
d
e
th
at
m
a
y
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
with
o
u
t e
x
p
en
s
e
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
o
v
er
p
aten
t iss
u
es.
A
m
atr
ix
c
o
d
e
is
a
QR
co
d
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
atch
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
lik
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
s
to
r
e
a
lar
g
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
ata
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
t
it
q
u
ic
k
ly
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
n
e
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
b
ar
co
d
es.
W
h
e
n
cr
ea
tin
g
two
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
m
at
r
ix
co
d
es,
th
ese
two
f
a
cto
r
s
a
r
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
u
cial
wh
e
n
a
b
a
r
co
d
e
h
o
ld
s
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Peo
p
le
d
o
n
’
t
k
n
o
w
if
a
QR
co
d
e
will
lead
th
em
to
a
web
s
ite
c
o
n
tain
in
g
m
alwa
r
e
o
r
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
all
th
ey
s
ee
is
a
s
q
u
ar
e
b
ar
co
d
e
with
a
u
n
iq
u
e
d
esig
n
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
a
QR
co
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
r
elate
d
to
lectu
r
er
s
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
o
r
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
,
an
d
is
r
ap
id
ly
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
.
A
g
r
o
win
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
ac
q
u
ain
ted
with
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
u
tili
zin
g
it
s
en
s
ib
ly
.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
es,
s
o
d
o
es
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
i
ty
o
f
QR
co
d
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
q
u
i
ck
ly
g
ai
n
in
g
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
.
Giv
en
h
o
w
wid
ely
u
s
ed
QR
co
d
es a
r
e,
th
e
ir
p
r
o
tectiv
e
asp
ec
t is ess
en
tial f
o
r
is
s
u
es lik
e
d
ata
tam
p
er
i
n
g
an
d
leak
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
n
tain
ed
i
n
QR
co
d
es c
an
b
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
s
en
d
i
n
g
p
r
iv
at
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lik
e
co
u
p
o
n
s
,
e
-
t
ick
ets,
an
d
o
th
er
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
v
ia
QR
co
d
es,
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ar
e
r
aised
d
esp
ite
th
e
ea
s
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
ec
au
s
e
QR
co
d
es
ar
e
m
o
d
u
le
-
o
r
ien
ted
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
p
ix
el
-
o
r
ien
ted
,
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ec
r
et
h
id
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
u
s
e
with
Q
R
co
d
es.
An
y
b
ar
co
d
e
d
ec
o
d
er
m
ay
ac
cu
r
ately
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
o
r
d
in
a
r
y
d
ata
co
n
ten
t
(
e.
g
.
,
UR
L
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
QR
co
d
e;
th
is
d
o
es
n
o
t
im
p
ac
t
th
e
s
ca
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
d
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
ec
r
et
k
e
y
is
th
e
s
o
le
way
f
o
r
a
u
th
o
r
ized
p
e
o
p
le
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
h
id
d
en
co
n
f
id
en
tial
d
ata.
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
QR
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ar
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
an
d
s
af
e
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
is
p
lan
n
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
2
]
.
2.
2
.
P
a
s
s
wo
rd
-
ba
s
ed
a
uthen
t
ica
t
io
n
T
h
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
g
r
o
u
p
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
u
s
er
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
:
i)
wh
at
y
o
u
k
n
o
w
(
p
ass
wo
r
d
an
d
u
s
er
n
am
e)
,
ii)
wh
at
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
(
s
m
ar
t
ca
r
d
s
)
,
an
d
iii)
wh
at
y
o
u
ar
e
(
f
in
g
er
p
r
in
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
an
d
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
au
th
en
ticatio
n
is
p
ass
wo
r
d
-
b
a
s
ed
au
th
en
ticatio
n
,
s
o
m
etim
es
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
“
one
-
f
ac
to
r
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
”
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
h
as
ce
r
tain
in
h
er
en
t
b
e
n
ef
its
an
d
u
s
es,
b
u
t
th
er
e
ar
e
also
clea
r
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
:
Us
er
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
r
e
p
ea
t
th
eir
p
a
s
s
wo
r
d
s
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
web
s
ites
an
d
u
s
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
s
th
at
ar
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
wa
r
d
an
d
q
u
ick
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
ce
r
tain
attac
k
er
s
m
ay
b
e
a
b
le
to
o
b
tain
a
u
s
er
’
s
p
ass
wo
r
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
is
h
in
g
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
g
u
ess
in
g
at
tem
p
ts
.
I
n
th
e
in
ter
im
,
t
h
e
s
er
v
er
k
ee
p
s
a
lo
t
o
f
d
ata
u
n
e
n
cr
y
p
ted
,
wh
ic
h
is
e
asil
y
tak
en
b
y
h
ac
k
er
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
’
s
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
u
l
d
jeo
p
ar
d
ize
th
e
cr
u
cial
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
[
1
5
]
.
Var
io
u
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
a
ttem
p
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
th
e
id
ea
o
f
OT
P
-
b
ased
au
th
en
ticatio
n
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
6
]
.
As
th
e
n
am
e
im
p
lies
,
an
OT
P
au
th
en
ticatio
n
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
er
v
er
to
k
ee
p
tr
ac
k
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
p
ass
w
o
r
d
tab
le
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
p
ass
wo
r
d
th
at
is
o
n
ly
v
alid
f
o
r
a
s
et
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e.
I
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
y
t
h
war
tin
g
d
ictio
n
ar
y
an
d
p
ass
wo
r
d
-
g
u
ess
in
g
attac
k
s
[
1
7
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
a
OT
P
is
cr
ea
ted
i
n
r
elatio
n
t
o
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
if
f
icu
l
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
er
v
in
g
as a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
u
n
ctio
n
to
aid
i
n
th
e
co
m
p
l
etio
n
o
f
th
e
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
1
8
]
.
2.
3
.
O
T
P
-
ba
s
ed
a
uthent
ica
t
i
o
n
An
au
to
m
atica
lly
g
en
e
r
ated
s
ec
r
et
wo
r
d
,
eith
er
n
u
m
er
ic
o
r
alp
h
an
u
m
er
ic,
k
n
o
wn
as
a
n
OT
P,
is
u
s
ed
to
v
er
if
y
a
u
s
er
’
s
id
en
tity
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
o
r
lo
g
in
s
ess
io
n
.
OT
P
s
ec
u
r
ity
to
k
en
s
ar
e
p
o
ck
et
-
s
ized
k
ey
f
o
b
s
o
r
s
m
ar
t
ca
r
d
s
with
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
th
at
g
en
er
ate
an
alp
h
a
n
u
m
er
ic
o
r
n
u
m
er
ic
co
d
e
to
v
er
if
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
r
s
tr
in
g
[
6
]
.
B
ased
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
to
k
en
is
m
a
d
e,
th
is
s
ec
r
et
co
d
e
is
r
eset
ev
er
y
3
0
o
r
6
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
A
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
u
s
in
g
QR
c
o
d
es in
w
eb
p
o
r
ta
ls
fo
r
s
yn
ch
r
o
n
iz
in
g
ca
len
d
a
r
… (
I
n
d
er P
a
l
S
in
g
h
S
eth
i
)
471
A
d
ev
ice
th
at
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
a
n
OT
P
u
s
in
g
a
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
k
ey
s
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
u
s
er
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
k
ey
s
,
a
co
n
f
i
r
m
atio
n
s
er
v
er
o
n
th
e
s
er
v
e
r
s
id
e
ca
n
v
er
if
y
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ec
r
et
k
ey
.
I
n
s
id
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
is
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
b
y
th
e
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
s
er
v
e
r
an
d
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
OT
P
ap
p
licatio
n
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
OT
P
-
b
ased
v
alid
atio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
T
h
e
h
ash
ed
m
ess
ag
e
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
c
o
d
e
(
HM
AC
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
OT
Ps
alo
n
g
with
a
m
o
v
in
g
elem
e
n
t,
s
u
ch
as
o
cc
asio
n
co
u
n
ter
s
o
r
tim
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
:
tim
e
-
b
ased
o
n
e
-
tim
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
(
T
OT
P)
an
d
HM
AC
-
b
ased
one
-
tim
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
(
HOT
P).
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
th
e
OT
P
v
alu
es
h
av
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
tim
estam
p
s
.
A
co
m
m
itted
ap
p
licatio
n
o
n
th
e
en
d
p
o
i
n
t,
an
em
ail,
o
r
a
n
SMS
-
b
ased
in
s
tan
t m
ess
ag
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
way
s
th
at
a
clien
t c
an
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
one
-
tim
e
s
ec
r
et
wo
r
d
[
1
9
]
.
W
ith
s
ec
r
et
k
ey
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
th
e
o
n
e
-
tim
e
s
ec
r
et
p
h
r
ase
k
ee
p
s
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
itfa
lls
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
b
y
I
T
ch
air
m
e
n
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
ey
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
to
wo
r
r
y
ab
o
u
t
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
g
u
id
elin
es,
u
s
in
g
wea
k
o
r
k
n
o
wn
p
ass
wo
r
d
s
,
ex
c
h
an
g
in
g
lo
g
i
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
o
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
ec
r
et
p
ass
wo
r
d
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
er
al
d
atab
ases
an
d
s
er
v
ices.
On
e
m
o
r
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
OT
P
s
is
t
h
at
th
ey
ex
p
ir
e
in
a
m
atter
o
f
m
in
u
tes,
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
h
ac
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
b
tai
n
in
g
th
e
s
ec
r
et
co
d
es a
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
em
ag
ai
n
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fo
r
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
w
e
cr
ea
te
a
s
y
s
tem
o
r
web
p
o
r
tal
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
t
h
e
u
s
er
s
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
eir
ev
e
n
ts
o
r
m
e
etin
g
s
with
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
m
o
b
ile
with
o
u
t p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
y
lo
g
in
ac
tiv
ity
.
a.
L
o
g
in
p
h
ase
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
in
th
e
lo
g
in
p
h
ase.
−
Step
1
.
User
s
s
en
d
a
lo
g
in
r
eq
u
est with
en
cr
y
p
ted
cr
ed
en
tial
s
to
a
s
er
v
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
web
p
o
r
tal
(
d
esk
to
p
)
.
−
Step
2
.
T
h
e
s
er
v
e
r
au
th
e
n
ticates th
e
u
s
er
−
Step
3
.
User
s
cr
ea
te
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
ts
-
ev
en
ts
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
User
s
wan
t
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
eir
web
p
o
r
tal
m
ee
tin
g
o
r
e
v
en
ts
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
m
o
b
il
e
d
ev
ices
with
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
y
lo
g
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
am
e
ca
s
e
,
th
e
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
to
au
th
en
ticate
th
eir
d
ev
ices.
Fo
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
au
th
en
ticatio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
wh
en
ev
er
u
s
er
s
s
tar
t
s
ca
n
n
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
QR
co
d
e
,
th
ey
g
et
OT
P
o
n
th
eir
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice.
b.
Au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
h
ase
−
Step
1
.
On
th
e
web
p
o
r
tal
af
te
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
lo
g
in
‘
u
s
er
s
’
h
av
e
to
click
a
QR
co
d
e
b
u
tto
n
to
g
en
er
ate
a
QR
co
d
e
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
QR
co
d
e
b
u
tto
n
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
a
n
d
d
is
p
lay
in
g
QR
co
d
e
[
2
3
]
−
Step
2
.
User
s
s
ca
n
th
e
OT
P
-
b
ased
QR
co
d
es,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
as
s
o
o
n
as
th
e
u
s
er
s
s
ca
n
th
e
Q
R
co
d
e
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
ask
f
o
r
OT
P
th
en
th
e
u
s
er
s
n
ee
d
t
o
en
ter
OT
P
wh
ich
was
s
en
t
t
o
au
th
en
ticate
th
e
d
ev
ices a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
4
6
9
-
4
7
5
472
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
OT
P
-
b
ased
QR
co
d
e
f
o
r
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
r
tal
s
cr
ee
n
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices f
o
r
OT
P
−
Step
3
.
Af
te
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
OT
P,
u
s
er
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
d
o
wn
lo
a
d
t
h
e
f
ile
f
o
r
m
atted
I
C
S
(
.
ics
)
[
2
4
]
.
−
Step
4
.
Af
ter
d
o
w
n
lo
ad
in
g
t
h
e
I
C
S
f
iles
,
u
s
er
s
n
ee
d
to
ad
d
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
ca
len
d
ar
s
o
n
th
e
ir
m
o
b
il
e
d
ev
ice
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
an
d
th
e
n
th
e
I
C
S
f
ile
s
in
th
e
p
h
o
n
e
ca
le
n
d
ar
s
ask
to
a
d
d
all
ev
en
ts
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
h
o
n
e
ca
len
d
ar
af
ter
a
d
d
in
g
an
ev
en
t
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ad
d
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
ca
len
d
ar
to
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
An
I
C
S
f
ile
in
th
e
p
h
o
n
e
ca
len
d
a
r
to
ad
d
all
ev
en
ts
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
A
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
u
s
in
g
QR
c
o
d
es in
w
eb
p
o
r
ta
ls
fo
r
s
yn
ch
r
o
n
iz
in
g
ca
len
d
a
r
… (
I
n
d
er P
a
l
S
in
g
h
S
eth
i
)
473
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ph
o
n
e
ca
len
d
ar
af
ter
ad
d
in
g
an
ev
e
n
t
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
OT
P
Q
R
c
o
d
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
A
co
m
p
u
ter
,
a
u
s
er
,
a
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e,
an
d
a
r
em
o
te
s
er
v
er
ar
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
en
titi
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
s
ch
em
e
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
ad
o
p
ts
an
OT
P
QR
c
o
d
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
au
th
en
ticatio
n
.
Ou
r
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
s
af
e,
an
d
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
an
d
it
h
as g
r
e
at
p
r
ac
tical
v
alu
e.
I
n
o
u
r
web
p
o
r
tal,
th
e
OT
P
au
th
en
ticatio
n
-
b
ased
QR
co
d
e
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
all
th
e
ev
en
t
d
etails
an
d
ad
d
all
ev
en
ts
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
s
to
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
ca
len
d
ar
,
QR
co
d
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
web
p
o
r
tals
to
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
s
av
es
ev
en
t
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
d
etails
to
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ca
len
d
ar
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
an
y
p
o
r
tal
au
th
en
ticatio
n
o
n
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice.
An
y
u
s
er
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
d
ata
s
to
r
ed
in
a
Q
R
co
d
e
b
y
s
ca
n
n
in
g
it
with
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
o
r
o
th
er
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
m
ak
es
d
ec
o
d
in
g
QR
co
d
es
ea
s
i
er
f
o
r
en
d
u
s
er
s
,
it
is
also
a
w
o
r
r
y
if
y
o
u
wis
h
to
lim
it
wh
o
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
e
n
co
d
ed
d
ata.
Yo
u
r
QR
co
d
e
’
s
d
ata
is
r
estricte
d
b
y
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
s
o
th
at
o
n
ly
au
th
o
r
ized
w
o
r
k
er
s
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
it.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
OT
P
-
p
r
o
tecte
d
QR
co
d
es,
o
u
r
web
p
o
r
tal
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
en
ab
les
u
s
er
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
tal
t
o
s
ca
n
OT
P
-
p
r
o
tecte
d
QR
co
d
es a
n
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ize
all
th
eir
m
ee
t
in
g
o
r
ev
e
n
t
d
etails
in
th
eir
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
ca
len
d
a
r
an
d
s
en
d
u
s
er
n
o
tific
atio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ev
e
n
t
f
if
teen
m
in
u
tes
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
ee
tin
g
o
r
ev
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P.
-
Y
.
Li
n
,
W
.
-
S
.
La
n
,
Y
.
-
H
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
W
.
-
C
.
W
u
,
“
A
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
Q
R
c
o
d
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
e
r
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
,
”
En
t
r
o
p
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
2
8
4
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
2
4
0
2
0
2
8
4
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
i
sh
r
a
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
t
h
u
r
i
a
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
Q
R
c
o
d
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
1
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
1
2
0
/
i
j
c
a
2
0
1
7
9
1
3
7
3
9
.
[
3
]
K
.
K
r
o
mb
h
o
l
z
,
P
.
F
r
u
h
w
i
r
t
,
T
.
R
i
e
d
e
r
,
I
.
K
a
p
s
a
l
i
s,
J
.
U
l
l
r
i
c
h
,
a
n
d
E.
W
e
i
p
p
l
,
“
Q
R
c
o
d
e
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
--
h
o
w
se
c
u
r
e
a
n
d
u
sa
b
l
e
a
p
p
s
c
a
n
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
u
s
e
r
s
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
ma
l
i
c
i
o
u
s
Q
R
c
o
d
e
s,
”
i
n
2
0
1
5
1
0
t
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Av
a
i
l
a
b
i
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