I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
6
5
3
8
~
6
5
5
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
14
i
6
.
pp
6
5
3
8
-
6
5
5
0
6538
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A comp
rehe
nsiv
e
v
erification o
f
the
header
forma
t
a
nd
ba
ndwidth
ut
iliza
tion to de
tec
t
dist
ributed
denial o
f
serv
ice
a
tt
a
ck in
v
ehi
cula
r
a
d
ho
c ne
twork
Arun Si
ng
h K
a
ura
v
,
K
.
Srini
v
a
s
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
K
o
n
e
r
u
La
k
s
h
ma
i
a
h
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
7
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 2
7
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
6
,
2
0
2
4
Ve
h
icu
lar
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
(VA
NE
T)
is
a
p
r
o
m
isin
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
traffic
o
n
ro
a
d
s.
No
wa
d
a
y
s,
h
e
a
v
y
traffic
is
a
m
a
jo
r
issu
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
a
tt
a
c
k
e
rs
e
x
a
c
e
rb
a
tes
th
e
situ
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
st
im
p
o
rtan
t
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
i
n
VA
NET
is
it
s
se
c
u
rit
y
fr
o
m
m
a
li
c
io
u
s
v
e
h
icle
s.
In
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
d
e
fe
n
d
a
g
a
in
st
d
istri
b
u
te
d
d
e
n
ial
o
f
se
rv
ice
DD
o
S
a
t
tac
k
s,
we
p
ro
p
o
se
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
v
e
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
h
e
a
d
e
r
fo
rm
a
t
b
a
n
d
wi
d
t
h
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
(CVH
B)
in
VA
NET.
T
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
DD
o
S
a
tt
a
c
k
is
u
n
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
a
ll
th
e
o
th
e
r
n
o
rm
a
l
n
o
d
e
s
in
n
e
two
r
k
.
Th
e
h
e
a
d
e
r
fo
rm
a
t
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
r
c
o
n
tai
n
s
a
ll
t
h
e
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
n
g
in
ro
u
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
a
t
tac
k
e
r
in
fe
c
ti
o
n
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
m
e
a
su
re
d
b
y
a
n
d
o
r
(
>
0
.
9
)
.
If
b
o
th
t
h
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
a
re
h
ig
h
m
e
a
n
s
a
tt
a
c
k
e
r
p
re
se
n
c
e
c
o
n
firm
in
n
e
two
rk
.
Th
e
CVH
B
s
c
h
e
m
e
c
h
e
c
k
s
th
e
p
a
c
k
e
t
h
e
a
d
e
r
fo
rm
a
t
o
f
th
e
a
tt
a
c
k
e
r
n
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
th
e
a
tt
a
c
k
e
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
wh
o
se
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
is
fre
q
u
e
n
tl
y
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
.
S
o
,
CVH
B
b
l
o
c
k
s
th
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
f
u
n
wa
n
ted
p
a
c
k
e
ts
th
a
t
c
o
n
su
m
e
t
h
e
li
m
it
e
d
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
o
f
a
wire
les
s
li
n
k
a
n
d
id
e
n
ti
f
y
p
a
c
k
e
ts
th
a
t
c
o
n
tain
n
o
u
se
fu
l
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
.
To
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
two
r
k
,
t
h
e
b
a
sic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
e
tri
c
s
th
a
t
a
re
u
se
d
a
re
d
ro
p
p
i
n
g
p
e
rc
e
n
tag
e
,
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
li
v
e
ry
ra
ti
o
(P
DR),
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
n
d
d
e
lay
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
o
f
CVH
B
is
sh
o
wi
n
g
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
m
u
lt
il
a
y
e
r
d
istri
b
u
ted
se
lf
-
o
rg
a
n
izin
g
m
a
p
s
(
M
S
OM)
i
n
VA
NET.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
o
f
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
d
en
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ice
R
o
u
tin
g
Secu
r
ity
Veh
icu
lar
ad
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ar
u
n
Sin
g
h
Kau
r
av
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
an
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
K
o
n
er
u
L
ak
s
h
m
aiah
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
R
o
o
m
n
o
.
F
-
3
0
2
,
Staf
f
Qu
ar
te
r
s
,
Gu
r
u
Nan
a
k
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
H
y
d
er
ab
a
d
,
T
elan
g
an
a
5
0
1
5
0
6
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
ar
u
n
.
s
in
g
h
@
k
lh
.
e
d
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Veh
icu
lar
ad
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
(
V
ANE
T
)
is
a
s
o
r
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
in
wh
ich
v
eh
icle
n
o
d
es
co
n
n
e
ct
with
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
i
n
a
m
u
ltih
o
p
f
ash
i
o
n
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
[
1
]
.
VANE
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
m
ajo
r
ly
class
if
ied
as
eith
er
s
af
e
o
r
u
n
s
af
e.
I
n
n
atu
r
e,
s
af
ety
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
ex
tr
em
ely
s
ig
n
if
ican
t b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
tied
to
u
s
er
s
an
d
th
eir
liv
es.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
g
i
v
e
war
n
in
g
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
d
r
iv
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
a
p
o
s
t
-
cr
ash
n
o
ti
ce
o
n
a
ce
r
tain
r
o
ad
[
2
]
.
E
ac
h
v
eh
icle
on
-
b
o
ar
d
u
n
i
t
(
OB
U)
is
lin
k
ed
to
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
to
e
x
ch
an
g
e
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
o
th
er
d
ata,
an
d
it
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
e
OB
U
s
o
f
o
t
h
er
v
eh
icles
an
d
n
ea
r
b
y
r
o
ad
s
id
e
u
n
its
(
R
SU
s
)
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
er
v
ices
o
f
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
in
-
v
e
h
icle
s
er
v
ices
o
f
f
er
s
n
ew
is
s
u
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
v
eh
icle
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
v
eh
icu
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Veh
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V
to
V)
an
d
v
eh
icle
to
R
SU o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V
to
R
SU
o
r
I
)
ar
e
two
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
s
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
d
ata
r
ate
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
in
q
u
ic
k
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
r
eq
u
esto
r
v
eh
icl
e.
T
h
e
q
u
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ea
n
s
tr
ailin
g
v
eh
icles a
r
e
av
o
id
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tr
af
f
ic
jam
m
in
g
o
n
r
o
a
d
s
a
n
d
also
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ic
e
(
Q
o
S)
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
[
3
]
.
Veh
icle
-
to
-
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
allo
w
au
to
m
o
b
ile
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
I
n
te
r
n
et
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
o
ad
s
id
e
b
ase
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
ve
r
ifica
tio
n
o
f th
e
h
ea
d
er fo
r
ma
t a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
u
tili
z
a
tio
n
…
(
A
r
u
n
S
in
g
h
K
a
u
r
a
v
)
6539
s
tatio
n
(
B
S).
I
n
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
c
h
an
d
test
in
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
e
v
elo
p
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V
to
I
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
-
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
we
ath
er
u
p
d
ates
[
4
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
o
ted
to
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
r
ad
io
-
b
ased
(
V
to
V)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
lik
e
d
ed
icate
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
a
n
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
(
DSR
C
)
[
5
]
,
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ac
tiv
e
s
af
ety
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
p
lay
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
th
e
r
v
eh
icles,
a
n
d
ea
ch
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l h
as
its
o
wn
r
o
u
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
R
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
attac
k
s
.
Secu
r
ity
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
h
allen
g
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
an
attac
k
er
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
is
v
er
y
h
ar
m
f
u
l
to
all
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
d
es
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
a
ttack
er
'
s
p
r
esen
ce
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
o
r
f
iles
.
A
VANE
T
is
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
Mo
b
ile
Ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
(
MA
NE
T
)
,
an
d
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
e
n
ial
of
s
er
v
ice
(
DDo
S)
n
o
d
e
attac
k
is
to
g
en
er
ate
u
n
wa
n
ted
p
ac
k
ets
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
b
an
d
wid
th
e
x
h
au
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
P
b
)
a
n
d
m
em
o
r
y
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
(
P
m
)
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
attac
k
er
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
two
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
in
co
m
in
g
an
d
o
u
t
g
o
in
g
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
b
y
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es
ar
e
also
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
a
n
attac
k
e
r
'
s
f
lo
o
d
in
g
in
a
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
n
etwo
r
k
b
ec
au
s
e
f
l
o
o
d
in
g
is
m
o
r
e
in
h
ig
h
er
d
ata
r
ate
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
v
eh
icle
to
v
e
h
icle
an
d
v
eh
icle
to
R
SU o
r
I
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
v
eh
icles
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
s
en
d
r
eq
u
ests
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
th
er
v
eh
i
cles,
wh
ich
ca
n
th
en
d
ec
id
e
wh
eth
er
to
tak
e
a
r
o
u
te
d
iv
er
s
io
n
o
r
co
n
tin
u
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
ath
.
T
h
e
R
SU
is
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
u
n
it
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
tr
a
f
f
ic
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
i
n
d
ir
ec
tly
g
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
t
r
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
o
f
o
r
war
d
t
o
th
e
n
e
x
t RS
U
in
VANE
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
V
to
R
SU a
n
d
V
to
V
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
VANE
T
T
h
e
attac
k
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
d
estru
ct
io
n
an
d
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es'
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
E
v
en
tu
ally
,
leg
itima
te
u
s
er
s
will
b
e
u
n
a
b
le
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
DD
OS
is
n
o
t
to
ler
ate
d
in
th
e
VANE
T
b
ec
au
s
e
tim
ely
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
life
-
c
r
itical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
DDOS
ass
au
lts
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
b
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
el
jam
m
in
g
,
n
etwo
r
k
o
v
er
lo
a
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
VANE
T
s
in
v
o
lv
es
all
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
n
o
d
es.
B
ec
au
s
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
c
an
n
o
t
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
VANE
T
.
VANE
T
p
r
o
to
co
ls
wer
e
cr
ea
t
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
less
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
n
etwo
r
k
.
R
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
n
o
r
m
ally
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ea
r
b
y
av
ailab
le
v
eh
icles
an
d
r
e
p
ly
b
y
th
e
v
eh
icles
th
o
s
e
ar
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
r
o
u
tin
g
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
attac
k
e
r
in
jects
o
r
d
r
o
p
s
u
n
wan
ted
p
ac
k
ets
in
to
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
'
s
g
o
al
is
to
s
im
p
ly
d
iv
er
t
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
tr
a
f
f
ic
o
n
r
o
ad
s
b
y
in
ter
f
er
in
g
with
n
o
r
m
al
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
s
ev
en
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
is
d
escr
ib
e
d
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tatem
en
t.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ag
a
in
s
t D
Do
S a
ttack
to
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Simu
latio
n
to
o
l
an
d
s
im
u
lati
o
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
Sectio
n
6
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
aly
s
is
.
C
o
n
clu
s
io
n
with
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
is
m
en
tio
n
e
d
s
ec
tio
n
7.
T
ab
le
1
(
s
ee
in
ap
p
e
n
d
ix
)
[
1
6
]
–
[
2
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
liter
a
tu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i.e
.
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
VA
NE
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
also
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
,
th
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
u
tu
r
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
ea
r
li
er
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
also
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
f
o
cu
s
es
p
r
im
a
r
ily
o
n
d
etec
tin
g
a
n
d
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
th
e
d
e
n
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
(
Do
S)
b
y
v
er
if
y
in
g
th
e
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
a
n
d
b
an
d
wid
t
h
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
e
d
in
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
a
v
er
ag
e
d
elay
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Do
S p
ac
k
ets s
p
r
ea
d
in
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
DDOS
attac
k
er
s
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
DDo
S
af
f
ec
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
s
in
g
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
,
b
u
t
also
m
u
lti
p
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
s
ed
i
n
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
attac
k
is
th
e
m
ajo
r
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
o
u
te.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
DDo
S p
r
o
tectio
n
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
b
u
f
f
e
r
s
p
ac
e
jam
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Veh
icles
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
u
tili
za
tio
n
fr
o
m
a
co
n
n
ec
ted
R
SU,
wh
ich
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
r
u
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
an
y
v
e
h
icle
to
o
th
er
v
eh
icles.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
5
3
8
-
6
5
5
0
6540
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
DDo
S
a
tt
a
c
k
e
r
d
o
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
−
Sin
g
le
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
attac
k
er
s
ar
e
in
jectin
g
u
n
wan
te
d
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
n
etwo
r
k
t
h
at
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
es
lim
ited
b
an
d
wid
th
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
(
>
0
.
9
)
.
I
t
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
all
v
eh
icles
th
at
cr
ea
ts
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
an
d
v
eh
icle
ca
n
n
o
t c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
o
th
er
b
ec
au
s
e
a
lr
ea
d
y
attac
k
er
/s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
.
−
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
g
ettin
g
tr
af
f
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
ea
r
b
y
v
eh
ic
les
in
th
e
r
ig
h
t
way
,
b
u
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
,
th
e
attac
k
er
is
af
f
ec
tin
g
v
eh
ic
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
ea
s
il
y
th
at
m
ea
n
s
(
=
ℎ
ℎ
)
.
−
Attack
er
is
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
eq
u
est an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
s
en
d
er
v
eh
icles a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
v
eh
icles
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
−
Attack
er
ass
u
m
es th
e
id
en
tity
o
f
a
leg
itima
te
u
s
er
.
So
m
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
OB
Us o
r
r
o
ad
s
id
e
b
ase
s
y
s
tem
s
(
R
SB
S)
co
o
r
d
i
n
ate
an
attac
k
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
I
DE
N
T
I
F
I
CA
T
I
O
N
O
F
DI
S
T
RI
B
U
T
E
D
D
E
N
I
AL
-
OF
-
S
E
RVI
CE
A
T
T
ACK
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
we
id
en
tify
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
.
I
f
t
h
e
to
tal
e
x
h
au
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
ex
ce
ed
s
0
.
5
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
an
d
in
itiate
th
e
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
m
o
d
u
l
e.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
u
le,
we
cr
o
s
s
-
r
ef
er
en
ce
ea
ch
p
ac
k
e
t
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
with
a
leg
itima
te
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at.
I
f
we
en
co
u
n
ter
a
p
ac
k
et
th
at
d
o
es
not
m
atch
an
y
f
ield
s
o
r
f
ield
v
alu
es,
we
class
if
y
it
a
s
an
attac
k
er
p
ac
k
et.
As
a
r
esu
l
t,
we
id
en
tify
th
e
attac
k
er
'
s
n
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ac
k
et'
s
id
en
tific
atio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
er
s
ty
p
ically
g
en
er
ate
h
ig
h
d
a
ta
r
ates
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
lead
i
n
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
an
d
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
we
co
m
p
u
te
th
eir
lik
elih
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
h
ea
d
e
r
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
ac
k
et,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
id
,
d
esti
n
atio
n
id
,
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
,
d
ela
y
tim
e,
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
aid
s
in
ca
lcu
l
atin
g
th
e
in
te
r
f
r
a
m
e
s
p
ac
e
(
I
FS
S).
I
f
th
e
I
FS
S
is
le
s
s
th
an
av
er
ag
e,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
at
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
attac
k
e
r
n
o
d
e,
an
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
lo
ck
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
we
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
co
m
p
lete
n
etwo
r
k
f
r
o
m
a
d
e
n
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
A
VANE
T
is
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
v
eh
icles
an
d
R
SUs
in
wh
ich
v
eh
icles
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
R
SU
u
n
its
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
er
v
ice
to
v
eh
icles
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
c
r
e
asin
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
e
h
icles
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
,
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
c
h
allen
g
e
with
th
e
r
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
g
r
o
w
th
.
I
n
th
e
VANE
T
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
s
o
m
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
f
f
icien
t
p
ath
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
(
s
o
f
twar
e
-
b
ased
o
p
er
atio
n
)
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ea
d
er
v
er
if
icatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
a
p
p
lie
s
to
t
h
e
R
SU,
wh
ich
v
alid
ates
th
e
v
eh
icle
I
D
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
tes
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
ea
c
h
v
eh
icle
wis
h
in
g
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
v
eh
icle'
s
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
is
av
ailab
le
at
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
o
r
v
e
h
icle.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
r
o
u
te
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
DDo
S
Attack
d
ete
ctio
n
b
y
h
ea
d
er
an
d
DDo
S
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
af
ter
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
attac
k
er
p
r
esen
ce
in
n
etwo
r
k
:
a.
B
an
d
wid
th
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
i
lity
(
)
I
t
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
q
u
eu
in
g
s
y
s
tem
M/G/k
q
u
eu
e
wh
ich
i
s
a
q
u
eu
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
wh
ich
a
r
r
iv
als
ar
e
Ma
r
k
o
v
ian
(
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
a
Po
is
s
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
)
,
s
er
v
ice
tim
es
h
av
e
a
g
en
e
r
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
th
er
e
ar
e
s
er
v
er
s
.
I
t is g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
)
:
=
!
∑
!
=
0
,
=
(
1
)
wh
er
e,
L
is
c
h
an
n
els
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
u
s
ed
th
es
e
ch
an
n
els
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
b
u
t
th
e
(
1
)
is
o
n
ly
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
L
=1
,
is
th
e
in
f
lu
x
s
p
ee
d
,
it
also
d
e
f
in
es
th
e
DDo
S
attac
k
m
étier
an
d
is
th
e
s
er
v
ice
r
ate
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
b.
T
h
e
m
em
o
r
y
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
)
I
t is r
ep
r
esen
ted
as a
q
u
eu
in
g
s
y
s
tem
M/M
/N/N
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
.
=
!
∑
!
=
0
,
=
.
(
2
)
wh
er
e
S
is
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
ata
th
at
ca
n
b
e
k
ep
t
in
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
,
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
er
v
ice
tim
e
an
d
is
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
s
p
ee
d
,
wh
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
an
d
as
(
3
)
.
=
.
(
1
−
)
.
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
ve
r
ifica
tio
n
o
f th
e
h
ea
d
er fo
r
ma
t a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
u
tili
z
a
tio
n
…
(
A
r
u
n
S
in
g
h
K
a
u
r
a
v
)
6541
wh
er
e
q
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
ac
k
ets
co
u
n
t
in
o
n
e
s
ess
io
n
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
r
eq
u
ir
ed
estab
lis
h
th
e
s
ess
io
n
in
n
etwo
r
k
in
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
attac
k
e
r
.
c.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ili
ty
(
)
I
t
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
n
M/M
/1
q
u
eu
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
is
,
th
e
a
r
r
i
v
als
f
o
llo
w
a
Po
is
s
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
er
v
ice
tim
es a
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ex
p
o
n
en
t
ially
an
d
o
n
e
th
er
e
e
x
is
ts
o
n
e
s
er
v
er
.
I
t is g
i
v
en
b
y
(
4
)
.
=
{
1
,
≥
1
≥
,
<
1
<
(
4
)
wh
er
e
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
tim
e
is
L,
a
lig
h
t
weig
h
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
p
en
d
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
is
th
e
tim
e
f
o
r
wh
ich
th
e
u
s
er
is
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
a
s
er
v
ice,
is
th
e
r
ate
o
f
s
er
v
ice
an
d
is
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
s
p
ee
d
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t o
n
an
d
g
iv
en
b
y
(
5
)
.
=
.
(
1
−
)
+
(
5
)
wh
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
av
er
ag
e
r
eq
u
est ar
r
iv
al
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
s
er
v
i
ce
.
T
h
e
to
tal
s
u
cc
ess
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
DDo
S
attac
k
h
as
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
av
e
an
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
ea
c
h
o
th
er
.
So
,
th
e
to
tal
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
)
o
f
ef
f
icac
io
u
s
attac
k
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
6
)
.
=
1
−
̅
̅
̅
.
̅
̅
̅
̅
.
̅
(
6
)
2
.
1
.
P
ro
ce
s
s
o
f
ro
ute
esta
bli
s
hm
ent
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ev
ices
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
a
v
eh
icu
lar
ad
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
:
OB
U
an
d
R
S
U.
OB
U
is
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
v
eh
icle,
an
d
R
SU
is
tr
ea
ted
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
o
f
v
eh
icu
lar
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
.
Usi
n
g
R
SU
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
v
e
h
icles
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
an
d
s
h
ar
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
af
ety
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
a
s
in
g
le
h
o
p
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
h
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
R
S
U
v
ia
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
m
u
lti
-
hop
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle,
wh
ic
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
p
ac
k
et
t
o
o
th
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
R
SU
as
wel
l
as
it
s
o
wn
zo
n
e
to
f
in
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
es.
W
h
en
a
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
it
cr
ea
tes
th
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
p
ath
to
s
en
d
th
e
ac
k
n
o
wle
d
g
m
en
t
b
ac
k
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
(
u
s
e
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
f
o
r
b
a
n
d
wid
th
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
m
em
o
r
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
)
.
Af
t
er
g
ettin
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
tar
t sen
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
r
o
a
d
s
id
e
u
n
it
s
y
s
tem
wo
u
ld
m
ai
n
tain
v
eh
icle
m
o
v
e
m
en
t a
n
d
r
o
u
te
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
all
co
n
n
ec
te
d
v
e
h
icles in
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
.
2
.
2
.
H
ea
der
f
o
r
m
a
t
v
er
if
ica
t
io
n
DDo
S
d
etec
tio
n
is
a
m
o
r
e
c
r
itical
task
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
ea
r
s
g
en
u
i
n
e
b
u
t
g
ai
n
s
n
etwo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
with
h
ig
h
ly
u
n
wan
ted
m
ess
ag
es.
I
n
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
b
a
n
d
wid
th
d
etec
tio
n
(
C
VHB)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
we
u
s
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
v
er
if
icatio
n
an
d
th
e
in
ter
f
r
a
m
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
s
am
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
t
o
r
ea
ch
th
e
n
e
x
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
eh
icle
th
at
r
ec
eiv
es th
e
u
n
wan
ted
m
ess
ag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
attac
k
er
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
u
s
es a
n
y
o
f
th
e
s
lid
in
g
win
d
o
w’
s
tech
n
iq
u
es t
o
s
en
d
f
r
am
es
in
to
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es.
As
s
u
m
e
it
u
s
es
g
o
b
ac
k
-
N
in
=
2
tr
ail,
s
o
th
e
s
en
d
er
g
en
er
a
tes
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
2
k
(
wh
o
s
e
r
an
g
e
is
0
t
o
3
o
u
t
o
f
4
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
)
,
an
d
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
with
in
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
'
s
win
d
o
w
is
−
1
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
(
4
-
1
=
3
f
r
am
es
in
th
e
s
en
d
er
'
s
win
d
o
w)
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
s
id
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
n
ta
in
s
o
n
ly
o
n
e
win
d
o
w,
wh
ich
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
s
en
d
er
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
we
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ea
d
er
v
er
if
icatio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
r
o
m
DDo
S
attac
k
.
T
h
e
o
b
je
ctiv
es
o
f
r
esear
c
h
ar
e
to
av
o
i
d
f
lo
o
d
in
g
u
n
wan
te
d
p
ac
k
ets
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
lim
ited
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
wir
eless
lin
k
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
p
ac
k
ets
co
n
tain
n
o
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
s
ets
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
a
s
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
v
eh
icle
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
o
m
o
s
t
v
eh
icles th
at
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
r
o
u
te
m
ess
ag
e
ar
e
tr
ea
ted
as r
ec
eiv
er
v
eh
icles,
an
d
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
r
e
ce
iv
er
v
eh
icle
d
o
es
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
attac
k
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
is
tr
ea
ted
as
a
g
en
u
in
e
s
en
d
er
n
o
d
e.
Du
r
in
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
en
d
er
s
tar
ts
f
lo
o
d
in
g
th
e
u
n
wan
ted
p
ac
k
et
u
s
in
g
an
y
o
f
th
e
s
lid
in
g
win
d
o
w
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
all
-
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
r
ec
eiv
e
r
n
o
d
e.
W
h
e
n
th
e
C
VHB
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
etec
ts
th
at
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
e
r
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
r
ep
ea
ted
an
d
th
e
s
en
d
er
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
s
am
e,
it
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
i
n
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
b
y
t
h
e
attac
k
e
r
(
_
)
,
an
d
if
we
g
et
_
≤
(
Av
er
ag
e
(
_
)
/
2
)
(
in
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
e
r
b
y
a
g
e
n
u
in
e
n
o
d
e
)
,
it
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
s
en
d
er
n
o
d
e
is
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
as
a
DDo
S
attac
k
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
e
h
icle
is
a
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
er
,
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
also
a
d
en
ia
l
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
er
.
T
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
o
f
th
e
attac
k
er
'
s
p
ac
k
et
also
in
itiates
f
lo
o
d
in
g
an
d
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
th
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
ca
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
d
is
tu
r
b
e
d
b
y
th
e
D
Do
S
attac
k
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
5
3
8
-
6
5
5
0
6542
T
h
er
e
is
a
la
r
g
e
f
lo
o
d
o
f
u
n
wa
n
ted
d
ata
in
to
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
d
e
n
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ic
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
an
o
r
a
n
g
e
-
c
o
lo
r
ed
f
iel
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
it
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
f
ield
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
a
Do
S
attac
k
er
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
f
ir
s
t
cr
e
ates
th
e
win
d
o
w
b
ased
o
n
KT
H
an
d
s
en
d
s
th
e
f
r
am
e
q
u
ic
k
ly
(
in
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
e
is
v
er
y
lo
w)
,
s
ettin
g
UR
G,
PS
H
f
lag
as
1
(
f
r
am
e
is
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
io
r
ity
th
a
n
o
th
er
f
r
am
es
an
d
PS
H
1
m
ea
n
s
f
r
am
e
s
en
t
im
m
ed
iately
with
o
u
t
waitin
g
)
,
an
d
FIN
as
0
(
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
af
ter
th
at
o
th
er
f
r
am
e
is
co
n
tin
u
ed
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
in
is
h
)
.
I
n
th
e
o
p
tio
n
al
f
ield
,
f
r
am
e
s
eg
m
e
n
t
s
ize
will
ch
an
g
e
d
y
n
am
ically
,
tim
estam
p
is
(
∞)
(
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
r
o
u
n
d
tr
ip
tim
e
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
)
,
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
ty
p
e
is
u
n
k
n
o
wn
.
On
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
t
h
ese
f
ie
ld
s
,
we
will
b
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ess
ag
e
is
a
DDo
S
attac
k
an
d
d
etec
t
th
e
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
ac
k
et
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
lay
er
,
th
e
attac
k
er
s
ets
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
I
P
as
a
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
(
2
5
5
.
2
5
5
.
2
5
5
.
2
5
5
)
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
b
y
a
ll
n
o
d
es
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
s
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
e
n
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
in
t
o
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
s
am
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
b
y
atta
ck
er
>
0
.
9
in
T
s
S
o
u
r
c
e
P
o
r
t
D
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
r
t
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
N
u
mb
e
r
(
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
)
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
me
n
t
N
u
m
b
e
r
H
e
a
d
e
r
l
e
n
g
t
h
(4
b
i
t
s)
R
e
ser
v
e
d
b
i
t
s (6
b
i
t
s)
U
R
G
(
1
)
A
C
K
P
S
H
(
1
)
R
S
T
F
I
N
(
0
)
S
Y
S
W
i
n
d
o
w
S
i
z
e
C
h
e
c
k
su
m
U
r
g
e
n
t
P
o
i
n
t
e
r
O
p
t
i
o
n
s
(0
-
4
0
B
y
t
e
s)
(
M
a
x
i
mu
m
S
e
g
men
t
S
i
z
e
,
Ti
me
s
t
a
mp
(
∞)
,
W
i
n
d
o
w
si
z
e
e
x
t
e
n
si
o
n
,
P
a
d
d
i
n
g
)
D
a
t
a
(
O
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
DDo
S
attac
k
tim
e
d
a
ta
h
ea
d
er
f
ield
2
.
3
.
DDo
S
a
t
t
a
c
k
prev
ent
io
n
R
SU
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
v
eh
icle
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
an
at
tack
er
o
r
n
o
t;
f
o
r
a
DDo
S
attac
k
er
,
if
th
e
m
is
b
eh
av
in
g
n
o
d
e'
s
n
o
d
e
I
D
an
d
h
ea
d
er
co
n
tain
u
n
wan
ted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
b
lo
ck
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
f
u
tu
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
R
SU a
ls
o
s
ets
th
eir
h
ea
d
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
,
as we
ll a
s
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
th
e
b
lo
c
k
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
th
e
r
v
e
h
icles
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
o
n
o
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
tak
e
p
lac
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
attac
k
er
v
eh
icle
s
p
o
o
f
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
R
SU
s
als
o
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t
b
lo
c
k
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
th
e
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
R
SUs
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
s
af
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
to
all
v
e
h
icles
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
as
well
as
m
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icles
o
r
R
SU
s
.
Fin
ally
,
R
S
U
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
v
eh
icl
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
an
attac
k
e
r
o
r
n
o
t;
f
o
r
a
DDo
S
attac
k
er
,
if
th
e
m
is
b
eh
a
v
in
g
n
o
d
e'
s
n
o
d
e
I
D
an
d
h
ea
d
er
co
n
tain
u
n
wan
ted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
b
lo
ck
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
f
u
tu
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
R
SU
also
s
ets
th
eir
h
ea
d
er
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
an
d
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
,
as
well
as
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
th
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
t
h
er
v
eh
icles
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
o
n
o
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
t
ak
e
p
lace
f
r
o
m
th
e
attac
k
e
r
v
eh
icle
s
p
o
o
f
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
R
SUs
also
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
b
lo
ck
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
th
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
R
SUs
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VH
B
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
s
af
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
all
v
eh
icles
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
as we
ll a
s
m
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
d
a
ta
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
e
h
icles o
r
R
SUs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
ve
r
ifica
tio
n
o
f th
e
h
ea
d
er fo
r
ma
t a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
u
tili
z
a
tio
n
…
(
A
r
u
n
S
in
g
h
K
a
u
r
a
v
)
6543
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Co
m
prehens
iv
e
v
er
if
ica
t
io
n o
f
t
he
hea
der
f
o
r
m
a
t
a
nd
ba
nd
width
utiliza
t
io
n
(
CVH
B
)
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
we
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
C
VHB,
wh
ich
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
s
tep
1
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
v
eh
icu
lar
ad
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
in
it
iates
th
e
ca
ll
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e.
I
n
s
tep
2
,
s
elec
t
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
as
a
d
h
o
c
o
n
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
t
o
r
(
AODV
)
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e.
Step
3
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
Flo
y
d
-
W
a
r
s
h
all
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
o
u
te
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
Du
r
in
g
r
o
u
te
b
r
o
a
d
c
asti
n
g
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
ch
an
c
e
to
g
et
s
o
m
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
ca
n
s
tar
t
a
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ic
e
attac
k
,
ca
p
tu
r
e
t
h
e
id
en
tity
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e,
g
en
er
ate
a
h
ig
h
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
,
an
d
f
lo
o
d
th
e
attac
k
p
ac
k
e
t
in
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
s
tep
6
,
w
e
ex
ec
u
te
th
e
C
VHB
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
wh
ich
ta
k
es
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
all
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
an
d
ca
lcu
la
tes
th
e
b
an
d
wid
t
h
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
d
elay
,
an
d
PDR
.
I
n
s
tep
7
,
we
g
o
b
ac
k
t
o
s
tep
6
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
an
attac
k
e
r
o
r
n
o
t.
I
f
th
e
to
tal
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ex
ce
ed
s
9
0
%,
p
r
o
ce
ed
to
s
tep
8
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at
c
h
ec
k
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
if
we
r
ec
eiv
e
UGG
=
1
,
PS
H
=
1
,
an
d
Fin
=
0
,
we
id
en
tify
th
e
p
ac
k
et
as
an
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
an
d
b
lo
c
k
it;
o
th
er
wis
e,
we
tr
ea
t it
as g
en
u
in
e
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
it to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e,
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
tep
1
1
o
f
th
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
VHB s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
VANE
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
5
3
8
-
6
5
5
0
6544
Fin
ally
,
g
et
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
an
d
o
u
r
n
etwo
r
k
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
s
ec
u
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
At
th
e
en
d
,
s
im
u
lato
r
-
2
g
en
er
ates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ile,
wh
ic
h
is
p
ass
ed
in
to
s
tep
1
2
f
o
r
d
a
ta
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Her
e,
we
u
s
e
th
e
awk
s
cr
ip
t
to
g
et
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
f
r
o
m
s
tep
1
3
to
s
tep
1
6
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
u
t
p
u
t
in
clu
d
es
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
d
elay
,
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
C
VHB
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es r
eliab
le
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ag
ain
s
t th
e
DD
o
S a
ttack
.
3
.
2
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
t
o
o
l a
nd
s
im
ula
t
i
o
n pa
ra
m
et
er
s
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
VANE
T
,
n
o
d
es
ar
e
v
eh
icles,
an
d
v
e
h
icles
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
v
e
with
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
elo
cities.
T
h
e
NS
-
2
s
im
u
lato
r
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
cr
ea
te
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
a
r
io
in
VANE
T
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
v
eh
icl
es
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
t
r
af
f
ic
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
an
d
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
s
tatu
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
b
y
th
e
lead
i
n
g
an
d
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
v
e
h
icles.
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
VANE
T
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
mu
l
a
t
o
r
NS
-
2
.
3
1
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
D
D
o
S
-
A
O
D
V
,
M
S
O
M
,
C
V
H
B
A
r
e
a
o
f
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
0
0
*
1
0
0
0
m
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
p
e
e
d
ma
x
i
m
u
m
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
[
m
/
s]
R
a
n
d
o
m
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
y
p
e
V
A
N
ET
A
t
t
a
c
k
t
y
p
e
DDOS
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
C
V
H
B
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
1
0
0
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
me
d
i
u
m
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss,
8
0
2
.
1
1
Ti
me
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
e
c
)
5
5
0
S
e
c
M
e
d
i
a
a
c
c
e
ss c
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
M
A
C
)
l
a
y
e
r
8
0
2
.
1
1
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
O
mn
i
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
Ty
p
e
o
f
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
C
B
R
,
F
TP
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
d
i
o
mo
d
e
l
Tw
o
r
a
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
3
.
3
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
ex
perim
ent
a
l set
up
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
,
f
ir
s
t
ex
p
lain
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
v
e
h
icles
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
in
s
Fig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
s
h
o
win
g
n
etwo
r
k
an
im
ato
r
win
d
o
w
o
f
NS
-
2
)
v
eh
icles
ar
e
s
en
s
in
g
to
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
r
tr
an
s
f
er
tr
af
f
ic
s
tatu
s
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
ets
in
n
etwo
r
k
to
lead
in
g
v
eh
icles.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
v
eh
icles
s
tar
t
th
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
with
v
ar
iab
le
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
f
o
r
war
d
o
r
ac
ce
p
t
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
co
d
e
r
u
n
o
n
NS
-
2
u
s
in
g
C
y
g
win
o
n
win
d
o
ws.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
’
s
r
o
le
is
to
f
lo
o
d
b
u
l
k
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
b
u
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ch
em
e
s
ec
u
r
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
C
VHB
s
ch
em
e
in
VANE
T
.
Fo
r
r
u
n
t
h
e
co
d
e
u
s
e
co
m
m
a
n
d
“
n
s
C
V
HB
.
tcl
”
an
d
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
in
ter
n
al
m
o
d
u
le
r
u
n
co
m
m
an
d
s
“
ma
ke
clea
n
”
f
o
r
clea
r
j
u
n
k
f
iles
th
en
r
u
n
“
.
/co
n
fig
u
r
e
”,
f
o
r
p
atch
l
o
ca
lizatio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
r
u
n
“
ma
ke
”
co
m
m
an
d
f
o
r
ad
d
m
o
d
u
le
with
all
ex
ter
n
al
m
o
d
u
les o
r
f
o
r
cr
ea
te
o
b
ject
f
ile
o
f
cv
h
b
.
cc
f
iles
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Veh
icles a
r
e
s
en
s
in
g
f
o
r
s
en
d
i
n
g
tr
af
f
ic
s
tatu
s
r
eq
u
ests
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
ve
r
ifica
tio
n
o
f th
e
h
ea
d
er fo
r
ma
t a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
u
tili
z
a
tio
n
…
(
A
r
u
n
S
in
g
h
K
a
u
r
a
v
)
6545
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Veh
icles
m
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
VHB ex
ec
u
tio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
NS
-
2
.
3
1
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
an
al
y
ze
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
D
o
S a
ttack
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
a
n
d
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ce
p
t
(
MSOM
)
,
b
u
t
it
f
ails
to
ac
cu
r
ately
id
en
tif
y
th
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
o
r
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
attac
k
.
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
we
ac
cu
r
ately
id
e
n
tify
th
e
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
,
th
eir
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
th
e
tim
e
o
f
attac
k
,
an
d
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
attac
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
lete
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
b
l
o
ck
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
u
tc
o
m
e
f
o
r
v
e
h
icu
lar
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
p
u
r
e
AODV
,
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
MSOM
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
C
VH
B
is
f
ar
b
etter
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
is
tin
g
s
ch
em
e
(
M
SOM)
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
o
n
ly
tr
ies
to
r
eser
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
b
an
d
wid
th
.
T
h
e
C
VSB
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
e
tects
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
DDo
S
attac
k
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
u
t a
ls
o
im
p
r
o
v
es r
o
u
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
4
.
1
.
T
hro
ug
hp
ut
perf
o
rm
a
nce
a
n
a
ly
s
is
I
n
VANE
T
,
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
o
r
v
eh
i
cles
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
ec
eiv
in
g
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
v
eh
icles
an
d
tak
e
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
s
am
e
r
o
u
te
o
r
m
o
v
e
i
n
a
n
o
th
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
t
o
av
o
i
d
u
n
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
d
elay
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
2
2
%
at
5
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
MSOM
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ab
le
to
b
lo
ck
th
e
attac
k
er
,
b
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
is
th
e
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e.
T
h
at
i
s
wh
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
o
n
ly
4
0
%
at
5
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
b
etter
th
an
t
h
e
MSOM
,
an
d
C
VHB
g
iv
es
a
b
etter
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
5
3
8
-
6
5
5
0
6546
h
an
d
lin
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
well
a
s
attac
k
er
ex
is
ten
ce
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
ts
ef
f
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
5
5
% a
t 5
0
0
m
s
m
en
tio
n
e
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
an
d
d
elay
an
al
y
s
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8.
4
.
2
.
Av
er
a
g
e
end t
o
end dela
y
a
n
a
ly
s
is
Dela
y
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
So
m
etim
es
th
e
s
en
d
er
is
s
lo
w,
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
f
ast,
h
ea
v
y
tr
af
f
ic
o
n
a
co
m
m
o
n
r
o
u
te,
co
llis
io
n
s
,
an
d
attac
k
er
p
r
esen
ce
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
b
y
t
h
at
d
elay
o
cc
u
r
s
in
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
en
d
to
e
n
d
d
elay
o
f
MSOM
is
ab
o
u
t
3
0
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
cu
s
es n
o
t o
n
ly
o
n
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
DDOS
attac
k
er
s
,
b
u
t a
ls
o
o
n
tr
af
f
ic
s
tatu
s
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
co
n
ce
r
n
h
er
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
r
e
d
u
ce
s
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
elay
is
o
n
ly
2
5
m
s
(
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
elay
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es)
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
9.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t a
n
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dela
y
a
n
aly
s
is
4
.
3
.
P
DR
perf
o
rm
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
PDR
)
m
etr
ics.
PDR
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
s
tatu
s
p
ac
k
ets
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
s
en
d
e
r
v
e
h
icles
v
er
s
u
s
p
ac
k
ets
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
I
n
th
is
g
r
a
p
h
,
th
e
PD
R
is
le
s
s
th
an
5
0
%
in
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
an
attac
k
er
,
an
d
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
p
ac
k
ets
r
ea
c
h
t
h
eir
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
MSOM
s
ch
em
e
g
av
e
an
8
0
%
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate,
b
u
t
th
e
C
VH
B
s
ch
em
e
g
av
e
a
9
7
%
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
"9
7
%
r
ec
eiv
in
g
"
is
m
in
im
u
m
lo
s
s
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
v
eh
icles
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
attac
k
er
is
n
o
t
ac
tiv
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
h
is
p
r
esen
ce
is
n
o
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
4
.
4
.
P
a
ck
et
dro
p per
ce
nta
g
e
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
DDo
S
attac
k
er
,
MSOM
,
an
d
C
VI
B
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
,
an
d
it
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
g
iv
es
b
etter
r
esu
lts
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
o
n
ly
5
%
u
p
to
5
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
attac
k
er
s
is
3
8
%,
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
MSOM
s
ch
em
e
b
lo
ck
ed
th
e
attac
k
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
b
u
t
th
e
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
is
o
n
ly
2
5
%.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
o
ws an
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
at
is
1
5
% b
etter
th
an
MSOM
an
d
3
2
% b
etter
th
an
DDo
S.
4
.
5
.
SDN
co
ntr
o
ller
utiliza
t
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
efin
ed
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
(
SDN)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
attac
k
er
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
SDN
n
etwo
r
k
is
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
v
eh
i
cle
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
n
o
r
m
al
v
eh
icles
an
d
attac
k
er
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
e
attac
k
er
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
will
b
e
in
u
n
d
ated
with
u
n
s
o
licited
d
ata.
T
h
e
M
SOM
u
tili
za
tio
n
is
m
in
im
al,
b
u
t
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
SDN
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
th
an
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
4
.
6
.
DDo
S pa
ck
et
s
f
lo
o
din
g
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
DDo
S
attac
k
er
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
l
o
o
d
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
ac
k
ets,
b
u
t
it
also
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
f
u
lf
illed
b
y
th
e
R
SU
o
r
SD
N,
it
wi
ll
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
ve
r
ifica
tio
n
o
f th
e
h
ea
d
er fo
r
ma
t a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
u
tili
z
a
tio
n
…
(
A
r
u
n
S
in
g
h
K
a
u
r
a
v
)
6547
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
v
eh
i
cle
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
r
o
ad
s
.
T
h
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
,
n
o
t h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
,
an
d
will e
v
en
tu
ally
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
lack
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
PDR
an
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Dr
o
p
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
an
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
a
ly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
DDo
S p
ac
k
ets f
lo
o
d
in
g
ca
p
t
u
r
e
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
v
eh
icles
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
ly
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
VANE
T
.
No
wad
ay
s
,
tr
af
f
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
r
o
a
d
s
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
b
ec
au
s
e
h
ig
h
v
eh
icle
d
en
s
ities
af
f
ec
t
v
e
h
icle
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
c
r
ea
s
e
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
o
ad
d
elay
s
,
an
d
in
v
ite
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
tr
af
f
i
c
jam
s
.
A
V
ANE
T
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
an
d
m
an
ag
in
g
tr
af
f
ic,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
attac
k
er
s
,
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
im
m
e
d
iate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
h
ea
d
e
r
f
o
r
m
at
ch
an
g
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
attac
k
er
v
eh
icle
with
n
o
r
m
al
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
f
ield
in
th
e
h
ea
d
er
ch
an
g
es
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
ly
,
an
d
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
f
ield
s
'
s
ta
tu
s
is
also
n
o
t
n
o
r
m
al.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
an
in
cr
e
m
en
t
in
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
a
d
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
if
th
e
DDo
S
att
ac
k
er
is
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
p
r
o
tecte
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
VHB
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
elf
-
o
r
g
an
ized
,
f
u
lly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
an
d
lo
ca
lized
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
C
VHB
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
s
h
o
ws
a
3
m
s
less
d
elay
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
MSO
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Utilizatio
n
:
T
h
e
attac
k
er
h
as
in
f
ec
ted
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
u
t
it
is
al
s
o
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
attac
k
er
s
,
th
e
C
VHB
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ch
em
e
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
MSOM
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
in
VANE
T
,
with
a
1
7
%
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
r
o
p
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
o
n
ly
3
%
af
te
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
DDOS
attac
k
er
b
eh
av
io
r
is
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
all
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
e
h
icles.
Du
e
to
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
h
ea
d
er
f
o
r
m
at,
u
s
er
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ca
ll
th
e
C
VHB
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
at
p
r
o
b
lem
.
So
,
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
it
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
f
u
zz
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
d
et
ec
t
th
e
attac
k
er
.
W
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.