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I
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ce
d
u
e
to
g
r
ea
ter
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
atten
u
atio
n
s
[
9
]
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
m
m
-
wav
e
d
ev
ices
is
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
p
ath
l
o
s
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
d
en
s
er
ce
ll
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
lev
er
ag
in
g
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
b
an
d
s
o
f
f
er
s
an
attr
ac
tiv
e
alt
er
n
ativ
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
y
le
v
e
r
ag
in
g
e
x
is
tin
g
4
G
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
ev
o
lu
tio
n
(
L
T
E
)
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Su
b
-
6
GHz
5
G
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
b
o
th
u
r
b
a
n
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
s
in
ce
th
e
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
d
ata
s
p
ee
d
s
o
v
e
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
e
f
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
n
o
w
d
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
b
an
d
,
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
d
ep
lo
y
ed
wo
r
l
d
wid
e
in
th
e
3
.
3
to
3
.
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e,
as
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
5
G
an
ten
n
as
n
ee
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
i
r
ec
tiv
ity
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
r
o
u
te
lo
s
s
.
Ma
n
y
attem
p
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
;
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
lies
in
cr
ea
tin
g
an
an
ten
n
a
th
at
is
co
m
p
ac
t,
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
an
d
ex
tr
em
ely
ef
f
icien
t.
All
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
s
u
g
g
ested
an
ten
n
as
in
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
5
]
ex
h
ib
it
m
o
d
est
g
ai
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
o
t
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
d
esire
d
a
n
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
th
is
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
a
n
id
ea
l
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
th
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
l
o
w
-
p
r
o
f
ile,
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
,
an
d
h
ig
h
g
ain
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
is
m
u
lti
-
elem
en
t
ar
r
ay
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
W
ith
an
ele
ctr
ically
d
o
wn
-
tilt
ed
,
s
ix
-
elem
en
t
d
u
al
-
p
o
la
r
ized
ar
r
ay
,
a
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
1
6
.
8
d
B
i
is
ac
h
iev
ed
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
[
1
7
]
.
Six
a
n
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
a
r
ad
i
o
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
h
ase
s
h
if
tin
g
m
o
d
u
le
(
R
FP
SM)
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
is
th
e
r
esu
lt.
W
ith
a
n
ew
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
s
elec
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
FS
S)
r
ef
lecto
r
,
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
1
×4
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
ar
r
ay
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
em
i
-
s
tab
le
g
ain
s
o
f
1
2
.
4
d
B
i
at
4
.
1
G
Hz
an
d
1
1
.
4
d
B
i
at
3
.
5
GHz
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
h
ig
h
er
g
ai
n
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
;
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
r
ea
lize
d
g
ain
s
o
f
th
e
1
×
4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
ar
e
8
.
3
4
±
0
.
3
9
d
B
i a
n
d
1
5
.
1
±
0
.
4
d
B
i a
t 3
.
2
8
-
3
.
7
1
GHz
an
d
4
.
8
-
5
.
1
8
GHz
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
s
m
all
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
with
en
h
an
ce
d
g
ain
at
3
.
5
GHz
f
o
r
f
if
th
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
5
G)
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
we
d
esig
n
ed
a
4
×8
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
c
o
n
tain
in
g
3
2
r
ad
iatin
g
s
q
u
a
r
ed
elem
e
n
ts
.
T
wo
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
u
ild
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e:
p
ar
allel
a
n
d
s
q
u
ar
ed
ar
r
a
y
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
s
.
B
o
th
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
tain
q
u
ite
in
ter
esti
n
g
r
esu
lts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t
n
ess
,
g
ain
an
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
with
an
a
d
v
an
t
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
wh
ich
h
as
lim
ite
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
id
e
-
b
a
n
d
s
ar
o
u
n
d
3
.
5
GHz
.
T
o
f
ee
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
we
ad
o
p
t
b
o
th
s
er
ies
an
d
p
a
r
allel
f
ee
d
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
im
p
licity
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
n
etwo
r
k
lay
er
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
weig
h
t,
th
ick
n
ess
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
an
ten
n
a
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
te
n
n
as
wer
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
-
b
ased
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
(
ADS)
an
d
th
e
f
in
ite
in
teg
r
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
-
b
a
s
ed
C
ST
m
icr
o
wav
e
s
tu
d
io
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
5
G
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
u
n
tr
ies
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
3
t
o
4
G
H
z
r
a
n
g
e
4
t
o
5
G
H
z
r
a
n
g
e
5
t
o
7
G
H
z
r
a
n
g
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
3
.
4
5
-
3
.
7
,
3
.
7
-
3
.
9
8
3
.
4
9
-
4
.
9
9
5
.
9
-
7
.
1
C
a
n
a
d
a
3
.
4
7
-
3
.
6
5
,
3
.
6
5
-
4
.
0
K
o
r
e
a
3
.
4
-
3
.
7
,
3
.
7
-
4
.
0
2
6
.
5
–
2
8
.
1
I
n
d
i
a
3
.
4
-
3
.
6
2
6
/
2
8
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
3
.
5
2
7
.
5
–
2
8
.
3
5
I
t
a
l
y
3
.
6
-
3
.
8
Jap
a
n
3
.
6
-
4
.
1
4
.
5
-
4
.
9
C
h
i
n
a
3
.
3
-
3
.
6
4
.
5
-
5
2.
P
RO
CE
DUR
E
S F
O
R
D
E
SI
G
N
2
.
1
.
T
he
s
t
a
nd
a
rd
s
qu
a
re
m
icro
s
t
rip pa
t
ch
a
nte
nn
a
's
des
ig
n
U
s
i
n
g
a
m
i
c
r
o
s
t
r
i
p
li
n
e
a
s
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
,
w
e
f
i
r
s
t
d
es
i
g
n
e
d
a
s
q
u
a
r
e
m
i
c
r
o
s
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
th
a
t
w
o
u
l
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
a
t
3
.
5
G
H
z
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
a
t
io
n
s
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
w
e
r
e
u
s
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d
t
o
c
al
c
u
l
a
t
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t
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p
a
t
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'
s
d
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m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
in
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p
[
1
8
]
:
=
1
2
√
√
0
0
−
2
(
1
)
=
1
2
√
0
0
√
2
+
1
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
S
u
b
-
6
GHz a
n
ten
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
w
ith
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
fo
r
…
(
A
b
d
err
a
h
im
B
ellek
h
ir
i
)
6403
wh
er
e
:
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
0
an
d
0
:
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
e
r
m
it
tiv
ity
in
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
,
:
r
elativ
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
,
an
d
∆
:
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
p
atch
le
n
g
th
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
lo
ts
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
it
tiv
ity
(
)
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
=
+
1
2
+
−
1
2
(
1
+
12
ℎ
)
−
1
2
(
3
)
‘
ℎ
’
is
th
e
h
eig
h
t
o
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th
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u
b
s
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ate
an
d
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ay
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e
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ted
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+
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(
ℎ
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0
.
264
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(
−
0
.
258
)
(
ℎ
+
0
.
8
)
(
4)
T
h
e
f
ee
d
wid
t
h
s
o
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d
if
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er
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t i
m
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ed
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ce
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ca
n
b
e
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lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
5
).
ℎ
=
{
8
2
−
2
,
,
0
ℎ
≤
2
2
{
−
1
−
ln
(
2
−
1
)
+
−
1
2
[
ln
(
−
1
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0
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39
−
0
.
61
]
}
,
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er
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60
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1
2
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+
1
−
1
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0
.
23
+
0
.
11
)
;
=
377
2
√
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
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f
th
e
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atch
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en
t'
s
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ize,
w
h
ich
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led
a
3
.
5
GHz
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eso
n
an
ce
,
we
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
e
q
u
ar
ter
wav
e
to
m
atch
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
p
e
d
an
ce
o
f
5
0
Oh
m
.
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atch
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atch
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r
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c
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atter
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r
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r
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r
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b
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ir
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atter
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atter
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atch
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atter
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atch
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ates
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u
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6
(
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ter
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e
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atch
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atter
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r
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h
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ig
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u
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illu
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ates
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r
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e
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t
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o
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ay
.
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in
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u
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icate
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av
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atch
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u
r
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7
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im
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atter
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,
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ile
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h
o
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ain
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t 3
.
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GHz
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p
ea
k
i
n
g
at
1
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.
1
2
d
B
i.
Fo
r
th
e
3
2
-
elem
en
t
an
ten
n
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ar
r
ay
,
8
s
u
b
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ar
r
ay
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wer
e
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te
g
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ated
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h
e
g
e
o
m
etr
y
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d
p
e
r
f
o
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a
n
ce
ch
ar
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is
tics
o
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th
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ten
n
a
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
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r
ev
ea
l
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e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
r
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lectio
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co
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icien
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with
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s
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g
le
r
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n
t
f
r
e
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ter
ed
at
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as
s
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o
wn
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Fig
u
r
e
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a
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,
a
n
d
a
n
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h
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ai
n
o
f
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i
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ated
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Fig
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r
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u
r
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c)
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iv
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atter
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o
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tain
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ten
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r
r
ay
wh
i
ch
s
h
o
ws a
d
ir
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av
i
o
r
.
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I
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r
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u
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im
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r
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r
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s
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Fig
u
r
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9
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,
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e
r
e
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a
s
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o
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ag
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en
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s
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th
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r
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lectio
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d
th
e
r
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an
t
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
.
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itio
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ally
,
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r
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n
p
a
tter
n
o
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tain
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ADS
in
Fig
u
r
e
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(
b
)
cl
o
s
ely
m
atch
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th
at
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
with
C
ST
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MW in
Fig
u
r
e
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(
c)
,
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d
t
h
e
g
ain
v
alu
es o
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tain
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
v
er
y
cl
o
s
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Geo
m
etr
y
a
n
d
s
im
u
l
atio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
2
nd
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
1
×
4
s
u
b
-
ar
r
ay
:
(
a)
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
1
×
4
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
en
ts
,
(
b
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r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
,
(
c)
3
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atte
r
n
,
an
d
(
d
)
g
ain
v
er
s
u
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Geo
m
etr
y
a
n
d
s
im
u
l
atio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
1
6
elem
en
ts
ar
r
ay
a
n
ten
n
a:
(
a)
an
ten
n
a
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
(
b
)
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
(
c)
3
D
r
ad
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n
p
atter
n
,
an
d
(
d
)
g
ain
v
er
s
u
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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C
o
m
p
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I
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N:
2088
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8
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ten
n
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ir
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u
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.
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m
etr
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a
n
d
s
im
u
l
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r
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lts
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o
r
th
e
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n
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ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
4
×
8
ar
r
ay
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te
n
n
a
:
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a)
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r
n
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s
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b
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ai
n
v
er
s
u
s
f
r
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q
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en
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d
(
c)
3
D
r
a
d
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atter
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(
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(
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
ADS
s
o
lv
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o
m
p
ar
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n
f
o
r
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h
e
2
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co
n
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ig
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o
f
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4
×8
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ay
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ten
n
a:
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a)
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et
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r
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s
s
v
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eq
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e
n
cy
an
d
(
b
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g
ain
,
an
d
3
D
r
ad
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n
p
atter
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
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n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
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,
Vo
l.
14
,
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.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
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4
0
1
-
6
4
1
0
6408
2.
4
.
Resul
t
s
s
um
m
a
ry
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
esig
n
in
g
ar
r
ay
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te
n
n
as
with
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
5
G
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
b
an
d
.
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o
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
g
ain
,
two
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
a
4
×
8
an
ten
n
a
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
a
n
d
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
two
d
is
tin
ct
s
o
lv
er
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
was
m
ax
im
ized
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ad
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g
elem
en
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
in
im
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
.
B
o
th
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
ten
n
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
i
g
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
g
ain
s
o
f
2
0
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5
d
B
i
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
1
8
d
B
i
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
f
er
s
g
r
ea
ter
c
o
m
p
a
ctn
ess
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
less
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
(
1
6
3
3
,
7
cm
2
v
s
1
8
1
4
.
4
cm
2
)
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
m
itig
ates th
e
s
id
eb
an
d
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
im
p
ac
t th
e
f
ir
s
t c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ar
r
ay
an
ten
n
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ag
ain
s
t
o
th
er
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
an
ten
n
as
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
lo
west
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
3
.
5
GHz
f
o
r
o
u
r
an
ten
n
as
an
d
th
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
atch
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
b
o
th
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
en
s
u
r
e
ex
ce
llen
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
in
a
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
t
h
em
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
er
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
ac
e
an
d
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
cr
itical.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
d
esig
n
g
u
ar
an
tees
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
p
u
t
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
an
d
a
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
5
G
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
an
d
s
o
m
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
ar
r
ay
an
te
n
n
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
si
z
e
(
3
)
N
o
.
o
f
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
(
d
B
i
)
[
2
3
]
3
4
4
×
3
4
4
×
6
3
4
×
4
4
.
3
8
.
6
[
1
8
]
1
6
6
×
6
6
×
1
.
6
1
×
4
4
.
1
1
2
.
4
[
2
4
]
2
2
6
.
8
×
1
4
8
.
2
×
8
3
×
6
4
.
3
5
16
[
2
5
]
1
7
0
×
6
0
×
8
1
×
4
3
.
6
5
[
2
6
]
1
6
5
×
2
3
5
×
0
.
7
8
7
1
×
8
5
.
5
7
1
2
.
4
[
2
7
]
1
2
0
×
8
5
×
3
.
2
5
5
2
×
2
4
.
1
4
8
1
2
.
1
d
B
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
1
st
c
o
n
f
.
3
1
5
×
5
7
6
×
0
.
5
7
8
4
×
8
3
.
5
2
0
.
5
2
n
d
c
o
n
f
.
1
7
0
×
9
6
1
×
0
.
5
7
8
4
×
8
3
.
5
18
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Desig
n
in
g
an
ten
n
as
th
at
b
alan
ce
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
an
d
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
.
I
n
th
i
s
wo
r
k
,
we
d
etailed
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
a
3
2
-
elem
en
t
ar
r
ay
an
te
n
n
a
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
5
G
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
to
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
b
etwe
en
el
em
en
ts
wh
ile
m
ax
im
izin
g
c
o
m
p
ac
tn
ess
.
T
wo
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
d
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
o
l
v
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ad
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n
p
atter
n
,
in
p
u
t
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
,
an
d
a
g
ain
o
f
2
0
.
5
d
B
i,
b
u
t
it
ex
h
i
b
ited
s
id
eb
an
d
s
ar
o
u
n
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p
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d
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lma
lek
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a
d
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i
v
e
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,
a
n
d
a
f
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ll
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e
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ra
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ies
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se
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rc
h
i
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e
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n
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ircu
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ts.
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e
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iv
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rsity
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f
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in
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n
a
d
a
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in
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0
2
0
.
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is
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u
rre
n
tl
y
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p
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fe
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w
with
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ro
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h
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n
a
d
a
.
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rim
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ry
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n
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rc
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A,
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S
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l
a
s
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c
ts
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m
icro
sy
ste
m
s
,
a
n
d
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
rc
h
i
tec
tu
re
p
latf
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r
m
s
fo
r
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
s.
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se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
re
se
a
rc
h
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re
a
is
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late
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to
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sig
n
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g
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a
n
d
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se
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frien
d
l
y
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a
ra
b
le
sy
ste
m
s
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h
e
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lt
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m
o
n
it
o
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sin
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tex
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rs,
p
ri
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ted
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n
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fle
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le
c
ircu
it
s
(P
F
C),
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
ty
p
e
s
o
f
se
n
so
rs.
Ema
il
:
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o
u
k
a
ira@u
o
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a
wa
.
c
a
.
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ss
in
L
a
a
z
iz
wa
s
b
o
r
n
i
n
1
9
6
6
.
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o
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tain
e
d
h
is
p
o
st
g
ra
d
u
a
te
d
o
c
t
o
ra
te
i
n
p
h
y
sic
s
fr
o
m
Ab
d
e
lma
lek
Essa
a
d
i
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(UA
E)
in
Teto
u
a
n
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
i
n
1
9
9
2
,
fo
l
lo
we
d
b
y
a
D
o
c
to
ra
te
o
f
S
tate
i
n
p
h
y
sic
s
fro
m
Ca
d
i
Ay
y
a
d
Un
iv
e
r
sity
(UCA
)
in
M
a
rra
k
e
c
h
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
i
n
1
9
9
9
.
F
r
o
m
1
9
9
2
t
o
1
9
9
9
,
h
e
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
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t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
in
M
a
rra
k
e
c
h
.
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u
b
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
h
e
jo
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
in
Tan
g
ier,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
(UA
E),
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e
re
h
e
h
e
l
d
p
o
siti
o
n
s
a
s
th
e
h
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
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Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
s
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
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ics
De
p
a
rtme
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t
a
n
d
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h
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Tele
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o
m
m
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n
ica
ti
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s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
s
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
p
ro
g
r
a
m
.
He
a
lso
d
irec
ted
two
m
a
ste
r
’s
p
ro
g
ra
m
s:
n
e
two
r
k
s
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
s
.
He
is
a
fo
u
n
d
in
g
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Lab
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ra
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n
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m
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n
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n
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h
n
o
lo
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ies
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TIC),
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e
re
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
th
e
d
irec
to
r
si
n
c
e
2
0
1
7
.
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c
u
r
re
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
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ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
RF
d
e
v
ice
s,
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
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e
sy
ste
m
s.
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c
a
n
b
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