I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
6
4
2
3
~
6
4
3
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
14
i
6
.
pp
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
2
6423
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Tim
e and
wa
v
ele
ng
th
div
ersity s
c
h
emes for
trans
der
ma
l optica
l
wireless links
Ra
wa
n Alm
a
j
do
ub
a
h
1
,
O
ma
r
H
a
s
a
n
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
A
l
-
A
h
l
i
y
y
a
A
mm
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
A
mm
a
n
,
Jo
r
d
a
n
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
P
r
i
n
c
e
s
s Su
ma
y
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
f
o
r
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
A
mm
a
n
,
Jo
r
d
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 2
0
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
6
,
2
0
2
4
Tran
sd
e
rm
a
l
o
p
t
ica
l
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
h
a
v
e
g
a
in
e
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs.
W
h
il
e
u
si
n
g
th
e
sk
in
a
s
a
tran
sm
issio
n
m
e
d
i
u
m
,
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
su
c
h
a
sy
ste
m
is
in
flu
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
th
e
tran
sd
e
rm
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
t
ra
n
sm
it
ter
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
r.
In
d
e
e
d
,
f
o
r
tran
sd
e
r
m
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
li
n
k
s,
th
e
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
li
n
k
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
c
a
n
b
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
a
ffe
c
ted
b
y
sk
i
n
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
i
n
ti
n
g
e
rro
rs.
Ex
tra
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
g
iv
e
n
t
o
d
iv
e
rsi
t
y
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s t
o
a
n
t
icip
a
te
th
is.
T
h
is r
e
se
a
rc
h
e
x
a
m
in
e
s a
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
a
l
tran
sd
e
rm
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
les
s
s
y
st
e
m
b
y
a
n
a
ly
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
imp
o
rtan
t
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
th
a
t
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
p
re
v
i
o
u
sl
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
f
o
r
su
c
h
s
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
th
e
sa
m
e
m
e
th
o
d
.
In
a
n
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
u
ta
g
e
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
,
b
o
t
h
sk
in
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
a
t
ten
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
st
o
c
h
a
stic
sp
a
ti
a
l
ji
tt
e
r,
a
lso
re
fe
rre
d
to
a
s p
o
in
ti
n
g
e
rro
r
e
ffe
c
t
s,
a
re
in
c
lu
d
e
d
.
T
h
e
u
se
fu
l
n
e
ss
o
f
th
is t
o
p
ic
is
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
u
si
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
fo
rm
u
las
a
n
d
re
su
lt
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
sy
ste
m
o
u
tag
e
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
rio
u
s
sk
in
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
a
n
d
v
a
ry
in
g
lev
e
ls
o
f
sto
c
h
a
stic
p
o
in
t
in
g
fa
u
lt
s.
S
imu
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l
u
si
n
g
M
o
n
te
-
Ca
rlo
sim
u
lati
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
u
si
n
g
M
AT
LAB
t
o
v
a
li
d
a
te
o
u
r
su
g
g
e
sti
o
n
s.
Th
e
sim
u
latio
n
r
e
su
lt
s
sh
o
we
d
a
g
o
o
d
a
g
re
e
m
e
n
t
wit
h
n
u
m
e
rica
l
re
su
lt
s,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
u
si
n
g
wa
v
e
len
g
th
a
n
d
ti
m
e
d
iv
e
rsit
y
sc
h
e
m
e
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
tran
sd
e
rm
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
l
e
ss
b
a
se
d
sy
ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ou
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
Po
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
Selectiv
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
T
r
an
s
d
er
m
al
o
p
tical
lin
k
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
awa
n
Alm
ajd
o
u
b
ah
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Me
d
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Al
-
Ah
liy
y
a
Am
m
an
Un
iv
er
s
i
ty
Am
m
an
,
1
9
3
2
8
,
J
o
r
d
a
n
E
m
ail: r
.
alm
ajd
o
u
b
ah
@
am
m
a
n
u
.
ed
u
.
jo
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
en
tly
,
wir
eless
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
m
a
n
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ac
tiv
e
m
ed
ical
im
p
lan
ts
(
AM
I
s
)
.
T
h
e
m
ain
r
o
les
o
f
AM
I
s
ar
e
to
r
eg
u
late
elec
tr
ically
p
o
wer
ed
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
m
e
d
ical
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
e
d
icin
e
d
is
p
en
s
er
s
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ic
al
s
ig
n
als
th
at
g
o
to
th
e
n
e
r
v
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es,
AM
I
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
1
]
.
Op
tical
wir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
(
OW
C
s
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
to
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
R
F)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
an
d
wid
th
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
,
d
ata
r
ates
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
im
m
u
n
ity
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
Sev
er
al
alter
n
ativ
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
im
p
o
s
ed
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
eliab
il
ity
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
o
p
tical
wir
eless
(
T
OW
)
s
y
s
tem
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t
,
m
an
y
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lin
k
s
p
ee
d
,
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
em
itter
p
o
wer
,
s
k
in
th
ick
n
ess
,
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
.
B
o
u
lo
g
eo
r
g
o
s
et
a
l.
[
8
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
“
o
p
tical
wir
eless
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
2
6424
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
in
-
b
o
d
y
an
d
tr
a
n
s
d
er
m
al
b
io
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
”
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
t
h
e
co
r
e
d
esig
n
s
o
f
o
p
tical
-
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
b
io
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
m
ain
u
s
es,
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
an
d
i
n
-
b
o
d
y
o
p
tic
al
ch
an
n
els
(
OC
s
)
,
an
d
th
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
9
]
co
n
d
u
cted
an
ex
am
in
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
d
ata
r
ate,
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
o
wer
,
tis
s
u
e
th
ick
n
ess
,
an
d
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
a
cu
tan
e
o
u
s
wir
eless
ly
o
p
t
ically
lin
k
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
tr
an
s
d
e
r
m
al
o
p
tical
lin
k
s
(
T
OL
s
)
b
u
t,
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
(
PEs),
wh
ich
ar
e
lik
ely
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
o
u
t
-
to
in
-
b
o
d
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
an
d
p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
m
o
d
els
[
1
0
]
an
d
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
(
T
X)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
(
R
X)
in
d
u
ce
s
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
a
n
d
th
ese
m
o
d
e
ls
f
ail
to
e
x
p
lain
its
u
n
p
r
ed
ict
ab
le
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
B
y
f
ac
to
r
in
g
i
n
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
T
OL
,
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
ca
lcu
late
d
an
a
v
er
ag
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
S
NR
)
th
at
ass
es
s
es p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ti
m
e
an
d
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
o
in
tin
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
u
tag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
d
er
iv
in
g
cl
o
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
OP)
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
o
p
tical
ch
an
n
el,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
tech
n
ical
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
m
ath
em
ati
ca
l
to
o
ls
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
e
f
f
icien
t d
esig
n
o
f
tr
a
n
s
d
er
m
al
OW
C
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
m
o
del
I
n
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
e
d
icate
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
esu
m
p
tio
n
o
f
f
u
ll
s
k
in
ch
an
n
el
s
tate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
C
SI)
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
wir
eless
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
o
p
tical
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
etu
p
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
we
ass
u
m
e
a
T
OW
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
y
s
tem
with
in
ten
s
ity
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ir
ec
t
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
o
n
-
o
f
f
k
ey
in
g
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
I
MD
D/OOK)
,
an
d
s
elec
tiv
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
(
SC
)
cr
ite
r
ia
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
iv
er
s
ity
tech
n
iq
u
es
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Her
ein
,
we
tak
e
a
lo
o
k
at
h
o
w
T
OW
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
u
tili
ze
tim
e
an
d
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
en
d
s
o
u
t
M
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ig
n
al
at
th
e
s
am
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
ea
ch
at
a
litt
le
d
is
tin
ct
p
o
in
t
in
tim
e
f
o
r
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
a
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
ea
ch
co
p
y
th
at
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
et
o
f
ch
a
n
n
el
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
is
s
e
n
d
in
g
o
u
t
M
co
p
ies
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
ig
n
al
at
M
d
if
f
er
en
t
tim
es
an
d
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ch
an
g
e
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
M
s
ep
a
r
ate
v
i
r
tu
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
ath
way
s
(
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
M
c
o
p
ies
r
ea
lly
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
waits
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
b
u
f
f
er
u
n
til
all
o
f
th
e
co
p
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
eiv
e
d
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
M
tim
es,
ea
ch
tim
e
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
ath
b
u
t
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
ch
a
n
n
el
s
ettin
g
s
;
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
s
ig
n
al
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
'
s
b
u
f
f
er
is
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
s
e
M
s
ig
n
als
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
L
astl
y
,
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
wo
r
k
s
b
y
h
av
in
g
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
tr
an
s
m
itter
d
eliv
er
M
o
p
tical
wav
elen
g
t
h
r
ep
licas o
f
th
e
s
am
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
s
ig
n
al
to
M
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gen
e
r
al
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
Nex
t,
f
o
r
th
e
ex
am
in
e
d
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
tatis
tica
l c
h
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
ɳ
.
ℎ
+
n
(
1
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
ze
r
o
m
ea
n
Gau
s
s
ian
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
v
ar
ian
ce
2
,
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e’
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
ₒ
2
⁄
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
watts/
Hz.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
{
0
,
1
}
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
OOK
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ig
n
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Time
a
n
d
w
a
ve
len
g
th
d
ivers
it
y
s
ch
eme
s
fo
r
tr
a
n
s
d
erma
l o
p
tica
l wi
r
ele
s
s
lin
ks
(
R
a
w
a
n
A
lma
jd
o
u
b
a
h
)
6425
I
n
(
1
)
,
ℎ
is
th
e
s
k
in
ch
an
n
el
s
tat
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
[
1
5
]
.
ℎ
=
ℎ
,
ℎ
,
(
2
)
in
wh
ich
ℎ
is
th
e
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
ch
an
n
el
co
e
f
f
icien
t
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
lo
s
s
(
s
k
in
atten
u
atio
n
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ter
m
ℎ
is
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
e
to
m
is
alig
n
ed
f
a
d
in
g
.
ℎ
=
ℎ
,
ℎ
,
(
2
)
T
h
e
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
ter
m
ℎ
can
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
ℎ
,
= e
xp
(
−
0
.
5
(
)
)
(
3
)
wh
er
e
α
(
λ
)
is
th
e
s
k
in
atten
u
atio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
at
an
o
p
er
atin
g
wav
elen
g
th
λ
in
“n
m
”.
T
h
e
s
k
in
th
ick
n
ess
is
d
o
n
ated
b
y
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
δ
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
ter
m
α
(
λ
)
is
a
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
k
i
n
atten
u
atio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
th
at
m
ay
b
e
ass
ess
ed
f
o
r
λ
=
4
0
0
n
m
t
o
λ
=1
,
8
0
0
n
m
u
s
in
g
[
1
8
]
,
(
)
=
∑
e
xp
(
−
(
−
8
=
1
)
²
)
(
4
)
wh
er
e
λ
is
s
tated
in
n
m
,
an
d
th
e
v
alu
es o
f
,
,
an
d
,
with
=
1
,
2
,
…
.
,
8
,
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
a
i
,
b
i
a
n
d
c
i
v
alu
es [
1
8
]
1
10
0
.
3
5
0
.
0
6
5
2
4
.
5
0
.
4
2
0
.
2
5
3
1
3
.
4
8
-
1
.
5
5
0
.
1
2
4
1
4
.
7
1
4
4
2
4
9
.
3
5
5
7
.
4
3
5
1
4
9
9
7
5
.
8
8
6
48
3
3
2
2
1
0
3
3
7
5
9
4
.
1
-
1
8
3
2
8
5
.
9
8
1
1
.
4
7
-
6
1
8
.
5
1
0
5
4
B
ec
k
m
an
n
'
s
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tatis
tical
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
PR
s
ef
f
ec
t
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
b
ea
m
wid
th
,
d
etec
to
r
s
ize,
v
ar
ied
jitt
er
s
f
o
r
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
an
d
v
er
tical
m
o
v
e
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
ze
r
o
b
o
r
esig
h
t
(
NZ
B
)
er
r
o
r
was
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
B
o
lu
d
a
-
R
u
iz
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ic
h
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
b
y
Far
id
a
n
d
Hr
an
ilo
v
ic
[
2
0
]
wh
en
b
o
r
esig
h
t p
o
in
ti
n
g
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
ze
r
o
to
(
5
)
.
(
)
=
2
2
−
1
°
2
,
0
≤
i
≤
°
(
5
)
wh
er
e
φ
=
w
eq
/2
σ
s
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
'
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t
b
e
am
r
ad
iu
s
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
’
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
A
°
=
[
e
r
f
(
v
)
]
²
is
th
e
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
ath
e
r
e
d
at
=
0
,
an
d
n
o
tatio
n
er
f
(
.
)
is
th
e
er
r
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
with
v
=
√
π
r
/
√
2
w
δ
an
d
r
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
cir
cu
lar
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ap
er
tu
r
e'
s
r
ad
iu
s
,
an
d
w
δ
=
δ
ta
n
(
θ
2
)
is
th
e
b
ea
m
waste
o
f
th
e
R
X
p
lan
e,
with
a
co
m
p
u
ted
r
ad
i
u
s
o
f
e
−
2
at
d
is
tan
ce
δ
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
with
θ
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
ea
m
’
s
d
iv
er
g
e
n
c
e
an
g
le
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
b
ea
m
r
a
d
iu
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
w
eq
2
=
w
δ
2
√
π
e
r
f
(
v
)
/
2ve
xp
(
−
v
2
)
.
Hen
ce
,
wh
en
a
Gau
s
s
ian
b
ea
m
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
tan
ce
δ
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
a
cir
cu
lar
d
etec
to
r
with
ap
e
r
tu
r
e
r
ad
iu
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
en
s
ity
f
u
n
c
tio
n
(
PDF)
f
o
r
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
ℎ
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
[
1
8
]
,
ℎ
(
)
=
°
−
1
,
0
≤
x
≤
°
(
6
)
L
ik
ewise,
ξ
is
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
b
ea
m
r
ad
iu
s
s
q
u
ar
ed
r
atio
o
f
th
e
w
eq
,
an
d
th
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
i
n
tin
g
er
r
o
r
at
th
e
R
X,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
ξ
=
ω²
eq
4
σ
s
²
⁄
,
an
d
also
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
PE's
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
2
6426
s
en
s
itiv
ity
(
a
lo
wer
v
alu
e
o
f
ξ
i
n
d
icate
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
m
is
ali
g
n
m
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
)
[
1
9
]
.
Pra
cti
ca
l v
alu
es f
o
r
ξ
f
all
b
etwe
en
0
.
1
an
d
2
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
in
(
6
)
is
well
ac
ce
p
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
es
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
an
d
[
2
1
]
.
As
s
tated
in
[
2
0
]
,
it
tr
u
ly
ag
r
ee
s
with
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ℎ
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
wh
en
t
h
e
r
atio
ω
δ
/
a
>
6
is
s
ati
s
f
ied
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
a
n
o
r
m
alize
d
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
er
r
o
r
(
NM
SE)
o
f
less
th
an
10
−
3
.
2
.
2
.
O
uta
g
e
p
ro
ba
bil
it
y
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ass
ess
h
o
w
r
eliab
le
th
e
T
OL
is
,
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
its
o
u
tag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
T
h
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
th
at
th
e
in
s
tan
t
an
eo
u
s
s
u
m
o
f
SNR
(
γ
)
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
a
g
iv
en
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
e
(
γ
th
)
an
d
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
=
(
≤
ℎ
)
=
∫
(
)
=
(
ℎ
0
ℎ
)
(
7
)
wh
er
e
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
e
o
u
s
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
,
γ
,
PDF
an
d
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
C
DF)
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
f
γ
(
γ
)
an
d
F
γ
(
γ
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
SNR
is
[
1
7
]
,
=
ɳ
2
(
−
(
)
)
ℎ
2
̅
ₒ
(
8
)
N
ex
t,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
SNR
,
̃
,
h
as
th
e
f
o
r
m
[
1
7
]
,
γ
̃
=
A
ₒ
2
ɳ
2
ex
p
(
−
α
(
λ
)
δ
)
P
̅
s
(
ξ
+
2
)
N
ₒ
(
9
)
U
s
in
g
(
7
)
,
a
n
d
g
o
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
m
ath
em
atica
l m
an
i
p
u
lati
o
n
,
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
as
(1
0)
.
=
(
ɳ
2
ℎ
2
ℎ
2
P
̅
s
N
ₒ
≤
ℎ
)
=
ℎ
2
(
ℎ
N
ₒ
ɳ
2
ℎ
2
P
̅
s
)
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
P
̅
s
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
ℎ
2
is
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el.
I
t
was sh
o
wn
b
y
T
r
ev
lak
is
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
,
t
h
at
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
wr
itt
en
as
(
1
1
)
.
=
1
(
°
ℎ
)
(
ℎ
N
ₒ
ɳ
2
P
̅
s
)
2
⁄
(
1
1
)
E
q
u
iv
alen
tly
,
t
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
wr
itten
as
(
1
2
)
[
1
7
]
.
(
ℎ
)
=
(
+
2
ℎ
γ
̃
)
/
2
(
1
2
)
2
.
3
.
O
uta
g
e
pro
ba
bil
it
y
f
o
r
t
im
e
div
er
s
it
y
s
chem
e
Simu
latin
g
th
e
T
OW
lin
k
'
s
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
en
d
er
an
d
s
ev
er
a
l
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
,
ju
s
t
lik
e
an
y
o
th
er
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
is
th
at
M
id
en
tical
co
p
ie
s
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
b
ein
g
s
en
t
b
y
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
at
M
d
is
tin
ct
tim
es.
T
h
e
co
p
y
o
f
ev
er
y
s
ig
n
al
th
at
is
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
'
s
m
em
o
r
y
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
is
im
p
lem
en
te
d
u
s
in
g
M
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ich
h
av
e
all
b
ee
n
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
h
av
e
s
p
r
ea
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
am
e
ch
a
n
n
el,
h
o
wev
er
with
s
lig
h
tly
d
is
tin
ct
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
tim
e
.
T
h
e
laser
b
ea
m
in
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
lin
k
s
f
o
llo
w
s
a
r
ec
tili
n
ea
r
p
ath
as
it
tr
av
els
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
k
in
,
wh
ich
ac
ts
as
a
n
a
d
d
itiv
e
w
h
ite
Gau
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
(
AW
GN)
ch
an
n
el.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
m
em
o
r
y
less
,
s
tatic
er
g
o
d
ic
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
i.i.
d
.
i
n
ten
s
ity
f
ast
f
a
d
in
g
ch
an
n
el.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
we
p
r
esu
m
e
OOK
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
with
a
b
in
ar
y
in
p
u
t
an
d
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t u
s
in
g
I
MD
D.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
we
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
C
SI
is
s
h
ar
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
en
d
er
an
d
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
T
OW
lin
k
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
ele
d
as
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
a
s
in
g
le
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
s
(
M
in
th
is
ca
s
e)
,
an
d
we
u
s
e
th
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
T
OW
lin
k
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
s
en
d
in
g
o
u
t
M
co
p
ies
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
is
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
=
ɳ
ℎ
+
,
=
1
,
…
.
.
(
1
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Time
a
n
d
w
a
ve
len
g
th
d
ivers
it
y
s
ch
eme
s
fo
r
tr
a
n
s
d
erma
l o
p
tica
l wi
r
ele
s
s
lin
ks
(
R
a
w
a
n
A
lma
jd
o
u
b
a
h
)
6427
with
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
p
y
o
f
ea
ch
s
ig
n
al
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
ɳ
is
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
h
o
to
-
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
,
ℎ
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
th
at
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
al,
x
,
h
as
v
al
u
es
o
f
“0
”
o
r
“1
”,
an
d
th
e
AW
GN,
n
,
h
as
ze
r
o
m
ea
n
a
n
d
Nₒ
2
⁄
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
M
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al
co
p
ies
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
(
1
1
)
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
ea
c
h
s
ig
n
al
c
o
p
y
h
as
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
[
1
4
]
,
t
h
en
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
en
tire
tem
p
o
r
al
d
i
v
er
s
ity
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
lin
k
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
a
ll
M
co
p
ies
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
d
ata.
I
t is m
ath
em
ati
ca
lly
ex
p
r
ess
ib
le
b
y
(
1
4
)
,
=
∏
,
=
∏
(
≤
ℎ
)
=
∏
(
ℎ
)
=
1
=
1
=
1
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
SNR
is
[
1
7
]
.
γ
=
ɳ
2
ex
p
(
−
α
(
λ
)
δ
)
ℎ
2
P
̅
s
N
ₒ
(
1
5
)
B
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
8
)
in
to
(
1
4
)
a
s
f
o
llo
ws,
o
n
e
ca
n
o
b
tain
th
e
clo
s
ed
f
o
r
m
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
d
er
m
al
lin
k
'
s
to
tal
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
with
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
.
,
=
(
1
(
°
ℎ
)
(
ℎ
N
ₒ
ɳ
2
P
̅
s
)
2
⁄
)
(
1
6
)
2
.
4
.
O
uta
g
e
pro
ba
bil
it
y
f
o
r
wa
v
e
leng
t
h div
er
s
it
y
s
chem
e
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
is
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
tr
an
s
m
itter
th
at
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
a
s
ig
n
al
at
m
an
y
o
p
er
atio
n
al
w
av
elen
g
th
s
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
to
m
u
ltip
le
r
ec
eiv
er
s
,
ea
ch
o
f
wh
ich
is
tu
n
ed
t
o
p
ic
k
u
p
th
e
s
ig
n
al
at
a
s
in
g
le
wav
elen
g
th
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
b
eh
i
n
d
th
is
is
as
f
o
llo
ws;
ass
u
m
e
th
at
M
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
at
M
d
is
tin
ct
wav
elen
g
th
s
s
en
d
th
e
s
ig
n
al
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
in
a
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
M
tr
an
s
-
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
I
f
ea
ch
r
ec
eiv
er
"r
ec
o
g
n
izes"
ju
s
t
its
o
wn
wav
elen
g
th
,
th
en
th
e
ℎ
co
p
y
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
(
wh
er
e
=
1
,
.
.
.
,
)
will
o
n
ly
b
e
p
i
ck
ed
u
p
b
y
t
h
e
m
-
th
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Op
tical
r
ec
eiv
er
s
ar
e
lim
ited
i
n
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
with
in
wh
ic
h
th
ey
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
well,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
ℎ
s
ig
n
al
in
th
e
ℎ
r
ec
eiv
er
ca
n
o
n
l
y
h
av
e
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ℎ
tr
an
s
m
itter
th
at
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
at
th
e
ℎ
wav
elen
g
th
.
Sin
ce
ea
ch
tr
an
s
m
itte
r
ca
n
o
n
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
a
s
in
g
le
r
e
ce
iv
er
,
th
e
wav
ele
n
g
th
d
iv
er
s
ity
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
a
T
OW
lin
k
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
M
r
ec
eiv
er
s
,
o
n
e
at
ea
ch
en
d
o
f
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
wav
elen
g
th
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
e
g
o
in
g
,
let
u
s
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ℎ
laser
b
ea
m
as
it
tr
av
els
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ch
an
n
el
co
n
tain
in
g
AW
GN.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
a
m
em
o
r
y
less
,
s
tat
io
n
ar
y
,
e
r
g
o
d
ic
ch
an
n
el
in
clu
d
in
g
b
in
ar
y
in
p
u
t a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
I
MD
D
with
OOK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
C
SI
at
b
o
th
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
an
d
i.i.
d
.
in
ten
s
ity
r
ap
id
f
a
d
in
g
s
tatis
tics
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
h
as a
n
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
=
ɳ
ℎ
+
,
=
1
,
…
.
,
(
1
7
)
wh
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
ea
ch
M
r
ec
eiv
er
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
,
ɳ
is
ea
ch
r
ec
eiv
er
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
r
atio
,
ℎ
is
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
r
m
al
ized
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
e
v
er
y
r
ec
ei
v
er
,
x
is
th
e
s
ig
n
al
t
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
u
lated
,
ac
ce
p
tin
g
th
e
b
in
ar
y
v
alu
es
"0
"
o
r
"1
"
,
an
d
n
d
e
p
icts
th
e
A
W
GN
w
ith
a
ze
r
o
m
ea
n
an
d
a
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
Nₒ
2
⁄
.
As
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
th
e
o
u
ta
g
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
M
co
p
ie
s
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
s
ig
n
al
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
1
)
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
n
o
t
all
c
o
m
b
in
ed
c
h
an
n
el
g
ain
s
h
av
e
a
PDF
th
at
co
n
v
e
r
g
es
t
o
a
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
s
,
th
e
OP
i
n
a
m
u
lti
-
r
ec
eiv
er
s
y
s
tem
is
tr
ea
ted
in
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as it p
r
es
en
ted
b
y
[
2
1
]
.
Ass
u
m
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
ea
ch
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
o
n
li
n
e
wi
ll
o
p
er
ate
i
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
ly
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
li
n
es
as
l
o
n
g
as
t
h
e
n
e
ce
s
s
a
r
y
d
is
t
an
ce
b
e
twe
e
n
t
h
e
r
ec
e
iv
e
r
s
is
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
e
d
,
th
e
l
ik
e
li
h
o
o
d
o
f
a
d
e
ep
f
a
d
e
is
r
e
d
u
c
ed
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
liti
es
o
f
ea
ch
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
o
u
ta
g
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
i.i
.
d
.
li
n
k
s
,
OP
m
ig
h
t
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
as
(
1
8
)
.
,
=
,
1
,
2
…
,
(
1
8
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Nu
m
er
ical
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
u
s
in
g
n
o
v
el
clo
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
d
er
iv
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ch
ap
ter
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
etr
ics.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
ad
d
itio
n
ally
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
A
g
o
o
d
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
was
co
n
clu
d
e
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
a
n
d
th
e
s
im
u
lated
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
e
x
am
in
atio
n
h
as
th
e
o
p
tio
n
to
u
tili
ze
M
=
1
to
M
=
5
,
L
=
1
to
L
=
5
T
OW
lin
k
s
,
with
an
a
v
er
ag
e
s
k
in
th
i
ck
n
ess
o
f
=
9
m
m
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
wav
elen
g
th
r
em
ai
n
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
2
6428
=
850
n
m
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
r
ec
eiv
er
ap
er
t
u
r
e,
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
=
0
.
7
,
=
0
.
5
m
m
,
=
35
°,
P
̅
s
=
1
m
w/MH
z,
=
1
.
4422
,
(
)
=
1
.
8
at
=
850
n
m
,
=
1
m
m
²
an
d
ₒ
=
(
1
.
3
p
A/
√
Hz
)
².
Po
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
ev
er
i
ty
is
lab
eled
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
r
a
m
eter
ξ
,
wh
ich
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
ξ
=
0
.
2
,
im
p
lies
s
ev
er
e
PE
s
tate,
ξ
=
0
.
5
,
im
p
lies
s
tr
o
n
g
PE
s
tate,
ξ
=
1
,
im
p
lies
m
o
d
e
r
ate
PE
s
tate.
T
h
e
OP
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
f
o
r
a
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
with
wa
v
elen
g
th
an
d
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
(
1
6
)
a
n
d
(
1
8
)
.
Her
e
n
u
m
er
ical
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
OP
o
f
a
tim
e
-
o
r
wav
elen
g
th
-
d
iv
er
s
ity
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
th
eir
ch
an
g
e
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
s
y
s
tem
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
co
u
ld
im
p
ac
t th
e
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
was
c
h
ec
k
ed
.
I
t
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
M,
th
e
tim
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
ar
a
m
eter
,
ca
n
ta
k
e
o
n
th
e
v
al
u
es
1
,
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
with
a
s
in
g
le
in
cr
em
en
t.
E
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
1
6
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
T
OW
lin
k
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
ev
er
e
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
PE
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
OP
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
lin
k
s
(
M=
1
,
2
,
3
an
d
4
)
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
OP
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
wh
en
g
o
in
g
f
r
o
m
M=
1
to
M=
2
,
3
an
d
4
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
SNR
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es,
u
n
d
er
m
o
d
er
ate
PE
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
to
d
ep
l
o
y
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
ec
eiv
e
a
p
er
tu
r
e
s
u
n
d
er
s
ev
er
e
PE
r
esu
lts
in
2
.
3
4
×
10
−
3
OP
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
w
h
e
n
o
p
er
atin
g
at
2
5
d
B
SNR
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
OP w
ith
tim
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
v
s
th
r
esh
o
ld
SNR
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
p
ar
am
eter
M
T
ab
le
2
.
OP e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
f
o
r
M=
1
,
2
,
3
a
n
d
4
u
n
d
er
ξ
=1
S
N
R
1
5
d
B
2
5
d
B
3
5
d
B
M
=
1
0
.
1
0
5
4
0
.
1
3
2
7
0
.
1
6
7
1
M
=
2
1
.
3
0
5
×
10
−
5
4
.
1
1
×
10
−
5
1
.
3
0
3
×
10
−
4
M
=
3
4
.
7
1
4
×
10
−
8
2
.
6
4
×
10
−
7
1
.
4
8
5
×
10
−
6
M
=
4
1
.
6
9
8
×
10
−
10
1
.
7
×
10
−
9
1
.
6
9
8
×
10
−
8
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
i
s
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
th
at
as
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
in
tin
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
ev
e
r
e,
i.e
.
as
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ξ
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
g
ets
wo
r
s
e,
f
o
r
a
f
ix
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
SNR
.
At
2
5
d
B
,
th
e
OP
u
n
d
e
r
s
ev
er
s
PE
2
.
3
4
×
10
−
3
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
2
.
6
4
×
10
−
7
u
n
d
er
m
o
d
er
ate
PE
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
e
r
ap
er
tu
r
es
(
M=
3
)
.
T
h
e
OP
is
r
ewr
itten
in
ter
m
s
o
f
n
o
r
m
alize
d
SNR
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
tim
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
s
ch
em
e,
i.e
.
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
PE
d
e
g
r
ee
,
g
r
ea
ter
v
alu
es
o
f
M
r
esu
lt in
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
b
et
ter
av
ailab
ilit
y
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
T
OW
lin
k
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
n
u
m
er
ical
r
e
s
u
lts
,
th
e
OP,
,
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
k
in
th
ick
n
ess
f
o
r
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
v
alu
es o
f
M
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
As d
is
cu
s
s
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
,
as sk
in
th
ick
n
ess
in
cr
ea
s
es,
lin
k
av
ailab
ilit
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
OP
wh
en
m
o
v
in
g
f
r
o
m
M=
1
a
r
r
a
n
g
em
en
t
t
o
M=
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
u
t
ag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
v
alu
es
o
f
M
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
wav
elen
g
th
an
d
f
ix
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
jitt
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
σ
.
T
h
e
s
m
allest
v
alu
e
o
f
OP
will
o
cc
u
r
at
λ
=
1
,
2
0
0
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
tim
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
th
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
th
at
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
lin
k
s
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
lin
k
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Time
a
n
d
w
a
ve
len
g
th
d
ivers
it
y
s
ch
eme
s
fo
r
tr
a
n
s
d
erma
l o
p
tica
l wi
r
ele
s
s
lin
ks
(
R
a
w
a
n
A
lma
jd
o
u
b
a
h
)
6429
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
OP w
ith
tim
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
v
s
n
o
r
m
aliz
e
d
SNR
f
o
r
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
tim
e
v
ar
iety
p
ar
am
eter
M
v
alu
es
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
OP w
ith
tim
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
v
s
s
k
in
th
ick
n
ess
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
tim
e
d
i
v
er
s
ity
p
ar
am
eter
M
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
OP w
ith
tim
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
v
s
wav
elen
g
th
f
o
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
tim
e
v
ar
iety
p
ar
am
eter
M
v
al
u
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
2
6430
F
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
wav
elen
g
t
h
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
ch
em
e,
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
OP
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
ese
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ch
an
n
els'
M
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
λ
m
,
(
=
1
,
…
,
)
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
es
6
a
n
d
7
.
First,
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
s
k
in
th
ic
k
n
ess
as
v
is
u
alize
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
was
esti
m
ated
.
Fo
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
SNR
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
γ
th
=
1
)
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
m
o
d
er
ate
PE,
in
itially
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
OP
d
ec
r
em
en
ts
as
s
k
in
th
ick
n
ess
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
E
ith
er
way
,
u
s
in
g
wav
elen
g
th
d
i
v
er
s
ity
r
esu
lts
in
n
o
tab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
o
u
ta
g
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
OP v
s
s
k
in
th
ic
k
n
ess
with
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
er
s
ity
T
h
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
OP)
i
s
th
en
esti
m
ated
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ξ
u
s
in
g
(
1
8
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
r
esu
lts
an
d
s
h
o
ws
th
at
u
s
in
g
wav
elen
g
th
d
i
v
er
s
ity
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
u
ta
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
T
OW
lin
k
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
m
o
r
e
wav
elen
g
th
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
lo
wer
S
NR
th
r
esh
o
ld
le
v
els
an
d
wea
k
er
p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
T
O
W
lin
k
's
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
e
s
t
ate
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
r
esear
ch
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
OP v
s
with
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
er
s
ity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Time
a
n
d
w
a
ve
len
g
th
d
ivers
it
y
s
ch
eme
s
fo
r
tr
a
n
s
d
erma
l o
p
tica
l wi
r
ele
s
s
lin
ks
(
R
a
w
a
n
A
lma
jd
o
u
b
a
h
)
6431
T
ab
le
3
.
A
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
A
u
t
h
o
r
[
s]
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
V
a
r
o
t
s
o
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
O
n
-
O
f
f
k
e
y
i
n
g
f
r
e
e
s
p
a
c
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
(
F
S
O
)
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
ms
w
h
i
l
e
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
d
e
f
e
c
t
s a
n
d
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
sh
e
d
c
l
o
s
e
d
-
f
o
r
m c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
s f
o
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
a
d
e
p
o
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
N
i
st
a
z
a
k
i
s
[
1
3
]
A
c
l
o
s
e
d
-
f
o
r
m
mat
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
p
o
ssi
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
t
h
e
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
b
i
t
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
b
so
l
u
t
e
ma
x
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
i
t
r
a
t
e
i
s
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
t
i
me
-
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
s
p
a
c
e
-
f
r
e
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
s
e
v
e
r
e
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
msta
n
c
e
s m
o
d
e
l
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
d
v
e
r
se
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
.
N
i
st
a
z
a
k
i
s
a
n
d
T
o
m
b
r
a
s
[
1
4
]
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
t
o
r
o
b
u
st
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
t
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
c
i
r
c
u
mst
a
n
c
e
s
m
o
d
e
l
l
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
a
m
ma
-
g
a
mm
a
sh
i
p
me
n
t
,
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
c
l
o
se
d
-
f
o
r
m
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
's
f
e
a
s
i
b
l
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
mm
o
n
b
i
t
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
e
,
t
a
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
V
a
r
o
t
s
o
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
D
e
r
i
v
e
d
n
e
w
c
l
o
s
e
d
f
o
r
m
m
a
t
h
e
mat
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
u
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
TO
W
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
N
Z
B
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s t
h
a
t
u
se
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
sp
a
c
e
,
t
i
me
,
o
r
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
.
Tr
e
v
l
a
k
i
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
O
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
a
c
l
o
s
e
d
-
f
o
r
m
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
t
r
a
n
s
d
e
r
m
a
l
l
i
n
k
's
o
u
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
l
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
-
b
o
d
y
d
e
v
i
c
e
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
-
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
mi
s
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
i
t
i
e
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
u
n
i
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
.
R
a
c
h
m
a
n
i
a
n
d
A
r
n
o
n
[
2
4
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
u
si
n
g
a
l
a
b
t
e
st
b
e
d
t
o
a
sse
ss
h
o
w
w
e
l
l
a
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
-
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
ms
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
a
mp
l
i
t
u
d
e
.
Th
i
s
st
u
d
y
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sd
e
r
ma
l
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
y
st
e
m's
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
w
h
e
n
t
i
m
e
o
r
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
r
e
u
se
d
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
c
l
o
s
e
d
-
f
o
r
m
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
st
i
ma
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
—
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
sy
st
e
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
—
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
se
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
’
s
e
n
d
.
Th
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
i
s res
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k
l
a
k
e
s
i
n
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
a
b
o
v
e
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
T
OW
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
e
m
er
g
ed
as
a
f
o
ca
l
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
an
d
c
o
m
m
er
cial
in
ter
est.
T
h
is
h
eig
h
te
n
ed
atten
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
a
ttrib
u
ted
to
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
tic
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
s
k
in
as
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ed
i
u
m
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es
to
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
is
in
tr
icate
ly
l
in
k
ed
t
o
th
e
tr
an
s
d
e
r
m
al
c
h
an
n
el'
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
in
tin
g
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
s
k
in
-
in
d
u
ce
d
atten
u
atio
n
p
la
y
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
les
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
g
o
v
er
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as we
ll a
s
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies to
m
itig
ate
th
e
ad
v
e
r
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ch
a
n
n
el
im
p
air
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
tr
an
s
d
e
r
m
al
o
p
tical
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
eith
er
wav
elen
g
th
o
r
tem
p
o
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
as
s
ess
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
W
e
esti
m
ated
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
e
q
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tiv
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
wh
ich
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
.
W
e
e
x
am
in
ed
t
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
T
OW
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
ettin
g
s
u
s
in
g
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
lin
k
's p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
b
o
th
tem
p
o
r
al
an
d
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
it
r
ate
m
u
s
t
b
e
lo
wer
e
d
with
tem
p
o
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
ex
p
e
n
s
e
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
er
s
ity
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
tr
a
n
s
ce
iv
er
f
o
r
ea
c
h
wav
elen
g
th
.
T
h
is
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
an
aly
tically
an
d
n
u
m
er
ically
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
ca
s
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ad
d
ed
b
en
ef
it
o
f
tim
e
a
n
d
wav
elen
g
th
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
s
t.
Fin
ally
,
it
i
s
al
s
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
PE
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y
.
G
i
l
,
N
.
R
o
t
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
r
n
o
n
,
“
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
t
r
o
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
r
a
n
s
d
e
r
mal
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
O
p
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
4
2
3
2
–
4
2
3
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/
A
O
.
5
1
.
0
0
4
2
3
2
.
[
2
]
A
.
A
p
o
st
o
l
o
s
a
n
d
B
o
u
l
o
g
e
o
r
g
o
s,
“
L
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
r
a
d
i
o
s
a
g
a
i
n
st
sp
e
c
t
r
u
m
sc
a
r
c
i
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
O
f
N
e
t
w
o
rk
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
Arc
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
–
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
3
]
A.
-
A
.
A
.
B
o
u
l
o
g
e
o
r
g
o
s,
“
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
,
”
P
h
.
D
.
d
i
ss
e
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
Te
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
,
A
r
i
st
o
t
l
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
T
h
e
ss
a
l
o
n
i
k
i
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
4
]
D
.
K
.
B
o
r
a
h
,
A
.
C
.
B
o
u
c
o
u
v
a
l
a
s
,
C
.
C
.
D
a
v
i
s,
S
.
H
r
a
n
i
l
o
v
i
c
,
a
n
d
K
.
Y
i
a
n
n
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
sy
s
t
e
ms
,
”
E
u
ra
si
p
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
1
6
8
7
-
1
4
9
9
-
2
0
1
2
-
9
1
.
[
5
]
D
.
M
.
A
c
k
e
r
ma
n
n
,
B
.
S
mi
t
h
,
K
.
L
.
K
i
l
g
o
r
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
H
.
P
e
c
k
h
a
m
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
s
p
e
e
d
t
r
a
n
sc
u
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
l
e
me
t
r
y
l
i
n
k
,
”
i
n
An
n
u
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
I
E
EE
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
i
n
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
-
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
2
–
2
9
3
5
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EM
B
S
.
2
0
0
6
.
2
6
0
3
9
8
.
[
6
]
D
.
M
.
A
c
k
e
r
ma
n
n
,
B
.
S
m
i
t
h
,
X
.
F
.
W
a
n
g
,
K
.
L.
K
i
l
g
o
r
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
H
.
P
e
c
k
h
a
m,
“
D
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
a
t
r
a
n
s
c
u
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
l
e
me
t
r
y
l
i
n
k
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
B
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
5
–
1
3
7
3
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
B
M
E.
2
0
0
7
.
9
1
3
4
1
1
.
[
7
]
J.
L.
A
b
i
t
a
a
n
d
W
.
S
c
h
n
e
i
d
e
r
,
“
Tr
a
n
sd
e
r
ma
l
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
C
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
J
o
h
n
s
H
o
p
k
i
n
s
Ap
l
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
D
i
g
e
st
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
–
2
6
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
8
]
A
.
A
.
A
.
B
o
u
l
o
g
e
o
r
g
o
s
,
S
.
E
.
T
r
e
v
l
a
k
i
s
,
a
n
d
N
.
D
.
C
h
a
t
z
i
d
i
a
m
a
n
t
i
s
,
“
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
i
n
-
b
o
d
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
d
e
r
m
a
l
b
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
z
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
–
1
2
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
C
O
M
.
0
0
1
.
2
0
0
0
2
8
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
2
6432
[
9
]
T.
Li
u
,
J
.
A
n
d
e
r
s,
a
n
d
M
.
O
r
t
m
a
n
n
s
,
“
S
y
s
t
e
m
l
e
v
e
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
sc
u
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
l
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
l
i
n
k
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
-
I
EE
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
si
u
m
o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
8
6
5
–
8
6
8
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
S
C
A
S
.
2
0
1
3
.
6
5
7
1
9
8
4
.
[
1
0
]
T.
Li
u
,
U
.
B
i
h
r
,
S
.
M
.
A
n
i
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
O
r
t
ma
n
n
s,
“
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
r
a
n
sc
u
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
i
n
k
f
o
r
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
,
h
i
g
h
d
a
t
a
r
a
t
e
t
e
l
e
me
t
r
y
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
I
EEE
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
i
n
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
EM
BS
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
5
–
3
5
3
8
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
E
M
B
C
.
2
0
1
2
.
6
3
4
6
7
2
9
.
[
1
1
]
T.
L
i
u
,
U
.
B
i
h
r
,
J.
B
e
c
k
e
r
,
J.
A
n
d
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
O
r
t
m
a
n
n
s,
“
I
n
v
i
v
o
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
1
0
0
M
b
p
s
t
r
a
n
s
c
u
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
l
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
l
i
n
k
,
”
i
n
I
EE
E
2
0
1
4
B
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
Bi
o
C
AS
2
0
1
4
-
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
5
8
0
–
5
8
3
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
B
i
o
C
A
S
.
2
0
1
4
.
6
9
8
1
7
9
2
.
[
1
2
]
G
.
K
.
V
a
r
o
t
so
s
,
H
.
E
.
N
i
s
t
a
z
a
k
i
s
,
C
.
K
.
V
o
l
o
s
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
.
T
o
m
b
r
a
s,
“
F
S
O
l
i
n
k
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
b
r
o
a
d
e
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
s o
v
e
r
w
e
a
k
t
o
st
r
o
n
g
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s,
”
O
p
t
i
k
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
4
0
2
–
3
4
0
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
l
e
o
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
2
.
0
6
0
.
[
1
3
]
H
.
E.
N
i
st
a
z
a
k
i
s
,
“
A
t
i
m
e
-
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
s
c
h
e
me
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
l
i
n
k
s
o
v
e
r
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
m
o
d
e
l
e
d
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s,”
O
p
t
i
k
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
6
–
1
3
9
1
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
l
e
o
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
3
.
0
6
5
.
[
1
4
]
H
.
E.
N
i
s
t
a
z
a
k
i
s
a
n
d
G
.
S
.
To
m
b
r
a
s
,
“
O
n
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
i
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
ms
o
v
e
r
g
a
mm
a
-
g
a
mm
a
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
,
”
O
p
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
L
a
s
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
8
8
–
2
0
9
4
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
o
p
t
l
a
s
t
e
c
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
3
.
0
2
1
.
[
1
5
]
S
.
E.
Tr
e
v
l
a
k
i
s,
A
.
A
.
A
.
B
o
u
l
o
g
e
o
r
g
o
s,
a
n
d
G
.
K
.
K
a
r
a
g
i
a
n
n
i
d
i
s,
“
O
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
m
i
sa
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
f
a
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
r
a
n
sd
e
r
ma
l
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
i
n
2
0
1
8
7
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Mo
d
e
r
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
MOCA
S
T
2
0
1
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
O
C
A
S
T.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
7
6
6
1
3
.
[
1
6
]
G
.
K
.
V
a
r
o
t
s
o
s,
H
.
E
.
N
i
st
a
z
a
k
i
s,
G
.
S
.
To
m
b
r
a
s,
K
.
A
i
d
i
n
i
s,
F
.
Ja
b
e
r
,
a
n
d
K
.
K
.
M
u
j
e
e
b
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
“
O
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
d
e
r
m
a
l
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
l
i
n
k
s
w
i
t
h
n
o
n
z
e
r
o
b
o
r
e
s
i
g
h
t
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
o
u
t
a
g
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
9
8
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Mo
d
e
r
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
(
MOCA
S
T
)
,
Th
e
ssa
l
o
n
i
k
i
,
G
r
e
e
c
e
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
4,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
O
C
A
S
T.
2
0
1
9
.
8
7
4
1
8
0
7
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
E.
Tr
e
v
l
a
k
i
s,
A
.
B
o
u
l
o
g
c
o
r
g
o
s
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
r
o
s
-
A
p
o
st
o
l
o
s
,
a
n
d
G
.
K
.
K
a
r
a
g
i
a
n
n
i
d
i
s
,
“
O
u
t
a
g
e
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
Tr
a
n
sd
e
r
ma
l
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
L
i
n
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
P
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
P
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
Er
r
o
r
s,
”
i
n
I
EEE
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
W
i
re
l
e
ss
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
S
PAW
C
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
8
-
J
u
n
e
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
P
A
W
C
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
4
4
5
7
6
6
.
[
1
8
]
S
.
E
.
Tr
e
v
l
a
k
i
s,
A
.
A
.
A
.
B
o
u
l
o
g
e
o
r
g
o
s,
a
n
d
G
.
K
.
K
a
r
a
g
i
a
n
n
i
d
i
s
,
“
S
i
g
n
a
l
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
A
ssessm
e
n
t
f
o
r
Tr
a
n
s
d
e
r
ma
l
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
Er
r
o
r
s †
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
1
0
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s6
0
4
0
1
0
9
.
[
1
9
]
R
.
B
o
l
u
d
a
-
R
u
i
z
,
A
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
Z
a
mb
r
a
n
a
,
B
.
C
a
s
t
i
l
l
o
-
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
a
n
d
C
.
C
a
s
t
i
l
l
o
-
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
n
o
n
z
e
r
o
b
o
r
e
si
g
h
t
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
o
n
e
r
g
o
d
i
c
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
M
I
M
O
F
S
O
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms,
”
O
p
t
i
c
s
Ex
p
r
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
3
5
1
3
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/
o
e
.
2
4
.
0
0
3
5
1
3
.
[
2
0
]
A
.
A
.
F
a
r
i
d
a
n
d
S
.
H
r
a
n
i
l
o
v
i
c
,
“
O
u
t
a
g
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
f
r
e
e
-
s
p
a
c
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
l
i
n
k
s
w
i
t
h
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
i
g
h
t
w
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
2
–
1
7
1
0
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JLT
.
2
0
0
7
.
8
9
9
1
7
4
.
[
2
1
]
S
.
E.
Tr
e
v
l
a
k
i
s,
A
.
-
A
.
A
.
B
o
u
l
o
g
e
o
r
g
o
s
,
P
.
C
.
S
o
f
o
t
a
si
o
s,
S
.
M
u
h
a
i
d
a
t
,
a
n
d
G
.
K
.
K
a
r
a
g
i
a
n
n
i
d
i
s
,
“
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
c
h
l
e
a
r
i
mp
l
a
n
t
s
,
”
Bi
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
O
p
t
i
c
s
Ex
p
ress
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
7
0
7
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/
b
o
e
.
1
0
.
0
0
0
7
0
7
.
[
2
2
]
A
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
Za
mb
r
a
n
a
,
C
.
C
a
s
t
i
l
l
o
-
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
a
n
d
B
.
C
a
st
i
l
l
o
-
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
“
O
u
t
a
g
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
M
I
M
O
F
S
O
l
i
n
k
s
o
v
e
r
s
t
r
o
n
g
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
i
sa
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
f
a
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
,
”
O
p
t
i
c
s
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
.
1
3
4
8
0
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/
o
e
.
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
8
0
.
[
2
3
]
T.
A
.
Ts
i
f
t
si
s
,
H
.
G
.
S
a
n
d
a
l
i
d
i
s
,
G
.
K
.
K
a
r
a
g
i
a
n
n
i
d
i
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
U
y
sa
l
,
“
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
l
i
n
k
s
w
i
t
h
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
v
e
r
st
r
o
ng
a
t
m
o
sp
h
e
r
i
c
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s,”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
W
i
re
l
e
ss
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
5
1
–
9
5
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TW
C
.
2
0
0
9
.
0
7
1
3
1
8
.
[
2
4
]
R
.
R
a
c
h
m
a
n
i
a
n
d
S
.
A
r
n
o
n
,
“
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
i
n
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
f
o
r
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
0
I
EEE
2
6
t
h
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
i
n
I
sr
a
e
l
,
I
EE
EI
2
0
1
0
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
1
5
–
9
1
8
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
EE
EI
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
6
6
1
9
4
6
.
[
2
5
]
H
.
E
.
N
i
s
t
a
z
a
k
i
s
,
V
.
D
.
A
s
s
i
m
a
k
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
.
T
o
m
b
r
a
s
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
r
e
e
s
p
a
c
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
l
i
n
k
s
o
v
e
r
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
,
”
O
p
t
i
k
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
2
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
1
–
2
1
9
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
l
e
o
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ra
wa
n
Al
m
a
j
d
o
u
b
a
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Ha
sh
e
m
it
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Jo
r
d
a
n
,
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Al
-
Ah
l
y
y
ia
Am
m
a
n
Un
iv
e
r
sity
,
in
2
0
2
3
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
L
a
b
su
p
e
rv
iso
r
a
n
d
lec
tu
re
r
(p
a
rt
ti
m
e
)
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Al
-
Ah
l
y
y
ia
Am
m
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
tran
sd
e
rm
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
se
n
so
rs
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
a
re
a
wire
les
s n
e
two
rk
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
r
.
a
lma
jd
o
u
b
a
h
@a
m
m
a
n
u
.
e
d
u
.
j
o
.
O
m
a
r
H
a
sa
n
(Ba
n
i
Ah
m
a
d
)
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Ne
w
M
e
x
ic
o
S
tate
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
,
Las
c
ru
c
e
s,
Ne
w
M
e
x
ico
,
USA
,
i
n
1
9
8
7
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
1
9
9
0
a
n
d
1
9
9
6
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
fro
m
Ne
w
M
e
x
ico
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Las
c
ru
c
e
s,
N
e
w
M
e
x
ico
,
USA.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
fo
r
G
lo
b
a
l
Ca
rd
iac
M
o
n
it
o
rs,
LL
C
,
Ho
u
st
o
n
,
Tex
a
s,
USA.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
tran
sd
e
rm
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
fre
e
sp
a
c
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
les
s
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
o
h
a
sa
n
@p
su
t.
e
d
u
.
j
o
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.