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rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
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ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
6
9
8
1
~
6
9
9
1
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
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,
DOI
: 1
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v
14
i
6
.
pp
6
9
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1
6981
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C
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GM
I
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s
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Dav
an
ag
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Vis
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a
T
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Un
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B
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Kar
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I
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d
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m
ail: d
ee
p
at.
m
ask
al@
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m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
v
er
y
n
ew
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
w
ir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
d
eliv
er
s
f
as
ter
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
ality
to
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es.
First
g
en
er
atio
n
(
1G
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ce
ll
p
h
o
n
es,
2
G
let
u
s
er
s
’
tex
t
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e,
3
G
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
4
G
d
eliv
er
ed
th
e
s
p
ee
d
s
u
s
er
s
en
jo
y
t
o
d
ay
[
1
]
.
B
u
t
as
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
s
co
m
e
o
n
lin
e
,
4
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
ju
s
t
ab
o
u
t
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
lim
it
o
f
th
eir
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
h
ea
d
ed
to
war
d
5
G,
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
]
.
I
t
ca
n
h
an
d
le
a
th
o
u
s
an
d
tim
e
s
m
o
r
e
tr
af
f
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th
an
to
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ay
'
s
n
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k
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a
n
d
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p
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an
4
G
lo
n
g
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ter
m
e
v
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tio
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(
L
T
E
)
[
3
]
.
5
G
is
th
e
f
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n
d
atio
n
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o
r
v
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io
u
s
ad
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ce
d
tech
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o
l
o
g
ies,
e.
g
.
,
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
,
au
t
o
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o
m
o
u
s
d
r
iv
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g
,
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ter
n
et
o
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th
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g
s
.
5
b
r
an
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ew
tech
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lo
g
ies
em
er
g
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
5
G
m
illi
m
eter
wav
es,
s
m
all
ce
lls
,
m
as
s
iv
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m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
,
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
an
d
f
u
ll
-
d
u
p
le
x
.
Sm
ar
tp
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o
n
es
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d
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
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ic
d
ev
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s
e
p
ar
ticu
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f
r
eq
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e
n
cies
o
n
th
e
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ad
io
f
r
eq
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en
cy
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m
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ty
p
ically
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e
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ix
g
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ah
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tz
[
4
]
.
B
u
t
th
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f
r
eq
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e
n
cies
ar
e
s
tar
tin
g
to
g
et
m
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r
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cr
o
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ed
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C
ar
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ier
s
ca
n
o
n
l
y
s
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u
ee
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u
g
e
d
ata
b
its
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n
th
e
s
am
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ad
i
o
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
As
m
o
r
e
d
ev
ices
co
m
e
o
n
lin
e,
th
e
u
s
er
s
will
s
tar
t
to
s
ee
s
lo
we
r
s
er
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an
d
m
o
r
e
d
r
o
p
p
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c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
[
5
]
.
R
esear
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ar
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tin
g
w
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b
r
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d
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ter
m
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all
b
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en
3
0
an
d
3
0
0
g
ig
ah
er
tz
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
e
ctio
n
h
as
n
e
v
er
b
e
en
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
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o
p
en
in
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it
u
p
m
ea
n
s
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
wid
th
f
o
r
ev
er
y
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n
e.
B
u
t
th
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e
is
a
ca
tch
.
Milli
-
m
eter
wav
e
s
ca
n
no
t
tr
av
el
well
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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8
8
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8
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8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
9
8
1
-
6
9
9
1
6982
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
u
ild
in
g
s
o
r
o
th
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r
o
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s
tacle
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d
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ab
s
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b
ed
b
y
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lan
ts
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d
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ai
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will
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e
a
n
ee
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f
o
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tech
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g
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s
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etwo
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th
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o
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lem
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o
d
ay
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s
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n
etw
o
r
k
s
r
ely
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la
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g
e,
h
ig
h
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t
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als
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in
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s
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at
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er
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e
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e
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ig
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al.
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s
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o
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p
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i
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ase
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d
s
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o
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ase
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s
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als
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T
h
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e
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s
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er
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er
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atica
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ase
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ase
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p
o
r
ts
f
o
r
an
ten
n
as
th
at
ca
n
h
an
d
le
all
ce
llu
lar
tr
a
f
f
ic,
b
u
t
m
ass
iv
e
MI
MO
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ab
o
u
t
a
h
u
n
d
r
ed
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
to
d
ay
'
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
ex
p
o
n
en
tially
.
T
o
d
a
y
'
s
ce
l
lu
lar
an
ten
n
as
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
ev
e
r
y
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
at
o
n
ce
,
an
d
all
th
o
s
e
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
ig
n
als
co
u
ld
ca
u
s
e
s
er
io
u
s
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
wh
ich
is
s
o
lv
ed
u
s
in
g
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
th
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
b
r
id
g
es
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ad
i
o
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
th
e
m
o
b
ile
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
wir
eless
b
ac
k
h
au
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
c
o
m
es
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
icr
o
wav
e,
m
illi
m
eter
-
wav
e,
a
n
d
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
o
p
tic
s
r
an
g
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
to
b
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es,
i.e
.
,
i)
m
ass
iv
e
tr
af
f
ic
at
s
u
p
er
ce
ll
lead
in
g
to
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ii)
h
ig
h
er
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
co
s
t,
iii)
ca
ter
in
g
u
p
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
,
iv
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
n
d
v
)
c
o
m
p
ly
in
g
with
h
ig
h
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
laten
cy
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
is
b
r
ief
ed
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
wi
th
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
R
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
to
s
o
lv
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
s
u
es
[
7
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
B
etzle
r
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
h
as
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ef
in
e
n
etwo
r
k
(
SDN)
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
d
esig
n
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
4
G
an
d
5
G,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
s
m
a
ll
ce
ll
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
A
u
n
iq
u
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
th
at
ca
n
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
th
e
d
ata
p
lan
e
in
SDN,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
f
ailu
r
es
o
f
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
el
in
5
G.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
as
al
s
o
witn
ess
ed
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
lica
tio
n
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etw
o
r
k
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
q
u
ality
-
of
-
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
Qo
E
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
u
r
v
ey
b
y
Ge
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
ly
h
ig
h
-
d
ef
in
itio
n
m
u
ltime
d
ia
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
will
ev
en
tu
ally
lead
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
was
s
o
lv
ed
u
s
in
g
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
v
id
e
o
u
s
in
g
a
g
e
o
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
atellite.
An
o
th
er
u
n
i
q
u
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Z
o
la
an
d
Ma
r
tin
-
E
s
ca
lo
n
a
[
1
3
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
u
s
er
ass
o
ciatio
n
in
th
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ic
h
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
s
o
r
tin
g
o
u
t
is
s
u
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
C
O
2
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
s
t,
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
ted
io
u
s
b
ase
s
tatio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
u
s
ed
in
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
is
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Par
k
a
n
d
So
n
g
[
1
4
]
h
as
em
p
h
asized
o
v
er
u
s
in
g
ca
ch
i
n
g
-
b
ased
co
n
ce
p
ts
alo
n
g
with
u
s
in
g
co
n
te
n
t
-
ce
n
tr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
SDN
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
s
er
v
ices.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ar
ea
s
o
f
i
n
ter
est
i
n
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
m
illi
m
eter
-
wav
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
tr
af
f
ic.
W
o
r
k
c
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
is
ca
s
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Yu
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
wh
er
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
s
u
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
jo
in
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
ject
iv
e
was
to
co
n
tr
o
l
cu
m
u
lativ
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
tr
af
f
ic
ad
h
er
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
to
m
ee
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
au
th
o
r
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
s
u
c
h
is
s
u
es
is
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
lead
in
g
t
o
lo
w
c
h
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
A
s
tu
d
y
to
war
d
s
co
s
t o
p
tim
izatio
n
was w
itn
ess
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Ge
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
th
e
g
atew
ay
was
u
s
ed
o
v
er
a
w
ir
eless
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
in
5
G.
A
u
n
iq
u
e
co
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
witn
ess
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ich
is
r
ep
o
r
te
d
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
etter
th
a
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
a
5
G
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
m
o
b
ile
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Had
d
aji
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
a
m
u
ltit
en
an
t
m
o
d
el
to
o
p
tim
ize
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
o
d
el
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
to
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
ir
tu
alize
d
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
s
er
v
ices
to
war
d
s
co
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
tili
ze
d
a
g
a
m
e
th
e
o
r
y
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
g
am
e
th
e
o
r
y
h
as
also
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
in
t
h
e
wo
r
k
b
y
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
,
wh
e
r
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
b
et
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
b
o
o
s
ted
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
u
n
iq
u
e
i
n
ce
n
tiv
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
lead
in
g
to
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Ad
o
p
tin
g
a
s
im
ilar
v
ir
tu
alize
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
also
witn
ess
ed
in
th
e
wo
r
k
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Nah
u
m
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
ject
iv
e
was
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
v
ir
tu
alize
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
u
n
iq
u
e
test
b
ed
u
s
in
g
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as
u
s
ed
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
to
d
esig
n
th
is
test
b
ed
.
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
e
two
r
k
s
in
5
G
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l,
w
o
r
k
to
war
d
s
ad
o
p
tin
g
v
ir
tu
aliza
tio
n
h
as
also
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
is
s
u
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
o
v
er
h
ea
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
also
u
s
ed
p
r
io
r
i
ty
q
u
eu
es
f
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
d
o
wn
lin
k
tr
af
f
ic.
Fro
m
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
v
iewp
o
in
t,
th
e
wo
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Mo
wla
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
is
s
u
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ad
o
p
tin
g
m
illi
m
eter
wav
e
an
d
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
au
th
o
r
,
a
s
in
g
u
lar
b
ac
k
h
au
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
n
ev
er
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ar
ian
ts
o
f
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
a
d
o
n
a
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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SS
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2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
o
ve
l sch
eme
fo
r
u
n
ified
s
t
r
ea
mlin
ed
tr
a
ffic m
a
n
a
g
eme
n
t
in
5
G
b
a
ck
h
a
u
l
n
etw
o
r
k
(
Dee
p
a
Th
ip
p
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a
)
6983
h
as
u
s
ed
a
h
e
u
r
is
tic
-
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
An
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
en
er
g
y
is
s
u
es
was
al
s
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
A
l
-
Qu
zwe
en
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as
u
s
ed
m
i
x
ed
i
n
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
to
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
o
wer
d
ep
letio
n
o
v
er
th
e
v
ir
tu
alize
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
el,
if
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
m
ac
h
i
n
e
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
ir
tu
alize
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
e
n
ef
its
to
war
d
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
in
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
also
u
s
ed
a
g
en
etic
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
.
Fu
r
th
er
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Ma
la
n
d
r
in
n
o
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
.
E
l
Ha
b
er
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
h
av
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
o
f
f
l
o
ad
in
g
task
ch
allen
g
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
in
im
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
ex
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
io
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
al
s
o
witn
ess
ed
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
MI
MO
b
ased
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l n
et
wo
r
k
.
Su
ch
w
o
r
k
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
B
o
n
f
an
te
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
,
wh
er
e
a
d
o
p
tin
g
a
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
an
ten
n
a
p
atter
n
a
n
d
p
a
r
titi
o
n
i
n
g
o
p
tim
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
cl
aim
ed
to
o
f
f
e
r
r
ate
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MI
MO
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
wo
r
k
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
is
cu
s
s
its
r
esis
tiv
ity
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
r
eliab
le
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Vu
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ad
d
r
ess
es
is
s
u
es
to
war
d
s
o
p
tim
al
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
o
v
er
a
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
as
u
s
ed
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
t
o
s
elec
t
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
ath
.
I
s
s
u
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t o
f
m
illi
m
eter
-
wav
e
in
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
also
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Or
tiz
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
,
th
e
p
r
io
r
ly
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
ea
r
s
im
p
r
ac
tical
lo
g
ic
an
d
h
as
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
s
o
l
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
lear
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
wo
r
k
s
in
a
s
em
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
an
n
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
laten
cy
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
as
also
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
r
ad
io
-
b
ased
m
ap
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
as
s
ee
n
in
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
R
o
d
r
ig
u
ez
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
id
ea
is
to
p
r
ev
en
t
is
s
u
es
a
s
s
o
ci
ated
with
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
ce
ll
ass
o
ciatio
n
u
s
in
g
s
to
ch
asti
c
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
co
v
er
a
g
e
an
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
A
s
tu
d
y
t
o
war
d
s
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Saad
a
n
d
Ab
d
allah
[
2
9
]
u
s
in
g
a
s
u
cc
in
ct
o
p
tim
izatio
n
c
o
n
ce
p
t
.
Kala
n
tar
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
an
iter
ativ
e
s
ch
em
e
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
o
wn
lin
k
'
s
tr
an
s
m
it p
o
wer
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
war
d
s
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
with
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
ar
i
an
ts
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Var
io
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
witn
ess
ed
to
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
i
n
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
r
e
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
ca
ch
in
g
-
b
ased
co
n
ce
p
t,
co
n
ten
t
-
ce
n
tr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
,
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
,
co
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
g
am
e
th
e
o
r
y
,
ar
tific
ial
in
t
ellig
en
ce
,
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
h
e
u
r
is
tic
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
tech
n
iq
u
e,
m
ix
e
d
-
in
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
,
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
s
to
ch
asti
c
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
,
a
n
d
s
em
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
:
i)
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
iter
ativ
e
an
d
h
en
ce
h
av
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
lea
d
in
g
to
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
;
ii)
No
n
e
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
h
as
em
p
h
asized
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
g
atew
ay
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
n
et
wo
r
k
in
5
G
;
ii
i
)
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
to
war
d
s
b
lo
ck
ag
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
m
all/m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
n
eith
er
a
r
e
th
er
e
a
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
to
war
d
s
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
its
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
co
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
g
atew
ay
;
an
d
i
v
)
Hen
ce
,
less
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
is
o
f
f
er
ed
to
th
e
g
atew
ay
,
wh
ich
ca
n
o
f
f
e
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
if
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
with
ef
f
icien
t
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tatem
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
t
u
d
y
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
as
"I
t
is
a
co
m
p
le
x
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
task
to
id
e
n
tify
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
in
g
atew
ay
s
y
s
tem
in
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
"
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
is
an
a
n
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
an
o
p
tim
al
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
i
n
a
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
n
etwo
r
k
is
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
o
ad
b
alan
cin
g
as
ca
p
ac
ity
p
e
r
d
e
v
ice
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
th
e
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
as
th
e
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
is
o
v
er
-
s
atu
r
ated
.
T
h
is
is
in
ev
itab
le
f
o
r
e
v
en
a
m
o
b
ile
g
r
id
with
a
h
ig
h
e
r
d
e
n
s
ity
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
-
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
co
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
r
e
th
an
t
h
e
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
will
h
ar
n
ess
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
b
o
th
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
an
d
co
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
s
ta
g
e
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
e
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
th
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
to
en
s
u
r
e
its
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
th
e
u
p
co
m
in
g
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
.
An
a
n
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
will
b
e
b
u
ilt
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ass
ig
n
ed
to
a
s
in
g
u
lar
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
(
i.e
.
,
m
an
y
-
to
-
o
n
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
)
t
o
r
ea
c
h
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
will
also
d
e
v
elo
p
a
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
es
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
a
n
d
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
f
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
with
th
e
o
p
tim
ally
s
elec
t
ed
g
atew
ay
o
u
t
o
f
m
an
y
o
th
er
g
atew
ay
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
will
also
in
v
es
tig
ate
all
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
s
in
b
o
th
th
e
co
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
b
ac
k
h
au
l n
etwo
r
k
in
5
G.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
will
u
tili
ze
th
e
lin
k
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
is
m
o
d
el
an
d
ch
ec
k
h
o
w
f
a
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
is
b
en
ef
itti
n
g
th
e
tr
af
f
i
c
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
5
G
n
etw
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
a
d
o
p
te
d
r
ese
ar
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
3
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
r
esu
lt
af
te
r
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
9
8
1
-
6
9
9
1
6984
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
d
esig
n
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t w
ith
in
th
e
g
atew
ay
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
th
e
lin
e
o
f
ad
o
p
ted
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
co
n
s
id
er
s
two
ty
p
es
o
f
b
ase
s
tatio
n
i.e
.
,
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
etain
b
etter
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
wir
ed
ac
ce
s
s
to
b
ac
k
h
au
l,
wh
ile
th
e
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
is
wir
eless
ly
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ass
ess
es
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ate
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
d
ata
r
ate
th
at
is
ac
q
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
d
u
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
tr
ateg
i
c
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tr
ateg
y
,
b
o
th
t
h
e
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ar
e
s
p
lit
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ically
allo
ca
tin
g
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l
ca
p
ac
ity
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tr
ateg
ic
class
if
icatio
n
,
a
f
ix
ed
p
ar
titi
o
n
is
ass
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
b
ac
k
h
au
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
in
th
e
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
es
s
en
tial
n
o
v
elties
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
o
v
er
n
o
is
e
p
o
wer
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
T
h
e
co
r
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
also
t
o
f
i
n
d
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
in
t
h
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
f
u
r
t
h
er
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
war
d
s
estab
l
is
h
in
g
a
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
ize
o
f
th
e
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ed
icate
d
c
h
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
B
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
B
l
o
c
k
a
g
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
E
n
d
P
o
i
n
t
s
o
f
B
l
o
c
k
a
g
e
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
L
i
n
k
S
t
a
t
e
I
n
d
e
x
B
a
s
e
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
&
B
l
o
c
k
a
g
e
D
i
s
c
r
e
t
e
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
C
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
B
l
o
c
k
a
g
e
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
A
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
M
a
t
r
i
x
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
M
a
x
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
S
h
a
d
o
w
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
ad
o
p
ted
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
to
b
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
s
am
p
led
in
r
an
d
o
m
o
r
d
e
r
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
c
o
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
if
ted
to
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
u
s
er
th
at
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
er
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S).
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ass
u
m
es
th
at
all
th
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
MBS
)
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
a
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
with
m
ax
i
m
ized
ca
p
ac
ity
.
I
t
will
in
f
e
r
t
h
at
MBS
ar
e
lin
k
ed
with
th
e
co
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
SB
S)
th
em
s
elv
es
to
b
e
a
b
ac
k
h
au
l
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
MBS
,
wh
ile
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
-
b
ased
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
o
f
B
S.
I
t
will
m
ea
n
th
at
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
will
b
e
eith
er
lin
k
ed
w
ith
SB
S
o
r
MBS
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
in
g
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
p
r
io
r
s
ec
tio
n
ar
e
as:
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
b
lo
c
k
ag
e
Input:
m
,
s
,
b
Output:
m
r
,
s
r
,
b
r
Start
1. init
m
,
s
,
b
2. r
mo
f
1
(
m
,
s
,
b
)
3. α
f
2
(r
mo
|c
a
)
4. α
→
m
r
,
s
r
,
b
r
End
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
es
tak
e
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
)
,
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
)
,
an
d
b
lo
ck
ag
e
(
)
th
at,
af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
y
ield
s
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
MSB
(
),
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
SB
S
(
)
,
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
b
lo
ck
a
g
e
(
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
to
in
itializ
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
o
ve
l sch
eme
fo
r
u
n
ified
s
t
r
ea
mlin
ed
tr
a
ffic m
a
n
a
g
eme
n
t
in
5
G
b
a
ck
h
a
u
l
n
etw
o
r
k
(
Dee
p
a
Th
ip
p
a
n
n
a
)
6985
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
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in
e
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1
)
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f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
1
(
)
,
wh
ich
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
m
ath
em
atica
l
o
b
ject
(
L
in
e
-
2
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
an
o
t
h
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
2
(
)
,
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
,
wh
ich
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
d
is
cr
ete
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
(
L
in
e
-
3
)
a
n
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
en
e
r
ate
a
m
atr
ix
α
.
T
h
is
m
atr
ix
f
in
ally
g
en
er
at
es
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
MS
B
,
S
B
S,
an
d
b
lo
ck
a
g
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
asp
ec
t
is
to
war
d
s
g
en
er
atin
g
MBS
,
SB
S,
an
d
b
lo
ck
ag
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
as
a
m
atter
o
f
in
itializin
g
th
e
o
b
ject.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
d
is
cr
ete
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
t
h
e
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
All
th
e
o
b
jec
ts
ar
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
f
aster
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
with
in
th
e
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
g
e
n
er
ates
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
MBS
,
SB
S
,
an
d
b
l
o
ck
ag
e.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
u
tes
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
MBS
,
S
B
S,
an
d
b
lo
c
k
ag
e
alo
n
g
with
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
r
ad
iu
s
.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
t
h
e
two
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
tem
(
,
)
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
s
in
g
u
lar
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
is
an
ticip
ated
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
b
ase
s
tatio
n
is
allo
ca
ted
f
o
r
th
e
s
in
g
u
lar
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
b
as
ed
o
n
th
is
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
cr
iter
io
n
to
b
e
with
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
r
a
d
iu
s
.
T
h
is
o
p
e
r
atio
n
also
d
is
clo
s
es
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
all
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
e.
g
.
,
MBS
,
SB
S,
a
n
d
b
lo
c
k
ag
e.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
b
l
o
ck
'
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
is
co
m
p
u
ted
to
y
ield
a
two
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
en
d
p
o
in
ts
o
f
b
l
o
ck
ag
e.
I
t
will
m
ea
n
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
lo
ca
lize
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ag
e
s
o
th
at
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
b
y
th
e
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
wh
ile
p
e
r
m
itti
n
g
o
n
g
o
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
5
G
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
im
p
li
f
ied
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
atew
ay
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
en
d
p
o
i
n
t
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
wh
er
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
io
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
i.e
.
,
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
)
,
s
m
all
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
)
,
an
d
b
lo
ck
a
g
e
(
)
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
tep
s
ar
e
as:
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
b
l
o
ck
en
d
p
o
i
n
ts
co
o
r
d
in
ates
Input:
m
r
,
s
r
,
b
r
Output: b
ep
Start
1. E
ca
(
m
r
,
s
r
,
b
r
)|
i
r
2. E
ca
(X, Y)
→
Pos(m, s, b)
3. b
ep
(x, y)
f
3
(Pos(b))
End
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
t
io
n
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
lead
s
to
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
en
d
p
o
in
t
co
o
r
d
in
ates,
i.e
.
,
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
at
a
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
to
s
er
v
e
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
wh
en
lin
k
e
d
with
MBS
,
wh
ile
a
d
u
al
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
in
ca
s
e
th
e
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
lin
k
ed
with
SB
S.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
an
ac
ce
s
s
lin
k
is
g
en
er
ated
b
etwe
en
B
S
an
d
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
w
h
ile
a
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
lin
k
is
g
en
er
ated
b
etwe
en
SB
S
an
d
M
B
S.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
clea
r
ly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
u
s
es
th
e
Po
is
s
o
n
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
B
S.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ta
k
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
,
al
o
n
g
with
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
u
s
er
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
e
n
er
ate
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
v
e
r
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
m
atr
ix
o
f
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
c
lass
Po
s
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
attr
ib
u
te
s
o
f
m
,
s
,
an
d
b
(
L
in
e
-
2
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ag
e
,
i.e
.
,
P
o
s
(
b
)
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
e
n
er
ate
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates o
f
b
lo
ck
a
g
e
en
d
p
o
in
ts
to
f
u
lf
il th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t o
f
t
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
L
in
e
-
3
)
.
Af
ter
th
e
b
lo
ck
en
d
p
o
in
ts
h
av
e
b
e
en
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
p
r
io
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
n
o
w
p
r
o
ce
e
d
s
to
war
d
s
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
en
titi
es
o
f
MBS
,
S
B
S,
an
d
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
u
s
er
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t (
U
E
)
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
as:
Alg
o
r
ith
m
3
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
lin
k
s
tate
am
o
n
g
en
titi
es
Input: b
ep
, L
Output: λ
Start
1. (L
a
, size(L
b
)
→
new(L
e
)
2. (L
c
, size(L
d
)
→
new(L
f
)
3. A
mat
f
4
(new(L
e
), new(L
f
))
4. b
ep
(x, y)
→
A
mat
5. A
mat
f
5
(L
var
)
6. A
mat
→
λ
var1
7. If λ
var1
=0
8. obtain λ
var1
9. End
End
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ta
k
es
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
b
lo
ck
en
d
p
o
i
n
t
(
)
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
(
L
)
th
at,
a
f
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
y
ield
s
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
lin
k
s
tate
(
)
.
A
s
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
m
ea
n
t
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
s
t
ate
o
f
th
e
lin
k
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
9
8
1
-
6
9
9
1
6986
th
r
ee
en
titi
es,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
ed
in
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
titi
es.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ta
k
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
(
L
)
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
o
th
er
e
n
titi
es
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
g
en
e
r
ate
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
L
i
n
e
-
1
an
d
L
i
n
e
-
2
)
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
lin
k
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
b
etwe
en
MBS
an
d
UE
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
g
e
n
er
ate
a
n
e
w
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
L
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
L
a
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
L
b
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
L
f
is
g
en
e
r
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
L
c
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
L
d
(
L
in
e
-
2
)
.
He
n
ce
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
lin
k
s
tate
f
o
r
S
B
S
an
d
UE
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
L
a
a
n
d
s
ize
(
L
b
)
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
UE
wh
ile
(
)
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
n
e
w
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
L
c
an
d
(
)
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
e
n
er
ate
a
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
UE
,
i.e
.
,
(
)
(
L
in
e
-
2
)
.
Hen
c
e,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
lin
k
s
tate
f
o
r
MBS
an
d
SB
S,
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
L
a
an
d
s
ize
(
L
b
)
will
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S,
wh
ile
(
)
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
L
c
an
d
(
)
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
en
er
ate
a
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S,
i.e
.
,
(
)
(
L
i
n
e
-
2
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
b
o
th
th
e
g
en
e
r
ated
n
e
w
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
i.e
.
,
(
)
a
n
d
(
)
,
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
n
ew
f
u
n
ctio
n
4
(
)
,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
n
a
d
jace
n
t
m
atr
ix
(
L
in
e
-
3
)
.
T
h
is
a
d
jace
n
t
m
atr
i
x
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
b
l
o
ck
ag
e
en
d
p
o
in
ts
,
i.e
.
,
(
,
)
(
L
in
e
-
4
)
.
T
h
is
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
ad
jace
n
t
m
atr
i
x
is
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
r
lin
k
s
tate
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
i)
MBS
an
d
UE
,
ii)
f
o
r
SB
S
an
d
UE
,
a
n
d
iii)
f
o
r
SB
S
an
d
MBS
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
u
r
th
e
r
im
p
lem
e
n
ts
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
5
(
)
wh
ich
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
atr
ix
r
esh
ap
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
i
n
p
u
t o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
g
en
e
r
ate
a
r
es
h
ap
ed
a
d
jace
n
t
m
atr
ix
(
L
in
e
-
5
)
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
lin
k
s
tate
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
M
B
S
an
d
UE
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
will
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
an
d
SB
S,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
s
SB
S
an
d
UE
f
o
r
lin
k
s
tate
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
SB
S
an
d
UE
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
MBS
an
d
SB
S,
th
e
alg
o
r
i
th
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
to
b
e
th
e
lo
ca
ti
o
n
o
f
SB
S
an
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
r
esh
ap
ed
ad
jace
n
t
m
a
tr
ix
n
o
w
y
ield
s
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
lin
k
s
tate
1
(
L
in
e
-
6
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
u
f
f
ix
1
will
r
ef
er
to
th
e
lin
k
s
tate
f
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
u
s
e
-
ca
s
es
o
f
en
titi
es,
i.e
.
,
1
will
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
i
n
ter
s
ec
ted
s
tate
o
f
lin
k
f
o
r
MBS
an
d
UE
,
SB
S
an
d
UE
,
an
d
MBS
an
d
SB
S.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
ch
ec
k
in
g
a
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
in
te
r
s
ec
ted
lin
k
s
tate
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
an
d
o
f
en
titi
es
(
MB
S
an
d
UE
,
SB
S
an
d
UE
,
a
n
d
MBS
an
d
SB
S)
is
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
(
L
i
n
e
-
7
)
.
T
h
is
will
f
i
n
ally
lead
to
a
u
n
iq
u
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
lin
k
s
tate
1
(
L
in
e
-
8)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
icto
r
ially
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
lin
k
s
tate
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
lin
k
m
atr
i
x
f
o
r
MBS
an
d
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
SB
S
an
d
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
,
a
n
d
MBS
with
SB
S,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
id
ea
is
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
ad
jace
n
t
m
atr
ix
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ew
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
,
u
s
er
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
an
d
SB
S.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
m
a
tr
ix
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
lin
k
f
o
r
MBS
,
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
,
an
d
SB
S
ad
h
er
in
g
to
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
ze
r
o
s
tates.
T
h
e
co
r
e
id
ea
o
f
th
is
li
n
k
s
tate
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
all
elem
en
ts
b
y
th
e
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
as
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
u
n
lik
e
an
y
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
i
n
d
ex
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
b
ase
s
tatio
n
i.e
.
,
MSB
an
d
SB
S.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
r
elate
to
two
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
t
h
e
in
d
e
x
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
alo
n
g
with
m
ee
t
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
elate
d
to
in
d
ex
in
g
MBS
,
wh
ich
tak
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
n
ewly
g
en
er
ate
d
o
u
tco
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
i
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
i.e
.
,
lin
k
s
tate
(
λ
)
,
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
UE
(
)
an
d
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
(
)
th
at
af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
y
ield
s
in
d
ex
o
f
MBS
(
)
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
as:
Alg
o
r
ith
m
4
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
in
d
ex
in
g
MBS
Input: λ (Link State), L
UE
(Location of UE), L
m
(Location of MBS)
Output: I
m
(index of MBS)
Start
1. E
d
(L
UE
, L
m
)
2. S
p
(p, t
p
)
→
f
6
(E
d
, λ
m,UE
)
3. P
max
, I
m
arg
max
(S
p
)
End
T
h
e
p
r
im
e
in
itiatin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
tan
ce
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
s
ize
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
atr
ix
h
o
ld
in
g
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
MBS
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
is
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
tan
ce
.
An
ex
p
licit
f
u
n
ctio
n
6
(
)
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
p
ath
lo
s
s
ex
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
wer
(
L
in
e
-
3
)
.
I
t
is
to
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
u
s
es
th
e
s
tate
o
f
li
n
k
f
o
r
MBS
an
d
UE
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
ap
p
lies
a
m
ax
im
izatio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
o
n
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
m
ax
im
ized
p
o
we
r
UE
an
d
M
B
S
as
we
ll
as
an
in
d
ex
o
f
MBS
,
i.e
.
,
(
L
in
e
-
3
)
.
A
s
im
ilar
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
lig
h
tly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
o
ve
l sch
eme
fo
r
u
n
ified
s
t
r
ea
mlin
ed
tr
a
ffic m
a
n
a
g
eme
n
t
in
5
G
b
a
ck
h
a
u
l
n
etw
o
r
k
(
Dee
p
a
Th
ip
p
a
n
n
a
)
6987
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
th
e
in
d
ex
in
g
o
f
th
e
SB
S.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
ex
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
SB
S
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
n
l
y
with
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
in
p
u
t
o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SB
S
in
s
tead
o
f
MBS
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
u
te
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
tan
ce
.
An
o
th
er
n
ew
in
clu
s
io
n
is
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
ted
v
alu
e
o
f
s
h
a
d
o
w
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
b
ias
f
ac
to
r
ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
at
h
lo
s
s
ex
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ee
n
in
th
e
p
r
io
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
o
f
SB
S
an
d
UE
,
wh
er
e
a
s
im
ilar
m
ax
im
izatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
b
tain
in
d
e
x
in
g
o
f
SB
S
an
d
m
ax
im
ized
p
o
wer
o
f
UE
an
d
SB
S.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
MBS
,
SB
S,
an
d
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
p
atial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
o
b
tain
a
n
a
d
eq
u
ate
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
th
e
s
h
ad
o
win
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
th
at
lead
s
to
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
ath
l
o
s
s
ex
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
d
b
ias
f
ac
to
r
.
Fin
ally
,
a
m
ax
im
izatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
co
m
p
u
te
d
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
m
ax
im
ized
p
o
wer
an
d
in
d
ex
o
f
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
to
r
s
(
MBS
an
d
SB
S).
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
is
th
at
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
with
o
u
t
an
y
iter
a
tiv
e
s
ch
em
e
o
f
e
n
h
an
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
es
ass
is
t
s
in
b
etter
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
id
e
r
s
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
test
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
etw
o
r
k
as
it
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ad
o
p
te
d
in
m
o
s
t
e
x
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
s
cr
ip
ted
in
M
AT
L
AB
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
R
FC
8
8
2
2
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ep
l
o
y
th
e
5
G
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
lan
e
f
o
r
wir
eless
an
d
wir
elin
e
f
o
r
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
p
la
n
e.
T
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
is
R
FC
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
en
ca
p
s
u
lati
o
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
at
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
u
ltip
le
s
ess
io
n
s
to
o
f
f
er
q
u
al
ity
o
f
s
er
v
ice
in
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
co
n
n
ec
t
iv
ity
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
f
i
n
ally
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
r
ate.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
s
eq
u
en
tially
ev
alu
ated
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ar
r
iv
e
a
t
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e.
T
ab
le
1
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
D
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
U
E
9
5
0
k
m
2
B
i
a
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
[
1
,
1
]
P
o
w
e
r
o
f
n
o
i
se
-
1
7
5
d
B
P
a
t
h
l
o
ss
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
2
.
5
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
B
S
)
3
5
d
B
m
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
v
ar
i
ab
le
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MBS
with
in
th
e
ce
ll
wh
er
e
th
e
lin
e
-
of
-
s
ig
h
t
m
o
d
el
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
u
r
b
an
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
p
ath
l
o
s
s
b
etwe
en
2
.
5
-
3
0
GHz
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
Ho
m
Net
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
HetNe
t
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
H
o
m
Net
an
d
HetNe
t
as
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
d
u
e
to
m
u
ltip
le
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
v
iz
.
i)
Fro
m
co
m
m
e
r
cial
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
e,
it
is
n
o
ted
th
at
Ho
m
Net
ca
n
o
f
f
e
r
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
p
r
ed
ictab
le
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
co
v
e
r
ag
e
in
u
r
b
a
n
an
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
with
m
o
b
ile
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
er
v
ices
with
r
elativ
ely
s
tatic
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
;
ii)
Ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
HetNe
t
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
tr
af
f
ic
ar
ea
s
,
in
d
o
o
r
co
v
er
ag
e,
an
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ev
ice
-
to
-
d
ev
ice
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
5
G
;
iii)
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
,
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
ac
tu
ally
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
n
etwo
r
k
d
e
n
s
if
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
v
er
ag
e
in
5
G
u
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
er
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
;
a
nd
iv
)
A
jo
in
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
ese
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
n
et
wo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
also
k
n
o
wn
to
o
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ity
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
Hen
ce
,
Ho
m
Net
an
d
HetNe
t
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
a
5
G
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
h
e
n
ce
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
1
-
2
0
M
b
p
s
av
e
r
ag
e
r
ate
f
o
r
2
.
5
-
3
0
GHz
as
p
o
is
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ata
ar
r
iv
al.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
o
v
er
a
s
im
u
latio
n
iter
at
io
n
test
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
ich
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
r
ate.
B
o
th
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
(
Ho
m
Net
an
d
HetNe
t)
ar
e
ass
ess
ed
o
n
a
s
im
ilar
test
b
ed
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
to
d
r
aw
lo
g
ical,
co
n
c
lu
s
iv
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fig
u
r
e
2
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wit
h
co
n
s
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m
p
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to
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e
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g
m
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h
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n
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m
c
o
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ce
r
n
in
g
d
o
wn
lin
k
tr
an
s
m
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s
io
n
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
is
th
at
th
e
cu
m
u
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e
ch
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n
n
el
ca
p
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ity
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d
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e
d
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id
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b
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.
T
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d
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r
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Ho
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u
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3
.
Al
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o
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d
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r
,
t
h
e
p
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s
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tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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14
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
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