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I
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Vo
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14
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6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
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4
4
5
-
6
4
5
4
6446
Mo
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f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
b
r
o
ad
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
.
1
to
1
2
.
6
GHz
,
wh
ile
also
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
s
tr
aig
h
t
leg
s
in
to
th
e
cir
cu
lar
r
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
p
atter
n
r
esem
b
lin
g
th
e
Me
r
ce
d
es
lo
g
o
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
c
ir
cu
it.
B
y
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
p
lan
ar
wav
e
g
u
id
e
(
C
PW
)
an
d
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e,
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
im
p
ed
an
ce
ca
n
b
e
f
i
n
ely
tu
n
ed
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
1
0
d
B
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
T
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
g
ain
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
u
ltra
-
wid
eb
an
d
(
UW
B
)
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ates a
h
ig
h
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
7
% with
in
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
in
[
2
1
]
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
o
n
a
m
illi
m
eter
-
wav
e
(mm
-
wav
e)
an
ten
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ical
ly
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
r
e
ctan
g
u
lar
s
lo
t
an
d
is
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
with
a
FSS
t
o
en
h
an
ce
its
g
ain
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
illi
m
eter
-
wav
e
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
ed
a
b
an
d
wid
th
with
S1
1
≤
-
1
0
d
B
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
5
.
5
to
3
0
.
8
GHz
,
al
o
n
g
with
a
r
ea
lized
g
ain
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
.
3
d
B
i
at
2
8
GHz
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
lac
k
in
g
FS
S
-
b
ased
r
ef
lecto
r
s
h
as
attain
ed
a
b
an
d
wid
th
with
S1
1
≤
-
1
0
d
B
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
6
to
2
9
.
8
GHz
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
a
r
ea
lized
g
ain
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
ly
4
.
5
d
B
i a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
en
ti
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
FSS
p
atc
h
an
ten
n
as
in
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V2
V)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
n
o
tab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
win
g
to
t
h
eir
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
attr
ib
u
tes
tailo
r
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
is
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
2
]
.
FS
S
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
o
f
f
er
a
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
ad
v
an
tag
es,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
am
p
lifie
d
g
ain
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
v
e
h
icle
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
th
at
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
n
ce
n
t
r
ates sig
n
als wh
er
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
an
d
d
im
in
is
h
ed
m
u
ltip
ath
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
to
m
in
im
i
ze
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
au
g
m
en
t
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
ir
co
m
p
ac
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
en
a
b
le
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
v
eh
icles
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
wh
ile
th
eir
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
d
esig
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ics
an
d
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
FS
S
p
a
tch
an
ten
n
as,
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
co
m
p
licated
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
r
en
d
er
s
th
em
a
p
r
ac
tical
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
es
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
p
o
s
itio
n
FS
S
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
as
an
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
t
io
n
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
v
eh
icles
in
V2
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
p
av
in
g
th
e
wa
y
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
[
2
4
]
.
Ou
r
p
ap
er
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
er
e
an
ar
r
ay
o
f
F
SS
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
FS
S
u
n
it
ce
ll
d
esig
n
r
esem
b
les
a
cr
escen
t
m
o
o
n
s
h
a
p
e,
with
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
1
0
×1
0
m
m
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
λ
/5
×λ/5
,
wh
er
e
λ
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
FS
S
d
is
p
lay
s
a
s
to
p
b
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
with
in
th
e
5
.
9
GHz
r
an
g
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ain
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
u
p
to
4
.
2
dB
.
Po
s
itio
n
ed
λ
/2
b
elo
w
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
th
e
FS
S
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
h
eig
h
ten
ed
g
ain
.
T
h
is
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
b
y
r
ef
lectin
g
an
d
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
-
em
itted
wav
e
with
t
h
e
FS
S
-
em
itted
wav
e.
Ma
x
im
u
m
g
ain
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
wh
en
t
h
ese
two
wav
es
ar
e
in
p
h
ase.
E
m
p
ir
ical
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
t
io
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
el
em
en
t.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
g
eo
m
et
r
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FS
S
u
n
it
ce
ll.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
an
8
×
8
p
er
i
o
d
ic
a
r
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
FS
S
is
u
t
ilized
as
a
r
ef
lecto
r
to
en
h
a
n
ce
g
ain
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
F
SS
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
Sectio
n
5
is
d
ed
icate
d
to
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
elec
tr
ically
with
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
(
ADS
)
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
u
cia
l
s
tep
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
6
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
e
m
ar
k
s
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
th
e
k
ey
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
DE
SI
G
N
2
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
pro
po
s
ed
pa
t
ch
a
nte
nn
a
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
a
s
im
p
le
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
:
len
g
th
L
=
2
4
m
m
,
wid
th
W
=
3
2
m
m
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
ick
n
ess
h
=
1
.
6
m
m
.
T
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
o
n
an
FR
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
wh
ich
h
as a
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
4
.
3
a
n
d
a
l
o
s
s
tan
g
en
t o
f
0
.
0
2
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
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ip
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ith
fr
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T
h
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d
im
en
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io
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o
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atch
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te
n
n
a
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
ar
e
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iv
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in
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a
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le
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d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
p
ar
am
eter
S1
1
o
f
th
e
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atch
a
n
ten
n
a
p
r
o
p
o
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as a
f
u
n
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n
o
f
f
r
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en
c
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Patch
a
n
ten
n
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
ab
le
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eter
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o
f
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
P
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r
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e
r
s
L
W
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Wp
Ll
Wl
h
T
V
a
l
u
e
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24
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1
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6
6
1
5
.
6
1
5
10
1
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6
0
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0
3
5
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ef
lectio
n
c
o
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f
icien
t o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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n
ten
n
a
2
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2
.
Desig
n o
f
pro
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ed
f
re
qu
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s
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iv
e
s
urf
a
ce
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
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ates
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e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
F
SS
cr
escen
t
m
o
o
n
u
n
it
ce
ll.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
d
esig
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
r
ef
lect
o
r
,
r
e
d
ir
ec
tin
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
wav
es
to
war
d
s
a
p
r
im
ar
y
o
p
er
atin
g
lo
b
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FSS
is
f
ab
r
icate
d
u
tili
zin
g
a
R
o
g
g
er
R
T
5
8
8
0
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
o
f
0
.
0
2
,
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
2
.
2
,
an
d
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
1
.
6
m
m
.
T
h
e
u
n
it
ce
ll
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
two
cir
cu
lar
r
in
g
s
,
with
r
in
g
1
h
av
in
g
a
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
9
.
7
5
m
m
a
n
d
r
in
g
2
h
a
v
in
g
a
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
8
.
5
m
m
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
r
esu
lts
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
b
o
th
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
th
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
T
h
e
FS
S
its
elf
h
as
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
1
0
×1
0
m
m
(
L
×L
)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
S1
1
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
FS
S
co
m
p
r
is
es
an
8
×8
a
r
r
ay
o
f
ce
lls
,
ea
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
8
0
×8
0
m
m
,
with
a
p
e
r
io
d
ici
ty
o
f
1
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
ce
lls
o
th
er
t
h
an
th
e
p
er
io
d
icity
m
atch
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
ar
r
a
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
4
5
-
6
4
5
4
6448
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Desig
n
FS
S p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
ef
lectio
n
S1
1
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
S2
1
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
FS
S
3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
le
ctio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
an
d
g
ain
o
f
th
e
p
atc
h
an
te
n
n
a.
T
h
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
FS
S
ar
r
a
y
b
e
h
in
d
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fo
r
o
p
tim
al
r
ef
lectio
n
,
th
e
d
is
tan
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
an
d
th
e
FS
S
ar
r
ay
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
λ
/2
,
wh
er
e
λ
is
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
.
9
GHz
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
.
T
h
e
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
em
its
a
wav
e
th
at
r
ad
iates
b
o
th
u
p
war
d
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
atch
a
n
d
d
o
wn
war
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
ar
tial
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e.
A
r
ef
lecto
r
m
ad
e
o
f
FS
S
ce
lls
is
p
l
ac
ed
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
λ
/2
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
wh
ic
h
r
ed
ir
ec
ts
th
e
d
o
wn
war
d
wav
e
b
ac
k
to
th
e
an
te
n
n
a,
ac
tin
g
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
two
wav
es
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
in
th
e
an
ten
n
a:
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
wa
v
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
atc
h
an
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
wav
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ef
lecto
r
,
w
h
ich
tr
a
v
els
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
λ
af
ter
r
ef
lectio
n
.
T
h
es
e
wav
es
ar
e
in
p
h
ase
an
d
in
ter
f
er
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
ely
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
h
if
ts
,
b
ec
o
m
in
g
o
m
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ab
o
v
e
th
e
p
atc
h
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
g
ain
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
wh
e
n
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
i
n
teg
r
ated
in
to
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it,
it a
ls
o
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as a
n
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
s
h
ield
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
e
f
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
S1
1
)
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ten
n
a,
b
o
t
h
with
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
FS
S
th
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
r
ef
lecto
r
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
r
e
f
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
e,
with
an
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
-
2
8
.
3
5
d
B
to
-
3
8
.
1
3
d
B
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
.
9
GH
z.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
-
1
0
d
B
b
an
d
wid
th
,
wh
ich
is
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
5
.
9
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
2
3
0
.
9
4
MH
z.
T
h
is
n
ar
r
o
wer
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
f
er
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
f
o
r
v
e
h
ic
le
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V2
V)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
in
th
e
d
ed
icate
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
DSR
C
)
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
Fig
u
r
es
6
,
7
,
an
d
8
d
ep
ict
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a'
s
g
ain
,
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
i
cien
t,
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
A
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
at
p
h
i=0
°
a
n
d
p
h
i=9
0
°.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
ar
r
a
y
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
er
t
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it e
n
s
u
r
es a
co
m
m
e
n
d
ab
le
im
p
e
d
an
ce
a
d
ap
tatio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
en
tire
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
g
en
er
ated
at
p
h
i=0
°
an
d
p
h
i=9
0
°
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
b
o
th
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
o
f
FS
S.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es
al
s
o
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
FS
S
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
lead
to
a
m
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
icial
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wi
th
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
V2
V
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
3
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
with
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
lay
er
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
r
ad
iates
e
n
er
g
y
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
lay
er
o
n
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
r
ev
ea
ls
en
h
an
ce
d
d
i
r
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
g
ai
n
in
t
h
e
d
esire
d
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
d
i
r
ec
t
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ed
ir
ec
t a
n
d
f
o
cu
s
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
wav
es e
m
itt
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
a
co
n
tr
ast
i
n
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
ac
h
iev
ed
in
two
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
o
n
e
with
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
a
n
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
with
o
u
t.
Up
o
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
with
th
e
r
ef
lect
o
r
,
t
h
e
g
ai
n
o
f
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
n
o
tab
l
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
r
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
9
d
B
to
5
.
4
7
d
B
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
p
ea
k
g
ain
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
.
9
GHz
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
an
ten
n
a’
s
g
ain
is
en
h
an
ce
d
a
n
d
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
em
ain
u
n
alter
ed
.
As d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
th
e
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
FS
S d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
.
W
ith
in
its
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
,
th
is
ad
v
an
ce
d
a
n
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
an
ef
f
i
cien
cy
ex
ce
ed
in
g
6
7
.
1
3
%,
in
d
icatin
g
its
h
ig
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
co
n
v
e
r
tin
g
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
to
r
a
d
iated
p
o
we
r
.
T
h
is
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
e
f
f
icien
cy
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
FS
S
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
cu
s
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
en
e
r
g
y
i
n
th
e
d
esire
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
wh
ile
m
in
i
m
izin
g
lo
s
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t o
f
micro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
w
ith
fr
eq
u
en
cy
s
elec
tive
s
u
r
fa
ce
…
(
I
kra
m
Tr
o
u
d
i
)
6449
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wa
v
e
r
atio
(
VSW
R
)
f
o
r
th
e
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
w
ith
FS
S
i
s
1
.
0
2
5
at
a
f
r
eq
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en
cy
o
f
5
.
9
2
GHz
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T
h
is
v
alu
e,
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g
less
th
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in
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icate
s
a
g
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o
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im
p
ed
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ce
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atch
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etwe
en
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e
an
d
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
is
ef
f
icien
t
m
atch
in
g
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
f
er
,
th
e
r
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sid
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
an
te
n
n
a
with
FS
S r
ef
lecto
r
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
S1
1
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
FS
S
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
an
ten
n
a
(
a
)
Ph
i=0
an
d
(
b
)
Ph
i
=9
0
°
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
3
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
4
5
-
6
4
5
4
6450
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
An
te
n
n
a
g
ai
n
ev
alu
a
tio
n
: im
p
ac
t o
f
FS
S
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
VSW
R
f
o
r
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
ar
-
F
ield
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
at
5
.
9
GH
z,
with
s
u
b
f
ig
u
r
es
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
(
E
-
f
ield
)
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
(
H
-
f
ield
)
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
(
a)
d
e
p
icts
th
e
E
-
f
ield
p
atter
n
i
n
th
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
r
eg
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
t
h
e
an
te
n
n
a'
s
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
r
a
d
iatio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
C
o
m
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
is
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
b
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
H
-
f
ield
p
atter
n
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
.
T
h
ese
f
ar
-
f
ield
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
th
e
5
.
9
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
v
eh
icl
e
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V2
V)
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
an
aly
zi
n
g
b
o
th
th
e
E
-
f
ield
an
d
H
-
f
ield
p
atter
n
s
to
g
eth
er
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
ca
n
g
ai
n
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t o
f
micro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
w
ith
fr
eq
u
en
cy
s
elec
tive
s
u
r
fa
ce
…
(
I
kra
m
Tr
o
u
d
i
)
6451
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
f
ar
-
Field
(
a
)
E
-
f
ield
an
d
(
b
)
H
-
f
ield
at
5
.
9
GHz
4.
VALI
DAT
I
O
N
RE
SU
L
T
S
WI
T
H
AD
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
a
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
an
d
a
FSS
u
s
in
g
th
e
ADS
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
v
alid
atio
n
is
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
ten
n
a
an
d
FS
S.
ADS,
as
a
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
l,
allo
ws
u
s
to
an
aly
ze
in
d
etail
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
an
d
th
e
FS
S,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
S
-
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
with
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
an
d
th
e
FS
S
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
u
s
h
el
p
in
g
u
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
eir
d
esig
n
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
4
.
1
.
P
a
t
ch
a
nte
nn
a
wit
h AD
S
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
,
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
a
5
.
9
GHz
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
a,
as
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
ADS
p
latf
o
r
m
,
is
d
ep
icted
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
also
i
n
clu
d
es
a
s
cr
e
en
s
n
ap
s
h
o
t
o
f
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e,
wh
ich
is
a
r
ea
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
in
th
e
ADS
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
ese
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
its
n
ec
ess
itates
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
)
,
c
ap
ac
itan
ce
(
C
)
,
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
(
Z
)
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
F).
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
i
n
teg
r
al
to
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
p
atch
an
d
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
(
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
its
o
f
th
e
p
atch
an
d
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
p
a
tch
an
ten
n
as.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
atic
p
r
o
v
id
es a
h
o
lis
tic
v
iew
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a’
s
d
esig
n
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
e
q
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
S1
1
)
f
o
r
th
e
an
te
n
n
a.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
b
)
,
th
e
b
lu
e
lin
e
d
ep
icts
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
C
ST
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
wh
ich
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
i
n
tr
icate
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
r
e
d
lin
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
cir
cu
it
eq
u
iv
alen
t
m
o
d
el
in
ADS,
wh
ich
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
an
ten
n
a
i
n
to
a
cir
cu
it
with
eq
u
iv
alen
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
lin
es
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it m
o
d
el,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le
d
esig
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a:
(
a
)
eq
u
i
v
alen
t c
ir
cu
it
o
f
an
ten
n
a
an
d
(
b
)
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
an
ten
n
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
4
5
-
6
4
5
4
6452
4
.
2
.
F
SS
wit
h AD
S
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
o
f
FS
S
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
b
o
th
ADS
an
d
C
ST
s
o
f
t
war
e.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it m
o
d
el
f
o
r
FS
Ss
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
its
im
p
ed
an
ce
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
i
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
an
e
q
u
iv
alen
t r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
FS
Ss
with
s
er
ies
o
r
s
h
u
n
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
FS
S.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it o
f
th
e
FS
S,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
r
ef
lectio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
FS
S
b
etwe
en
C
ST
an
d
cir
c
u
it
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
with
ADS.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ADS
s
im
u
l
atio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
(
b
)
,
ar
e
ac
cu
r
ate
u
p
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
e
g
io
n
o
f
th
e
elem
en
t.
B
o
th
lin
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
im
ilar
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
ey
d
escen
d
s
h
ar
p
ly
ar
o
u
n
d
5
.
9
GHz
to
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ch
th
eir
m
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im
u
m
v
al
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es
n
ea
r
-
5
5
d
B
an
d
th
en
ascen
d
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
FS
S
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
m
eth
o
d
s
(
C
ST
an
d
ADS)
ar
e
s
im
ilar
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
FS
S: (
a)
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
FS
S a
n
d
(
b
)
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
FS
S
4
.
3
.
Ant
enna
pa
t
ch
wit
h F
SS
im
plem
ent
ed
in ADS
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
cir
cu
it
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S.
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
wo
s
im
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
C
ST
an
d
ADS,
to
a
n
aly
ze
a
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
an
FS
S.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
ef
le
ctio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
r
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
els
u
s
ed
in
b
o
th
s
y
s
t
em
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
o
u
r
wo
r
k
h
as
v
alid
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
C
S
T
an
d
ADS
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
p
atch
an
ten
n
as with
FS
S.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
FS
S:
(
a)
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it o
f
an
te
n
n
a
with
FS
S; (
b
)
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
with
FS
S
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
FSS
r
ef
lect
o
r
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
g
ain
o
f
an
ten
n
as
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
v
e
h
icle
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
an
t
en
n
a
with
FS
S
r
esu
lted
in
a
g
ain
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
3
.
9
to
5
.
4
d
B
at
5
.
9
GHz
,
with
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
e
x
ten
d
in
g
to
2
3
0
.
9
4
MH
z.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
h
ad
m
in
im
al
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
an
te
n
n
a'
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
ed
an
c
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
FS
S
in
en
h
an
cin
g
an
ten
n
a
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RE
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
A
z
i
z
,
A
.
El
H
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ssa
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.
H
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ss
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q
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n
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h
me
d
,
“
C
h
a
r
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r
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p
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,
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o
l
.
1
0
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o
.
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,
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a
r
.
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0
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4
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n
.
2
0
2
4
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7
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8
5
.
[
2
]
G
.
C
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
M
.
F
.
I
sk
a
n
d
e
r
,
M
.
H
o
q
u
e
,
S
.
R
.
G
o
o
d
a
l
l
,
a
n
d
T
.
B
o
c
s
k
o
r
,
“
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
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d
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si
g
n
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s
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c
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t
w
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n
g
,
”
I
EEE
An
t
e
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
W
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re
l
e
ss
Pr
o
p
a
g
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t
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o
n
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,
v
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l
.
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p
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/
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W
P
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5
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3
9
1
1
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9
.
[
3
]
L.
C
h
e
n
g
,
K
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
Y
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
F
.
W
u
,
“
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
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u
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d
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b
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p
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t
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4
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.
K
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,
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Ma
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a
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Re
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Ex
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,
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5
]
C
.
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,
D
.
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h
a
n
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,
F
.
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a
n
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d
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.
Li
,
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a
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n
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a
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M
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6
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.
P
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h
,
“
O
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4
.
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G
H
z
p
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b
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c
saf
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t
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W
LA
N
,
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Ad
v
a
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d
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7
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.
A
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,
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m
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n
a
:
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h
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r
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v
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e
w
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
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n
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
9
I
n
t
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