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Vo
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14
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Dec
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20
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p
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I
SS
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2088
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7
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v
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i
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.
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6
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6498
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ttp
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ec
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co
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Resea
rch t
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Visua
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sic
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prog
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a
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tere
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t
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si
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m
s,
l
o
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tu
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d
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,
a
n
d
VB
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lev
a
n
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to
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ica
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h
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tain
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f
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ra
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m
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c
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izi
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ste
m
s,
imp
ro
v
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d
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c
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ti
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a
l
p
ra
c
ti
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s,
a
n
d
p
re
p
a
rin
g
st
u
d
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n
ts
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
Ma
th
em
atics
Pro
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
Sco
p
u
s
Vis
u
al
B
as
ic
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dad
an
g
J
u
an
d
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ma
th
em
atics E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
U
n
iv
er
s
itas
Pen
d
id
ik
an
I
n
d
o
n
esia
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
4
0
1
5
4
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: d
ad
an
g
.
j
u
an
d
i@
u
p
i.e
d
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Vis
u
al
B
as
ic
(
VB
)
h
as
a
lo
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
h
is
to
r
y
.
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
d
eb
u
ted
it
in
1
9
9
1
,
an
d
its
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
m
ad
e
it
p
o
p
u
lar
[
1
]
.
VB
h
as
g
r
o
wn
o
v
er
tim
e,
wit
h
Vis
u
al
B
asic
6
.
0
b
ein
g
a
m
iles
to
n
e
f
o
r
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
s
im
p
licity
.
T
h
e
d
r
ag
-
an
d
-
d
r
o
p
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
VB
m
ad
e
W
in
d
o
ws
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
cr
ea
tio
n
f
ast.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Vis
u
al
B
asic.N
E
T
r
ep
lace
d
it,
VB
r
em
ain
s
r
elev
an
t
in
leg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
n
ew
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
lan
g
u
a
g
es
[
2
]
.
Vis
u
al
B
asic
'
s
h
is
to
r
y
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
it
h
a
s
s
h
ap
ed
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
.
Mu
ltip
le
VB
v
er
s
io
n
s
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
its
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
n
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
W
in
d
o
ws
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
lau
n
ch
ed
VB
in
1
9
9
1
,
an
d
its
u
s
er
-
f
r
i
en
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
e
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
m
ad
e
it
p
o
p
u
lar
.
L
ate
r
v
er
s
io
n
s
lik
e
Vis
u
al
B
asic
6
.
0
im
p
r
o
v
ed
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
s
im
p
licity
,
m
ak
in
g
W
in
d
o
ws
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ea
s
ier
[
3
]
.
VB
r
em
ain
s
ess
en
tial
in
leg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
n
ewe
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
es,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
last
in
g
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Vis
u
al
B
asic
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
n
o
v
ices
an
d
ex
p
er
ts
d
u
e
to
its
u
s
er
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
esea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
a
b
o
u
t
V
is
u
a
l B
a
s
ic
a
s
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
mmin
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
…
(
A
d
i Nu
r
ja
ma
n
)
6499
lan
g
u
ag
e'
s
s
im
p
licity
m
ak
es
lear
n
in
g
b
asic
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les
ea
s
ier
[
4
]
.
Fo
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
e
x
p
er
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
V
B
s
h
o
ws it
s
v
er
s
atil
ity
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
in
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
5
]
.
Vis
u
al
B
as
ic
also
h
elp
s
cr
ea
te
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
to
o
ls
an
d
g
am
es,
en
h
an
cin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
lan
g
u
ag
e'
s
W
in
d
o
ws
co
m
p
ati
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
p
ee
d
in
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
tim
e
m
ak
e
it
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
au
to
m
atio
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Vis
u
al
B
asic
'
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
au
to
m
atio
n
m
a
k
es it a
n
im
p
o
r
t
an
t p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Pro
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
es
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
lear
n
in
g
as
th
ey
h
elp
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
y
n
tactic,
co
n
ce
p
tu
al,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
9
]
.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
eg
i
n
with
b
lo
ck
-
b
ased
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
b
ef
o
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
o
n
to
tex
t
-
b
ased
lan
g
u
ag
es.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
h
o
w
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
ay
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
[
1
0
]
.
Ac
q
u
ir
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
n
e
ce
s
s
itates
en
g
ag
in
g
in
p
r
ac
tical
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
ac
tiv
ely
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
c
o
d
e,
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
1
]
.
No
v
ices
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
eir
s
o
f
twar
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tic
es
with
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
m
aster
y
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
asp
ec
ts
an
d
th
e
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
E
m
o
tio
n
s
also
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
ac
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
[
4
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
b
en
ef
its
as
it
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
th
i
n
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
co
d
i
n
g
as
a
v
ital
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
cr
u
cia
l
[
1
5
]
.
Par
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
P
-
1
2
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
6
]
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
an
d
co
d
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
h
elp
s
cr
ea
te
s
tr
ateg
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
9
]
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
wh
en
lear
n
in
g
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
ass
is
ts
b
eg
in
n
er
s
in
cr
ea
tin
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
o
f
twar
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
Vis
u
al
B
a
s
ic
(
V
B
)
is
tau
g
h
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
les
u
s
in
g
tactile
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
les
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
n
o
v
el
t
o
o
ls
to
teac
h
m
ed
ical
s
u
b
jects
lik
e
u
ltra
s
o
u
n
d
[
1
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
VB
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
cu
r
r
icu
la
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
VB
u
s
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
lects
a
lar
g
er
tr
en
d
to
war
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
an
d
in
f
u
s
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
in
to
v
ar
ied
cu
r
r
icu
la.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
tactile
teac
h
in
g
to
o
ls
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
s
k
ills
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
VB
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
n
ew
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
u
ltra
s
o
u
n
d
in
m
e
d
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
lea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
is
a
tr
en
d
[
1
8
]
.
VB
also
en
ab
les co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
VB
h
elp
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
s
im
p
lify
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
id
ea
s
,
m
atch
i
n
g
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ch
an
g
es
to
war
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ill
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
VB
is
u
s
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
s
im
p
licit
y
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ilit
y
[
2
2
]
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
ca
n
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
VB
'
s
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
VB
is
ea
s
ier
to
u
s
e
an
d
p
o
r
t
th
an
C
#
a
n
d
J
av
a,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
b
etter
la
n
g
u
ag
e
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
[
2
3
]
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
b
i
b
l
io
m
e
tr
ic
an
aly
s
i
s
s
t
an
d
s
o
u
t
a
s
an
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
r
en
d
s
in
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
[
2
4
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
A
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
ap
in
th
e
l
it
er
a
tu
r
e
r
e
la
tin
g
to
Vi
s
u
al
B
as
ic
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
p
r
o
m
p
ted
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
i
c
an
aly
s
i
s
to
g
a
in
in
s
ig
h
t
s
in
to
th
e
tr
en
d
s
an
d
i
m
p
a
ct
s
o
f
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
in
th
is
f
i
eld
.
D
es
p
i
te
it
s
l
o
n
g
s
tan
d
in
g
p
r
e
s
en
c
e
an
d
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
el
ev
an
ce
,
Vi
s
u
al
B
a
s
i
c
ed
u
c
at
io
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
ad
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
b
ib
l
io
m
e
tr
ic
an
a
ly
s
i
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
em
p
lo
y
b
ib
l
io
m
etr
ic
an
a
ly
s
is
a
s
a
s
y
s
t
em
a
ti
c,
d
a
ta
-
d
r
i
v
en
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
to
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
t
h
e
l
a
n
d
s
c
ap
e
o
f
V
is
u
al
B
a
s
ic
ed
u
c
at
io
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
i
d
en
t
if
y
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
tr
en
d
s
an
d
in
f
lu
en
t
ia
l
au
th
o
r
s
,
an
d
o
u
tl
in
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
d
ir
e
ct
io
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
ap
er
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
ed
jo
u
r
n
als.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
as
e,
we
wer
e
ab
le
to
ac
ce
s
s
s
ch
o
lar
ly
ar
ticles
r
elev
an
t
to
o
u
r
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Ou
r
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
"v
is
u
al
b
asic"
o
r
"
v
is
u
alb
asic"
an
d
"tea
ch
in
g
"
o
r
"l
ea
r
n
in
g
"
to
i
d
en
tify
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
is
u
al
b
asic
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
ese
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
s
ea
r
c
h
ar
ticle
titl
es,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
c
o
llectio
n
o
f
5
2
9
p
ap
e
r
s
th
at
wer
e
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
ze
d
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
th
em
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
ar
ticles
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
4
t
o
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
3
,
with
o
u
t
an
y
tem
p
o
r
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
o
o
r
g
a
n
ize
th
e
co
llected
ar
ticles,
we
s
to
r
ed
th
em
in
th
e
*
.
r
is
f
ile
f
o
r
m
at.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
was e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
g
en
er
ate
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
a
p
f
o
r
v
is
u
alizin
g
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
r
esear
ch
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
llo
wed
f
o
u
r
s
tep
s
:
i)
d
ata
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
ii)
d
ata
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
iii)
d
ata
v
is
u
aliz
atio
n
,
an
d
iv
)
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tag
es
[
3
2
]
–
[
4
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
9
8
-
6
5
0
7
6500
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t switch
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
an
n
u
al
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
4
to
2
0
2
3
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t y
ea
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
2
0
2
0
–
2
0
2
3
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licati
o
n
s
h
as g
en
er
ally
s
tay
e
d
b
etw
ee
n
1
5
a
n
d
2
1
.
2
0
1
0
was
th
e
y
ea
r
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
1
9
9
9
with
4
a
n
d
1
9
9
4
with
5
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
VB
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
h
as
c
h
an
g
e
d
,
s
h
o
win
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
in
ter
est
o
r
r
esear
ch
.
Sin
ce
2
0
0
7
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
h
as
f
allen
,
with
a
f
ew
o
u
tlier
s
,
p
r
esu
m
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
e
r
esear
c
h
m
ay
b
e
a
b
le
to
ex
p
lain
th
ese
tr
en
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
An
n
u
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
Vis
u
al
B
asic
in
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
esea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
a
b
o
u
t
V
is
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a
l B
a
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ic
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s
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Do
cu
m
en
t
ty
p
es
in
Sco
p
u
s
f
o
r
VB
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
v
a
r
y
.
M
o
s
t
en
tr
ies,
2
7
7
,
ar
e
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
VB
is
a
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
to
p
ic.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
2
2
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
VB
,
in
d
icatin
g
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
.
Nin
e
b
o
o
k
s
—
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
o
r
g
u
id
es
—
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
-
d
ep
th
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
ater
ial.
Fiv
e
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
r
ev
iews
p
r
o
v
id
e
c
r
itical
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
an
d
s
u
b
ject
o
v
er
v
iews.
T
h
e
m
in
im
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
etr
ac
te
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
4
)
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
ap
ter
s
(
2
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
VB
co
n
ten
t
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
lar
g
er
v
o
lu
m
es
o
r
co
m
p
ilatio
n
s
,
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
th
is
f
ield
'
s
liter
atu
r
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
t
o
p
1
0
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
VB
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
i
n
lear
n
in
g
ar
ticles
v
ar
y
in
th
eir
in
ter
est.
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
le
ad
s
with
1
6
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
g
r
ea
t
in
ter
est
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
.
W
ith
6
8
ar
ticles,
C
h
in
a
co
n
d
u
cts
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
UK,
T
aiwa
n
,
an
d
Ma
lay
s
ia
tie
f
o
r
th
ir
d
with
2
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ap
iece
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
im
ilar
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
tak
es si
x
th
with
1
9
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
J
ap
an
with
18
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
I
n
d
ia
with
1
5
.
W
ith
th
ir
teen
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ea
ch
,
C
an
ad
a
an
d
Sp
ain
tie
f
o
r
eig
h
th
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
ese
n
atio
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
'
VB
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Do
c
u
m
en
t ty
p
e
o
f
Vis
u
al
B
asic
in
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
p
1
0
co
u
n
tr
ies p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
Vis
u
al
B
asic
in
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
9
8
-
6
5
0
7
6502
T
h
e
to
p
1
0
af
f
iliatio
n
s
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
VB
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
in
lear
n
in
g
p
a
p
er
s
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
co
v
er
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
is
to
p
ic.
W
ith
eig
h
t
p
ap
er
s
,
U
n
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
MA
R
A
s
h
o
ws
it
s
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
VB
r
esear
ch
.
Vir
g
in
ia
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
I
n
s
titu
te
an
d
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
llo
w
with
s
ev
en
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
UAE
Un
iv
er
s
ity
r
an
k
s
th
ir
d
with
s
ix
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
D
ef
en
s
e
Aca
d
em
y
o
f
J
ap
an
an
d
C
h
r
is
tian
B
r
o
th
er
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
h
ar
e
f
o
u
r
th
p
lace
with
f
iv
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
C
h
ien
k
u
o
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
T
aiwa
n
,
So
u
th
C
ar
o
lin
a
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
W
ester
n
New
E
n
g
lan
d
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
Geo
r
g
ia
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
a
n
d
Dr
ex
el
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
all
h
av
e
f
o
u
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
eir
co
llectiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
f
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
to
p
1
0
Sco
p
u
s
wr
iter
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
o
n
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
o
f
f
er
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
n
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
Fiv
e
p
ap
er
s
p
u
t
M
.
Mim
u
r
a
at
th
e
to
p
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
6
]
,
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
h
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
in
f
lu
en
tial
p
r
esen
ce
o
n
th
is
s
u
b
ject.
B
y
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
it
f
o
u
r
tim
es
ea
ch
,
M.
B
er
n
ar
d
,
E
.
E
.
R
o
h
ae
ti,
an
d
D.
C
.
Yu
s
h
o
w
th
eir
d
e
d
icatio
n
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
VB
r
esear
ch
.
J
.
Af
la
k
i,
B
.
Ar
if
in
,
S.
Dem
ir
,
S.
Din
i
,
K.
E
g
u
ch
i,
a
n
d
A.
Go
m
ez
-
R
iv
as e
ac
h
h
ad
th
r
ee
a
r
ticles,
ad
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
ep
t
h
an
d
b
r
ea
d
t
h
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
o
p
1
0
af
f
iliatio
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
Vis
u
al
B
asic
in
le
ar
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
o
p
1
0
au
th
o
r
s
o
f
Vis
u
al
B
asic
in
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
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en
d
s
a
b
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t
V
is
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l B
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(
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p
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ws
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p
r
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r
e
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
ter
ests
in
VB
p
r
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r
am
m
i
n
g
lan
g
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ag
e
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ar
n
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g
.
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n
th
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ea
r
ly
2
0
1
0
s
,
"
v
is
u
al
b
asic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
,
"
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b
asic
co
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p
t
s
,
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an
d
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in
f
o
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m
atio
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m
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en
t
"
wer
e
s
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ied
.
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n
th
e
late
2
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an
d
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r
ly
2
0
2
0
s
,
"m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
"
b
ec
a
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
.
"Visu
al
b
asic
"
h
a
s
b
ee
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t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
y
ea
r
s
,
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
teac
h
in
g
,
an
d
cu
r
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ic
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lu
m
c
r
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n
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ain
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g
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ig
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n
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asic
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o
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ap
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d
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g
u
a
g
es"
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ec
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e
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o
p
u
lar
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
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p
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licatio
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p
r
o
g
r
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m
m
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g
i
n
ter
f
ac
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"
h
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e
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o
m
e
p
o
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lar
s
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j
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ts
in
r
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r
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
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atin
g
th
e
ch
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g
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g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
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r
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g
r
am
m
in
g
in
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n
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g
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
r
en
d
t
o
p
ics o
f
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asic
in
lear
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ce
s
s
3
.
2
.
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s
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io
n
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etwe
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1
9
9
4
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d
2
0
2
3
,
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
p
atter
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ex
h
ib
it
p
ea
k
s
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
1
9
9
9
.
T
h
ese
p
ea
k
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
er
e
wa
s
eith
er
a
m
ajo
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in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
a
ca
d
em
ic
in
ter
est
in
VB
d
u
r
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th
o
s
e
y
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r
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o
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at
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ig
n
if
ican
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im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
in
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
o
s
e
y
ea
r
s
.
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n
co
n
tr
ast,
VB
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
ec
lin
e
s
in
ce
2
0
0
7
,
wh
i
ch
co
in
ci
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es
with
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e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
m
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e
r
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h
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th
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wh
ich
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av
e
ec
lip
s
ed
it.
Desp
ite
t
h
is
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
h
as
r
em
ain
ed
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
b
etwe
en
1
5
an
d
2
1
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
,
in
d
icat
iv
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
in
ter
est
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject,
m
o
s
t
li
k
ely
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
leg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
ese
p
atter
n
s
,
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
in
ter
est
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ap
p
a
r
en
t
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
r
ec
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
em
p
h
asis
p
lace
d
o
n
VB
in
th
eir
co
u
r
s
es
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
lan
g
u
ag
es
[
2
3
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
m
a
k
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
l
eg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
es
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
th
at
m
ay
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
Sco
p
u
s
r
elate
d
t
o
VB
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
W
ith
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
ap
e
r
s
,
wh
ich
to
tal
2
7
7
en
tr
ies,
is
in
d
ica
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
(
9
)
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
a
co
n
tin
u
ed
in
ter
est
in
VB
,
wh
ile
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
2
2
7
)
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
r
esear
ch
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
C
r
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
co
n
f
er
en
ce
r
e
v
ie
ws (
5
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
r
ticles th
at
wer
e
r
etr
ac
ted
(
4
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
teg
r
i
ty
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
o
f
b
o
o
k
ch
a
p
ter
s
(
2
)
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
VB
in
to
b
r
o
ad
er
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
m
u
lti
f
ac
eted
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
VB
r
esear
ch
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ev
en
ts
o
f
th
is
s
o
r
t
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
th
e
s
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
ter
est
in
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ar
ticles
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
to
p
1
0
n
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
o
f
A
m
er
ica
is
in
th
e
lead
with
1
6
8
ar
ticles,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
C
h
in
a
with
6
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
C
h
in
a
h
as
r
o
b
u
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
4
9
8
-
6
5
0
7
6504
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
to
VB
in
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
U
n
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
T
aiwa
n
,
an
d
Ma
l
ay
s
ia
ea
ch
h
a
v
e
2
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
t
h
e
r
eg
i
o
n
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
J
ap
an
,
an
d
I
n
d
ia
ar
e
in
clo
s
e
p
u
r
s
u
it,
ea
ch
with
1
9
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
1
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
1
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
an
ad
a
a
n
d
Sp
ain
ar
e
th
e
last
two
co
u
n
tr
ies o
n
t
h
e
lis
t,
ea
ch
h
av
in
g
th
ir
teen
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
t
h
er
e
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
a
wo
r
ld
wid
e
in
ter
est
in
VB
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
with
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
C
h
in
a
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
atio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
.
Pro
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
a
b
ilit
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
r
e
g
io
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
th
e
U
n
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
T
aiwa
n
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
i
n
ter
est,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
p
o
li
cy
m
ak
er
s
ad
o
p
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tactics b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
x
am
p
les p
r
o
v
id
ed
[
5
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
,
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
to
p
ten
af
f
iliatio
n
s
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
in
lear
n
in
g
in
d
icate
s
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
co
m
p
an
ies
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
is
to
p
ic.
First
p
lace
g
o
es
to
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
MA
R
A
,
wh
ich
h
as
eig
h
t
p
ap
er
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
Vir
g
in
ia
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
I
n
s
titu
te
an
d
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
s
ev
en
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
v
er
all.
Af
ter
th
e
Natio
n
al
Def
en
s
e
Aca
d
em
y
o
f
J
ap
an
an
d
C
h
r
is
tian
B
r
o
th
er
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
UAE
Un
iv
er
s
ity
co
m
es
in
t
h
ir
d
p
lace
with
s
ix
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
av
e
f
iv
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ap
iece
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
C
h
ien
k
u
o
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Un
iv
er
s
ity
T
aiwa
n
,
So
u
th
C
ar
o
lin
a
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
W
ester
n
Ne
w
E
n
g
lan
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Geo
r
g
ia
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
Dr
e
x
el
Un
iv
er
s
ity
h
av
e
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
eir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
VB
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
d
u
c
atio
n
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
h
av
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
c
e
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
'
d
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
lar
g
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
g
iv
in
g
r
esear
ch
in
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
i
o
r
ity
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
it
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
o
th
er
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
Sig
n
if
ican
t
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
y
in
clu
d
in
g
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
[
5
2
]
–
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
cr
ea
tes
ch
an
ce
s
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tices.
W
h
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
a
r
e
an
aly
ze
d
,
th
e
t
o
p
1
0
Sco
p
u
s
wr
iter
s
ar
e
r
ev
ea
led
to
b
e
a
b
r
o
ad
an
d
in
f
lu
en
tial
s
et
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
M.
B
er
n
a
r
d
,
E
.
E
.
R
o
h
ae
ti,
an
d
D.
C
.
Yu
,
wh
o
ea
ch
h
av
e
f
o
u
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
M.
Mim
u
r
a
is
in
th
e
lea
d
with
f
iv
e
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
is
en
r
ich
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
J
.
Af
lak
i,
B
.
Ar
if
in
,
S.
Dem
ir
,
S.
Din
i,
K.
E
g
u
ch
i,
an
d
A.
G
o
m
ez
-
R
iv
as,
ea
ch
o
f
wh
o
m
m
a
d
e
th
r
ee
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
o
in
f
l
u
en
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
o
f
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
b
u
ild
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
in
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
,
th
ese
wr
iter
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
a
d
v
an
cin
g
th
ese
ar
ea
s
[
5
5
]
–
[
5
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
ast
te
n
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
atter
n
s
p
e
r
tain
in
g
to
lear
n
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
VB
.
A
ch
an
g
e
to
s
p
ec
ialized
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
"
v
is
u
al
b
asic
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
"
an
d
"v
is
u
al
lan
g
u
ag
es"
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
0
s
,
af
ter
s
tu
d
ies
h
ad
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
d
m
o
s
tly
o
n
b
asic
th
em
es
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
2
0
1
0
s
.
A
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
in
te
g
r
atin
g
"m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
"
with
VB
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
th
e
latter
h
alf
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
0
s
an
d
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
0
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
was
in
lin
e
with
tr
e
n
d
s
in
d
ata
s
cien
ce
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
.
M
o
r
e
r
ec
en
tly
,
t
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
"a
p
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
in
ter
f
ac
es"
(
API
s
)
to
f
u
lf
il
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
ev
o
lu
tio
n
e
m
p
h
asizes
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
a
n
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
u
b
jects
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
is
ev
er
-
ch
an
g
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
5
8
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t
em
b
r
ac
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
n
ew
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
-
d
ep
th
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
p
u
b
licatio
n
t
r
en
d
s
,
a
n
d
ass
ess
in
g
VB
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
an
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
.
T
o
p
r
o
p
el
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
war
d
an
d
k
ee
p
p
ac
e
with
th
e
r
ap
id
ly
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
it
is
i
m
p
er
ativ
e
t
o
f
o
s
ter
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
at
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
lev
els,
ch
am
p
io
n
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
c
h
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
an
d
p
r
i
o
r
itize
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
VB
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
ap
er
s
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
4
to
2
0
2
3
r
ev
ea
ls
k
ey
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
an
d
n
ew
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
m
ay
h
av
e
af
f
ec
ted
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
ter
est
in
VB
,
as
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
u
tp
u
t
p
ea
k
ed
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
h
as
d
ec
lin
e
d
s
in
ce
2
0
0
7
.
T
h
e
s
tead
y
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ti
cles
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
s
u
g
g
ests
co
n
tin
u
in
g
in
te
r
est,
p
r
esu
m
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
le
g
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
r
e
v
iews,
VB
r
esear
ch
in
cl
u
d
es
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
e
b
ate
an
d
team
wo
r
k
.
Pu
b
licatio
n
s
'
g
lo
b
al
r
ea
ch
allo
ws
f
o
r
c
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
c
h
an
g
e,
wh
ile
to
p
af
f
iliatio
n
s
an
d
au
th
o
r
s
s
h
o
w
VB
r
esear
ch
'
s
ex
ten
s
iv
e
an
d
i
n
f
lu
en
tial
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
f
r
o
m
b
asic
id
ea
s
to
s
p
ec
ialized
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
in
clu
d
e
b
asic
an
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
th
em
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
la.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
v
esti
g
ate
n
ew
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
esea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
a
b
o
u
t
V
is
u
a
l B
a
s
ic
a
s
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
mmin
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
…
(
A
d
i Nu
r
ja
ma
n
)
6505
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
an
d
VB
r
elev
an
ce
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
n
ee
d
s
.
Natio
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
c
h
,
a
n
d
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
k
ee
p
VB
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ele
v
an
t,
o
p
tim
ize
leg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
a
ctice
s
,
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
B
a
l
a
r
a
m
a
n
d
J.
K
a
a
s
,
“
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
s
u
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
p
r
i
m
a
t
e
s,
”
E
y
e
a
n
d
Br
a
i
n
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
4
7
/
E
B
.
S
6
4
0
1
6
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
a
t
s
u
s
h
i
t
a
,
H
.
A
w
a
t
a
,
M
.
W
a
k
a
k
u
w
a
,
S
.
Ta
k
e
mu
r
a
,
a
n
d
K
.
A
r
i
k
a
w
a
,
“
R
h
a
b
d
o
m
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
n
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
i
e
s:
i
n
si
g
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
l
y
t
i
e
r
e
d
a
n
d
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
o
mm
a
t
i
d
i
a
o
f
t
h
e
G
l
a
c
i
a
l
A
p
o
l
l
o
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
y
,
P
a
r
n
a
ss
i
u
s
g
l
a
c
i
a
l
i
s
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
R
o
y
a
l
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
B:
Bi
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
9
,
n
o
.
1
7
4
2
,
p
p
.
3
4
8
2
–
3
4
9
0
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
8
/
r
s
p
b
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
4
7
5
.
[
3
]
G
.
L
u
p
y
a
n
a
n
d
B
.
B
e
r
g
e
n
,
“
H
o
w
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
t
h
e
mi
n
d
,
”
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
0
8
–
4
2
4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
t
o
p
s.
1
2
1
5
5
.
[
4
]
O
.
I
sk
r
e
n
o
v
i
c
-
M
o
mc
i
l
o
v
i
c
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
scr
a
t
c
h
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
3
3
/
i
e
j
me/
7
8
0
7
.
[
5
]
A
.
M
.
M
o
s
a
,
M
.
R
.
T
a
h
a
,
A
.
I
smai
l
,
a
n
d
R
.
A
.
O
.
K
.
R
a
h
ma
t
,
“
A
d
i
a
g
n
o
st
i
c
e
x
p
e
r
t
sy
s
t
e
m
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
i
n
r
i
g
i
d
h
i
g
h
w
a
y
p
a
v
e
me
n
t
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
i
v
i
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
4
6
–
8
6
1
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
8
4
6
/
1
3
9
2
3
7
3
0
.
2
0
1
3
.
8
0
1
9
0
5
.
[
6
]
A
.
S
.
M
.
V
e
n
i
g
a
l
l
a
a
n
d
S
.
C
h
i
ma
l
a
k
o
n
d
a
,
“
G
4
D
-
a
t
r
e
a
s
u
r
e
h
u
n
t
g
a
m
e
f
o
r
n
o
v
i
c
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
e
r
s
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
d
e
b
u
g
g
i
n
g
,
”
S
m
a
rt
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
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a
se
n
i
o
r
l
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
with
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
5
y
e
a
rs o
f
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
in
th
e
field
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
His m
a
in
a
re
a
s o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
sta
ti
stics
,
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
sis
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
a
d
a
n
g
.
ju
a
n
d
i@
u
p
i
.
e
d
u
.
Ed
i
S
u
p
r
iy
a
d
i
is
stu
d
e
n
t
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
Na
tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
P
e
n
d
id
i
k
a
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
in
th
e
field
s
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
t
h
n
o
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
o
rs
S
o
c
iety
(
I
-
M
ES
)
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
(
In
d
o
M
S
).
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
d
ip
m
a
tem
a
ti
k
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Wa
h
y
u
H
id
a
y
a
t
is
a
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
IKIP
S
il
iwa
n
g
i
wh
o
h
a
s
se
rv
e
d
fo
r
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
5
y
e
a
rs.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s
is
sta
ti
stics
,
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
lea
rn
in
g
m
e
d
ia,
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
th
n
o
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
wa
h
y
u
@i
k
i
p
sili
wa
n
g
i
.
a
c
.
id
.
Da
r
h
im
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
with
m
o
re
th
a
n
4
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
His
m
a
in
a
re
a
s
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
re
a
li
stic
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
a
rh
im@
u
p
i.
e
d
u
.
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