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1.
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all
f
a
r
m
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
u
n
iq
u
e
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
[
3
]
.
Stu
d
ies
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
p
an
els
an
d
r
eg
u
latin
g
l
o
ad
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
In
s
tu
d
y
[
3
]
,
th
e
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
s
m
ar
t
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ics
s
y
s
tem
f
ac
il
itates
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
a
u
to
m
ated
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
lettu
ce
g
r
o
wth
,
lev
er
ag
in
g
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
p
an
els
in
[
4
]
o
p
tim
izes
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
in
[
5
]
m
o
n
ito
r
s
an
d
r
eg
u
la
tes
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
to
m
in
im
ize
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
W
h
ile
all
r
esear
ch
e
r
wo
r
k
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
1
]
–
[
6
]
u
s
ed
I
o
T
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
d
ata,
t
h
ey
s
er
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
o
b
jec
tiv
es,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
ca
n
als
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
to
a
d
v
an
ce
ir
r
ig
at
io
n
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
i
d
en
tifie
s
ch
alle
n
g
es
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
:
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ics
[
3
]
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
;
s
o
lar
P
V
p
an
els
[
4
]
n
ee
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
I
o
T
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es;
an
d
p
o
u
ltry
f
a
r
m
s
[
5
]
f
ac
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
s
u
es,
m
itig
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
a
n
d
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
es
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
en
h
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
k
ey
c
h
allen
g
es
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
I
o
T
-
b
a
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ics,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
i
n
teg
r
ati
n
g
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
with
g
r
id
b
ac
k
u
p
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
3
]
.
So
lar
PV
p
an
el
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
is
s
u
es
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
[
4
]
.
I
n
p
o
u
ltry
f
ar
m
s
,
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
i
cien
cy
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
an
d
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
F
a
ult
det
ec
t
io
n
in P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
R
ec
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
o
T
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
d
etec
tin
g
is
s
u
es
in
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
d
ep
l
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m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
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f
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tio
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E
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t
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c
a
l
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:
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
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8
8
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8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
1
8
2
-
6
1
9
4
6184
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
[
7
]
,
an
d
its
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
n
b
e
f
e
d
to
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
cr
itical
elem
en
ts
th
at
im
p
ac
t
ef
f
icien
cy
[
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
wo
r
k
s
in
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
,
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
a
n
o
m
al
ies
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els.
I
n
[
9
]
,
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
PV
p
an
el
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
wa
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
u
s
in
g
Ar
d
u
in
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to
co
n
tr
o
l
co
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lin
g
f
an
s
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
4
.
7
%.
I
n
s
tu
d
y
[
1
0
]
,
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
lar
p
an
el
with
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
(
T
E
G)
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
h
ar
v
est
w
aste
h
ea
t,
im
p
r
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in
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r
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tem
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d
p
r
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id
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
o
lin
g
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
1
0
]
p
r
esen
ts
“
So
lNet,
”
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
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eu
r
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etwo
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to
d
etec
t
f
au
lts
in
s
o
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s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
an
AI
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
id
en
tify
in
g
an
o
m
alies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
[
1
1
]
d
el
v
es
in
to
a
two
-
s
tag
e
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
p
r
ed
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n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
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esig
n
ed
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r
s
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lar
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ec
asti
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f
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n
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p
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ed
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A
f
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s
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r
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ar
d
war
e
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d
s
o
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twar
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s
o
lu
tio
n
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
tr
ac
in
g
th
e
I
-
V
c
u
r
v
es
o
f
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
e
m
p
h
asis
is
o
n
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
.
So
u
r
ce
[
1
3
]
p
r
esen
ts
an
I
o
T
-
d
r
iv
e
n
s
em
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
f
au
lts
in
s
o
lar
PV
ar
r
a
y
s
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
aim
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
o
v
el
I
o
T
-
b
ased
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
tr
ac
er
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi,
Py
th
o
n
,
Ma
r
iaDB,
an
d
G
r
af
an
a.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
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to
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ates
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ad
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wee
p
,
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ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
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,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
PV
m
o
d
u
le
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
izati
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
r
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
ex
am
in
es
an
I
o
T
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
d
u
s
t
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
PV
p
an
els,
to
en
h
an
ce
s
o
lar
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
o
u
tin
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
[
1
5
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
m
er
g
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
a
n
d
lig
h
t
g
r
a
d
ien
t
b
o
o
s
tin
g
(
DT
-
L
GB
)
,
to
id
en
tif
y
an
d
f
o
r
ec
ast
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
f
ac
ilit
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
DT
-
L
GB
m
o
d
el
s
u
r
p
ass
es
cu
r
r
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
er
r
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
in
[
1
6
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticat
ed
f
u
zz
y
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
au
to
r
eg
r
ess
iv
e
n
etwo
r
k
with
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
(
NARX
)
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
eth
o
d
s
,
ea
ch
with
d
is
tin
ct
em
p
h
ases
.
I
t
u
tili
ze
s
a
tr
ee
s
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
f
au
lt
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
I
o
T
f
o
r
a
u
to
m
atio
n
an
d
r
em
o
te
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
.
T
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
a
l
o
w
-
co
s
t
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
,
th
e
wo
r
k
s
in
[
1
7
]
em
p
lo
y
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
ex
am
in
e
d
ef
ec
ts
at
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
lev
el
in
PV
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
m
o
d
el
was
co
m
m
en
d
a
b
le,
it
s
till
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
d
i
f
f
icu
lti
es
wh
en
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
with
illu
m
in
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
n
ec
ess
itated
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
g
ath
er
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
clas
s
es.
T
h
e
r
e
v
iewe
d
liter
atu
r
e
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
th
eir
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
o
T
in
s
ev
e
r
al
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
p
ap
e
r
s
[
7
]
–
[1
7
]
.
I
n
[
9
]
,
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
PV
p
an
els
r
ed
u
ce
s
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
wh
ich
was
m
itig
ated
b
y
an
I
o
T
-
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
h
ea
t
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
er
m
o
el
ec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
s
(
T
E
Gs)
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
with
th
e
I
o
T
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
tr
ac
er
f
o
r
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
el
p
e
d
au
to
m
ate
lo
a
d
s
wee
p
an
d
d
a
ta
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
I
o
T
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
.
2
.
3
.
Rea
l
-
t
im
e
m
o
nito
ring
a
nd
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
Usi
n
g
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
wit
h
in
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
in
[
1
8
]
d
escr
ib
e
a
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
(
SP
V)
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
en
a
b
les
s
m
o
o
th
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
n
o
d
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
it
(
MCU
)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
in
th
e
C
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
An
d
r
o
i
d
Ap
p
Stu
d
io
.
T
h
is
o
f
f
er
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
id
in
teg
r
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
[
1
9
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
in
teg
r
ates
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
2
0
]
ad
o
p
ts
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
a
n
d
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
g
en
e
r
al
p
ac
k
et
r
ad
io
s
er
v
ice
(
GPR
S)
f
o
r
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
em
o
te
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
2
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es
a
lo
ad
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
s
h
if
ts
th
e
lo
ad
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
in
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
h
o
w
I
o
T
ca
n
ad
v
an
c
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ele
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
I
n
[
2
2
]
,
a
s
m
ar
t
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
s
o
l
ar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
[
2
3
]
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
PV
an
d
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
y
s
tem
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
I
n
[
2
4
]
,
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
w,
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
eter
in
g
,
an
d
h
o
m
e
au
to
m
atio
n
.
Fo
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
wo
r
k
u
tili
ze
s
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
c
lo
u
d
[
2
3
]
o
r
GPR
S
[
1
9
]
.
N
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
P
V
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
.
A
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
n
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
[
2
7
]
e
x
p
lo
r
es
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
c
o
o
lin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
E
SS
)
to
ad
d
r
ess
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
co
o
li
n
g
f
an
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
v
i
a
I
o
T
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
les in
h
yb
r
id
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
a
n
d
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
…
(
Ha
b
i
b
a
A
h
med
)
6185
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
E
SS
wit
h
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
tac
k
lin
g
th
er
m
al
ch
allen
g
es
with
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
I
o
T
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
well
d
ep
lo
y
ed
,
a
n
d
I
o
T
in
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
well
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
9
]
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
(
T
E
Gs)
with
PV
p
an
els.
T
h
e
tex
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
T
E
Gs
a
n
d
I
o
T
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
t
also
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
ass
em
b
ly
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
in
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
n
o
tab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
r
o
les
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
c
lu
d
e
m
atch
in
g
lo
ad
a
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
we
b
in
ter
f
ac
es
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
[
2
9
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
r
em
o
te
r
u
r
al
r
eg
io
n
s
b
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
b
u
t
also
en
ab
les
r
em
o
te
co
n
tr
o
l
to
e
n
h
an
ce
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
el
ec
tr
icity
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
a
r
ea
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
3
0
]
an
aly
s
es
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ate
s
o
lar
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
I
o
T
,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
ex
c
h
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
e
m
er
g
en
cy
b
ac
k
u
p
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
en
s
u
r
e
r
elia
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
u
tili
zin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els,
b
atter
i
es,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
HUC)
to
m
an
ag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
lit
er
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
ap
er
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
30
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
k
ey
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
in
teg
r
ate
I
o
T
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
with
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
R
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
u
s
in
g
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
em
p
h
asi
ze
d
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
s
o
lar
in
s
ta
llatio
n
s
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
tim
ize
u
s
ag
e
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
lo
s
s
es
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
wh
ile
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
o
lin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
is
s
u
es
in
s
o
lar
p
an
els
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
i
lity
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2
.
4
.
M
o
nito
ring
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l
inn
o
v
a
t
io
ns
W
ith
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
esen
t n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
a
t le
v
er
ag
e
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
m
ess
ag
e
q
u
eu
in
g
telem
etr
y
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
(
MQ
T
T
)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
Aag
r
i
an
d
B
is
h
t
[
3
1
]
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etw
ee
n
PV
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
an
d
a
ce
n
tr
al
g
atew
ay
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
is
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ata
lo
s
s
,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
an
ag
in
g
lo
g
d
ata
f
o
r
I
o
T
g
at
ewa
y
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
f
[
3
2
]
is
o
n
er
r
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
an
aly
s
i
s
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
v
i
a
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
f
o
r
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
;
th
is
en
ab
les
p
r
o
m
p
t
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
ec
is
io
n
in
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
s
u
ite
o
f
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
an
d
p
a
r
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
to
s
o
lar
PV
p
lan
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
3
]
,
th
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
v
ar
y
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
m
u
lti
-
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
tr
ateg
y
is
to
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
d
etec
t
an
d
r
eso
lv
e
s
y
s
tem
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
r
o
le
i
s
also
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
h
o
m
e
au
to
m
atio
n
to
ad
v
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
tellig
en
t
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
PV
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
[
3
4
]
p
a
p
er
;
it
u
tili
ze
s
p
er
ip
h
er
al
co
m
p
u
tin
g
a
n
d
c
lo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
to
m
an
a
g
e
d
a
ta
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
I
t
in
teg
r
ates
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ain
te
n
a
n
ce
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
3
5
]
d
escr
ib
es
a
n
o
v
el
I
o
T
m
o
d
u
le
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
C
OPI
L
OT
-
C
M
i
n
itiativ
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
all
-
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
h
a
r
d
war
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
PV
p
a
n
els,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
alitie
s
s
u
ch
as
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
iag
n
o
s
is
,
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
m
eticu
lo
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
A
n
I
o
T
-
b
ased
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[
3
6
]
as
a
m
ea
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
t
eg
r
ated
in
to
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
(
SHMG)
.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
AI
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
I
o
T
f
o
r
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
is
in
te
n
d
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
3
7
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
m
ad
e
i
n
s
o
lar
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
d
esig
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
-
e
f
f
icien
cy
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
ass
iv
ated
em
itter
an
d
r
ea
r
ce
ll (
PERC
)
,
p
ass
iv
at
ed
em
itter
,
r
ea
r
lo
ca
lly
d
if
f
u
s
e
d
(
PERL)
,
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
with
in
tr
in
s
ic
th
in
lay
er
(
HI
T
)
,
an
d
tu
n
n
el
o
x
id
e
p
ass
iv
ated
co
n
tact
(
T
OPC
o
n
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
[
3
8
]
p
r
esen
ts
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
in
d
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Usi
n
g
I
o
T
an
d
cl
o
u
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
th
e
wo
r
k
in
[
3
9
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
PV
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Vu
jo
v
ić
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
ad
a
p
tiv
e
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT
)
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
M
PP
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
em
p
h
asizes th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
telli
g
en
t,
co
s
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[
3
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[
3
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[
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
1
8
2
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6
1
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4
6186
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s
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
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a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
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t
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2
.
5
.
Sy
s
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a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
o
pt
im
iza
t
io
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T
h
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in
v
esti
g
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n
in
[
4
1
]
e
m
p
lo
y
s
ANNs
an
d
n
u
m
er
ical
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
(
NC
P
)
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
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p
ar
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m
eter
esti
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in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
tim
e
s
er
ies
d
ata
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
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r
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en
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f
r
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I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
th
is
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eth
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f
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th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
i
n
[
4
2
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
em
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te
s
en
s
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g
-
b
ased
PV
p
an
el
d
etec
tio
n
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
d
ex
(
PVI
)
an
d
r
o
tatin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
h
air
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
et
h
o
d
(
R
C
HAM
)
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
PV
p
an
els
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
lex
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
;
th
is
is
v
alid
ated
b
y
a
h
ig
h
F1
-
s
co
r
e.
Usi
n
g
I
o
T
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
co
m
p
ar
es
d
ig
ital
an
d
an
alo
g
u
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
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f
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r
m
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ito
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
p
an
els.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
th
e
I
o
T
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ca
p
ab
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ies
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
4
5
]
u
s
ed
t
h
e
I
o
T
f
o
r
au
to
m
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
o
T
an
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
th
is
p
a
p
er
s
ee
k
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Pap
er
s
[
4
1
]
–
[
4
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
e
n
er
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s
y
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tem
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,
f
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s
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h
y
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r
id
PV/TE
G
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
an
d
I
o
T
f
o
r
p
r
ed
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e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
ey
also
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
ad
v
an
ce
d
au
to
m
atio
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a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
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n
s
co
llectiv
ely
aim
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
o
T
an
d
s
m
ar
t te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies in
s
o
la
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
3.
I
O
T
I
N
E
NE
RG
Y
ST
O
R
AG
E
AND
E
L
E
CT
RIC V
E
H
I
C
L
E
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
s
h
if
t
t
o
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
esen
ts
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
an
ag
in
g
i
n
ter
m
itten
cy
[
4
6
]
,
esp
ec
ially
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
r
ely
in
g
o
n
u
n
p
r
ed
icta
b
le
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
7
]
an
d
b
ein
g
lim
ited
to
s
u
n
h
o
u
r
s
[
4
8
]
.
R
o
b
u
s
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
cr
u
cial
to
ad
d
r
ess
r
en
ewa
b
le
in
ter
m
itten
cy
,
s
to
r
in
g
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
a
b
u
n
d
an
ce
an
d
r
elea
s
in
g
it
wh
en
n
ee
d
ed
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
E
V
s
)
an
d
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
in
cu
r
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
[
5
2
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
to
em
p
o
wer
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
,
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
tin
g
th
eir
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
g
r
id
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Similar
ly
,
Su
b
er
u
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
r
e
v
iewe
d
e
m
er
g
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
eir
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
en
h
an
ce
s
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
o
r
o
p
tim
ized
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
e
ctio
n
s
aim
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
el
y
r
ev
iew
th
e
r
o
les
p
lay
ed
b
y
I
o
T
in
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
elec
tr
ic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
a
d
v
a
n
ce
s
th
e
r
o
le
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
6
]
.
Als
o
,
it
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
[
5
7
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
to
ex
is
tin
g
g
r
id
s
p
r
esen
ts
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
u
tili
zin
g
in
tellig
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
[
5
2
]
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
elia
b
ilit
y
with
ac
cu
r
ate
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ata
[
5
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
i
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
co
lle
ctiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
cr
itical
is
s
u
es o
f
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
5
5
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
4.
I
O
T
I
N
E
L
E
C
T
RIC V
E
H
I
C
L
E
S ST
O
RAG
E
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
r
elies
o
n
s
to
r
ed
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
[
5
8
]
,
with
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
[
5
9
]
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
ar
e
lith
iu
m
-
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
b
atter
ies,
allo
win
g
E
Vs
to
s
er
v
e
as
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
9
]
,
[
6
0
]
.
B
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
MS)
ar
e
ess
en
tial
[
6
1
]
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
co
m
m
a
n
d
ce
n
ter
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
r
e
g
u
late
k
ey
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
f
o
r
s
af
ety
[
6
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
B
MS,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
b
atter
y
ce
ll h
ea
lth
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
[
6
3
]
–
[
6
5
]
.
I
o
T
wo
r
k
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
h
as
a
d
v
an
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
I
n
[
6
5
]
an
d
[
6
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
at
eg
ies
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
wh
ile
[
6
5
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
co
llectiv
e
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
lith
iu
m
ce
lls
ca
n
lead
to
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
,
tr
ig
g
e
r
in
g
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
les in
h
yb
r
id
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
a
n
d
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
…
(
Ha
b
i
b
a
A
h
med
)
6187
th
e
r
elea
s
e
o
f
f
lam
m
a
b
le
elec
t
r
o
ly
tes,
s
wellin
g
,
r
u
p
t
u
r
e,
f
ir
e
,
o
r
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
.
In
[
6
6
]
,
[
6
7
]
I
o
T
wo
r
k
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
in
clu
d
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
h
ea
lth
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
m
itig
atio
n
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
6
6
]
r
ev
iewe
d
I
o
T
-
b
as
ed
h
ea
lth
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
[
6
7
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
in
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
af
ety
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
v
e
r
s
ig
h
t,
th
e
B
MS
en
s
u
r
es
b
atte
r
ies
o
p
er
ate
with
in
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ti
n
g
to
E
V'
s
o
v
er
all
s
af
ety
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
[
6
8
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
with
th
e
I
o
T
en
h
an
ce
s
B
MS
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
b
atter
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
[
6
9
]
.
I
n
an
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
E
V
with
a
B
MS,
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
as
th
e
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
s
b
ased
o
n
d
etec
ted
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
es,
th
er
e
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
s
af
ety
an
d
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
th
e
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
[
7
0
]
–
[
7
2
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
lo
ad
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
3
]
.
I
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
7
4
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
if
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
d
etec
t
a
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
is
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
au
to
m
atica
lly
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
e
r
h
ea
tin
g
,
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
7
5
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
ten
tia
l
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ile
lo
a
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
d
em
an
d
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
o
n
ito
r
am
b
i
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
7
6
]
.
I
n
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ce
n
ar
io
[
7
7
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
t
em
in
teg
r
ates
in
to
a
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
l
o
ad
s
en
s
o
r
s
d
etec
t
u
n
ex
p
ec
te
d
d
em
an
d
s
u
r
g
es.
T
h
e
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
d
s
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
to
m
ee
t
h
eig
h
ten
ed
d
em
an
d
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
o
n
ito
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
u
s
ag
e
[
5
1
]
,
[
7
8
]
.
Data
co
llected
b
y
th
e
I
o
T
is
s
en
t
to
a
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
[
7
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
tili
ze
s
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
a
d
v
an
ce
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
ce
n
tr
alizin
g
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
E
V
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
0
]
.
T
h
ese
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lev
er
ag
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
t
o
ef
f
icien
tly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ata
g
en
er
ated
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
ices
ac
r
o
s
s
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
1
]
,
[
8
2
]
.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
h
ea
lth
is
s
ec
u
r
ely
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
to
th
e
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
[
8
3
]
.
T
h
e
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ec
u
r
ely
s
to
r
es
in
co
m
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
in
ce
n
tr
alize
d
d
atab
ases
[
8
4
]
,
with
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
o
f
lar
g
e
d
atasets
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
8
5
]
.
R
em
o
te
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
o
p
er
ato
r
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ag
er
s
em
p
o
wer
s
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
in
itiatio
n
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
b
ased
o
n
an
al
y
ze
d
d
ata
[
8
6
]
,
[
8
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
h
an
d
les
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
o
win
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
c
es
[
8
6
]
.
I
n
a
u
tili
ty
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
r
esear
ch
[
8
8
]
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
o
p
tim
izes
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata
tr
en
d
s
co
llected
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
,
it
s
u
g
g
ests
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
e
d
u
le
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
f
o
r
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
,
en
h
an
cin
g
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
[
8
9
]
.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
en
ab
les
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
0
]
.
W
ith
th
e
aid
o
f
I
o
T
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
an
ag
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
'
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
h
ea
lth
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
6
6
]
,
d
ev
is
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
itig
ate
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
in
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
atter
ies
[
6
7
]
,
a
n
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
atter
y
f
ir
es
an
d
e
x
p
lo
s
io
n
s
[
6
8
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
I
o
T
h
as
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
0
]
an
d
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
f
o
r
E
Vs
[
7
1
]
.
I
n
tellig
e
n
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
al
s
o
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
[
7
2
]
,
alo
n
g
with
r
is
k
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies in
E
Vs
[
7
3
]
.
4
.
1
.
I
o
T
-
ba
s
ed
ba
t
t
er
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
mo
nito
ring
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
with
in
th
e
I
o
T
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
is
p
iv
o
tal
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
[
9
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
ath
er
ed
d
ata
is
s
ec
u
r
ely
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
to
th
e
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
I
o
T
-
B
MS)
clo
u
d
,
a
n
in
teg
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
n
et
wo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
9
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
[
9
3
]
f
ac
ilit
ates
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
o
T
-
B
MS
clo
u
d
.
Actin
g
as
a
ce
n
t
r
alize
d
p
latf
o
r
m
,
it
a
g
g
r
eg
ates
a
n
d
a
n
aly
ze
s
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
E
V
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
clo
u
d
-
b
as
ed
s
y
s
tem
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
9
4
]
.
I
t
ac
ts
as
a
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
f
o
r
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata,
e
n
ab
lin
g
tr
en
d
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
p
atter
n
id
en
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
ed
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
9
5
]
,
[
9
6
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
I
o
T
-
B
MS
clo
u
d
an
d
th
e
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
ce
n
ter
e
n
s
u
r
es
im
m
ed
iate
ac
ce
s
s
to
cr
itical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
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e
n
ab
les
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
allo
wi
n
g
tim
ely
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
p
o
te
n
tial
is
s
u
es
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
[
9
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
o
T
in
s
m
ar
t e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
9
1
]
allo
ws f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
en
h
an
cin
g
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
waste.
I
o
T
-
b
a
s
ed
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
MS)
[
9
2
]
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
E
Vs
o
f
f
e
r
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
B
MS
d
ata
an
aly
tics
[
9
3
]
en
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
E
V
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
,
en
h
a
n
ce
r
eliab
i
lity
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
1
8
2
-
6
1
9
4
6188
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
o
T
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
5
]
,
[
9
6
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
V
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e.
T
h
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
4
.
2
.
AI
inte
g
ra
t
ed
I
o
T
s
ens
o
rs f
o
r
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
AI
-
in
teg
r
ated
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
wo
r
k
s
in
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
s
[
9
8
]
en
co
m
p
ass
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
clo
u
d
,
ed
g
e,
an
d
f
o
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
en
h
an
cin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
Dee
p
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
c
e
[
9
9
]
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ize
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
ch
ed
u
les,
en
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
Pra
ctica
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
i
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
0
]
ad
d
r
ess
es
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
r
id
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
o
n
ito
r
v
ital
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
p
r
ed
ict
p
o
ten
tial
is
s
u
es,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
r
o
m
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
to
r
esid
en
tial
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
0
1
]
–
[
1
0
5
]
.
E
d
g
e
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
ex
em
p
lifie
d
b
y
NVI
DI
A's
J
et
s
o
n
s
er
ies,
f
ac
il
itates
s
w
if
t
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
im
m
e
d
iate
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
g
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
e
f
f
icien
cy
in
m
an
ag
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
u
r
g
es
[
1
0
2
]
–
[
1
0
5
]
.
T
h
e
AI
a
n
d
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ad
v
an
ce
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
ized
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles
[
1
0
6
]
–
[
1
0
8
]
.
I
n
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
G
o
o
g
le'
s
Dee
p
Min
d
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
o
p
tim
izes
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
,
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
y
n
am
ically
t
o
g
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
[
1
0
8
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
aly
tics
,
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
u
tili
ze
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
d
atasets
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
0
9
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
r
eso
lv
ed
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
s
p
an
ac
r
o
s
s
ev
o
lv
in
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
s
[
9
8
]
,
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
[
9
9
]
,
p
r
a
ctica
l
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
1
0
0
]
,
h
y
b
r
id
AI
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
1
0
1
]
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
m
ater
ials
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
[
1
0
2
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
I
o
T
f
ac
ilit
ates
AI
-
d
r
iv
e
n
co
m
p
u
tin
g
[
1
0
3
]
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
ls
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
[
1
0
5
]
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
d
ata
ce
n
ter
s
[
1
0
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ex
ten
d
to
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
ele
ctr
icity
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
1
0
9
]
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
e
d
g
e
[
1
1
0
]
,
en
h
an
cin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
.
4
.
3
.
I
o
T
in
s
m
a
rt
re
newa
ble
ener
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
I
n
th
e
er
a
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
,
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
,
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
-
in
teg
r
ated
s
m
ar
t
in
v
er
ter
s
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
[
1
1
1
]
,
[
1
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
d
in
v
er
ter
s
,
with
I
o
T
f
ea
tu
r
es,
en
ab
le
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
1
1
1
]
.
Du
r
in
g
lo
w
d
em
an
d
,
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
ates
b
ased
o
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
1
2
]
.
I
n
r
esid
en
tial
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
m
ar
t
in
v
er
ter
s
with
I
o
T
o
p
tim
ize
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ates
an
d
ad
j
u
s
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
t
o
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
1
3
]
,
[
1
1
4
]
.
I
o
T
-
en
ab
le
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
m
o
d
u
les
s
er
v
e
as
h
u
b
s
f
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
a
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
[
1
1
5
]
,
[
1
1
6
]
.
Saf
ety
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
ices
with
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
b
y
d
etec
tin
g
d
ev
iatio
n
s
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
im
m
e
d
iate
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
as
s
ee
n
in
co
m
m
er
cial
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
7
]
–
[
1
2
0
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
f
r
au
d
r
is
k
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
1
7
]
–
[
1
2
0
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
I
o
T
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
g
r
ee
n
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
u
s
e
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
m
ater
ials
to
m
itig
ate
im
p
ac
t
[
1
2
1
]
.
T
h
eir
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
e
m
p
h
as
izes
r
ec
y
clab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
m
ater
ials
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
[
1
2
2
]
.
T
h
ey
p
r
io
r
iti
ze
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
le
s
s
en
in
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
en
er
g
y
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
2
3
]
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
eir
r
ec
y
clab
ilit
y
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
cir
cu
lar
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
allo
win
g
s
im
p
le
d
is
ass
em
b
ly
an
d
r
e
u
s
e
[
1
2
4
]
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
to
x
ic
m
ater
ials
ad
d
r
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
p
o
s
al
[
1
2
5
]
.
A
p
r
a
ctica
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
2
6
]
d
ep
lo
y
s
g
r
ee
n
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
with
m
in
im
ized
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t
[
1
2
7
]
,
[
1
2
2
]
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
at
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
th
ei
r
life
cy
cle,
s
im
p
le
d
is
ass
em
b
ly
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
ac
tiv
el
y
p
r
ev
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
n
ic
waste
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
[
1
2
3
]
.
I
o
T
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
p
tim
izin
g
ar
tific
ial
lift
s
y
s
tem
s
in
p
etr
o
l
eu
m
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
[
1
1
1
]
,
en
a
b
lin
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ep
lo
y
a
b
le
wir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
er
g
y
s
ca
v
en
g
in
g
[
1
1
2
]
,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
s
m
ar
t
-
g
r
i
d
ef
f
icien
cy
with
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
[
1
1
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
g
r
id
p
ea
k
-
s
h
av
in
g
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
1
3
]
,
p
er
p
etu
ally
p
o
wer
e
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
1
1
5
]
,
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[
1
1
6
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
I
o
T
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
s
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
y
s
tem
h
ea
lth
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
7
]
an
d
s
af
ety
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
1
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
I
o
T
h
as
p
lay
ed
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
m
u
ltifu
n
ctio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
[
1
1
9
]
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
er
m
al
s
af
ety
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
[
1
2
0
]
,
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
en
ab
led
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
[
1
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
co
llectiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
u
ild
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
t
ain
ab
le
an
d
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
wo
r
ld
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
les in
h
yb
r
id
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
a
n
d
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
…
(
Ha
b
i
b
a
A
h
med
)
6189
5.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y/D
I
SCU
S
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
s
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
n
o
v
el
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
eg
m
en
ts
to
co
llect
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
allo
ws
f
o
r
au
to
m
ated
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
i
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
with
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
s
r
ep
licated
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ettin
g
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
d
etailed
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ic
al
ju
s
tific
atio
n
s
,
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
t
a
n
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
le,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
d
v
e
r
if
icat
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
with
in
th
e
f
ield
.
6.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
th
at
I
o
T
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
r
in
g
s
to
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ali
g
n
in
g
with
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
a
t
I
o
T
ca
n
m
itig
ate
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
cy
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wit
h
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
b
u
t
ex
ten
d
th
eir
s
co
p
e
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
eg
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
i
g
o
r
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
I
o
T
,
it
also
id
en
tifie
s
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ev
ice
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
cies
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
laten
cy
is
s
u
es
th
at
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
C
o
n
clu
s
iv
ely
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
I
o
T
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
t
o
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
g
lo
b
ally
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
th
at
I
o
T
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
p
lay
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
o
T
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
c
o
u
n
ter
th
e
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
n
atu
r
e
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
s
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
o
f
te
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
ts
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
B
y
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
I
o
T
'
s
im
p
ac
t
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
eg
m
en
ts
,
we
o
f
f
e
r
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
f
h
o
w
t
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
ce
r
tain
I
o
T
s
etu
p
s
th
at
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
wo
r
k
ev
er
y
wh
er
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
f
u
r
th
er
te
s
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
e
s
e
r
esu
lts
in
o
th
er
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
o
T
with
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
ld
s
g
r
ea
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
g
lo
b
ally
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
c
o
n
tin
u
e
d
r
esear
ch
in
t
o
o
p
tim
izin
g
I
o
T
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
at
e
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
c
h
allen
g
es,
p
u
s
h
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
le
I
o
T
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
wid
ely
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
is
an
ess
en
tial
to
o
l
f
o
r
a
clea
n
er
f
u
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
,
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
is
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
f
er
s
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
.
Du
e
to
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t,
s
m
ar
t
au
to
m
atio
n
is
a
m
u
s
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
wh
en
it
c
o
m
es
to
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Als
o
,
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
AI
an
d
ML
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
m
ar
t
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
will
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
to
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
cited
wo
r
k
s
,
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
,
it
will
b
e
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
m
an
ag
e
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
m
o
n
ito
r
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
task
s
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
n
etwo
r
k
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
s
an
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
p
ar
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
r
ev
iew,
in
teg
r
at
in
g
I
o
T
d
ata
with
a
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
o
n
e
s
ec
tio
n
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
s
etu
p
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
au
to
m
atio
n
with
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
I
o
T
with
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
e
n
ce
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
am
id
s
t
th
e
u
n
p
r
ed
i
ctab
ilit
y
o
f
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
I
o
T
'
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
s
tr
ate
g
ic
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
ex
p
an
s
iv
e
e
n
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
As
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
b
e
a
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
t
u
r
e,
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
v
ar
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
g
en
er
ato
r
s
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
I
o
T
is
ess
en
tial
n
o
t
ju
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
n
t J E
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&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
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6
,
Dec
em
b
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r
20
24
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T
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m
o
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p
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wh
ich
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ld
b
e
ex
ce
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in
g
ly
c
o
m
p
lex
with
o
u
t
s
u
ch
tech
n
o
lo
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tu
r
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h
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ce
m
en
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in
I
o
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a
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ticu
lar
l
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au
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d
s
m
ar
t
co
n
t
r
o
ll
er
s
,
p
r
o
m
is
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
v
ital
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
i
n
to
th
eir
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
s
ex
p
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t
o
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ield
s
ig
n
if
ican
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en
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,
en
h
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en
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f
icien
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an
d
s
tab
ilit
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f
o
r
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o
m
m
u
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ities
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2
7
]
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[
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5
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3
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[
3
8
]
S
.
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