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f
th
at
d
ata.
Data
is
o
n
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
if
it
cr
ea
t
es
an
ac
tio
n
.
T
o
m
ak
e
d
ata
tr
u
ly
ac
tio
n
a
b
le,
it
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
with
co
n
tex
t.
A
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
to
g
eth
e
r
(
s
h
o
r
tly
,
AI
o
T
)
a
r
e
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t,
i.e
.
,
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
n
o
t ju
s
t c
o
n
n
e
cted
d
ev
ices
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
B
y
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
th
e
lar
g
est cu
r
ate
d
d
atab
ases
(
n
am
ely
,
AC
M,
I
E
E
E
,
Sco
p
u
s
,
Sp
r
in
g
er
,
an
d
E
l
s
ev
ier
)
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
is
ac
r
o
n
y
m
was
m
en
tio
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
[
6
]
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
ap
er
was
s
u
b
m
itted
in
2
0
1
6
.
AI
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
t e
v
e
n
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
:
−
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
allo
ws
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
q
u
ick
ly
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
ca
s
e
o
f
ab
n
o
r
m
al
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
v
er
y
u
s
ef
u
l,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
eld
er
ly
citizen
s
s
tay
in
g
a
t h
o
m
e.
−
Po
s
t
ev
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
allo
ws
id
e
n
tify
in
g
p
atter
n
s
in
d
ata
s
ets
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
(
e.
g
.
,
s
ettin
g
a
co
r
r
el
atio
n
b
etwe
en
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
p
a
r
k
in
g
u
s
ag
e,
o
r
s
ettin
g
a
co
r
r
elat
io
n
b
etwe
en
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
r
o
n
ic
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
illn
ess
es with
in
a
city
ce
n
t
er
).
I
o
T
,
au
g
m
en
ted
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
ML
,
is
m
u
ltip
ly
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
an
d
b
e
n
ef
it
to
f
ir
m
s
th
at
ar
e
ad
o
p
tin
g
th
ese
co
m
p
lim
en
tar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
I
n
f
ac
t,
AI
ca
n
b
e
an
in
teg
r
al
elem
en
t
f
o
r
s
u
c
ce
s
s
in
to
d
ay
’
s
I
o
T
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
is
s
im
p
le.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
I
o
T
with
r
ap
id
ly
ad
v
an
cin
g
A
I
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
cr
ea
te
“sm
ar
t
m
ac
h
in
es”
th
at
s
im
u
late
in
tellig
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
to
m
ak
e
well
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
with
litt
le
o
r
n
o
h
u
m
an
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
As
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
em
er
g
e
wh
er
e
I
o
T
wo
r
k
s
h
a
n
d
in
h
an
d
with
AI
–
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
in
g
h
o
w
I
o
T
ca
n
c
r
ea
te
n
ew
m
ar
k
ets
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
c
r
ea
te
v
alu
e,
d
is
r
u
p
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
d
r
a
m
atica
lly
ch
an
g
e
th
e
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
e
b
e
n
ef
its
d
er
iv
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ar
r
iag
e
o
f
AI
an
d
I
o
T
h
av
e
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
f
o
r
all
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as:
s
m
ar
t
cities
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
; h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
; r
etail
[
1
1
]
; a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
ter
m
“d
e
v
ice”
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
u
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
:
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice,
s
m
ar
t
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice,
(
I
o
T
)
E
d
g
e
d
e
v
ice
(
o
cc
asio
n
all
y
,
th
e
E
d
g
e
(
I
o
T
)
d
e
v
ice
d
ictio
n
is
u
s
ed
.
See
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
[
1
3
]
)
,
an
d
(
I
o
T
)
E
d
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
c
lo
u
d
,
E
d
g
e
-
c
lo
u
d
,
an
d
E
d
g
e
AI
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
at
clar
if
y
in
g
w
h
at
is
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
m
ea
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
ter
m
s
lis
ted
ab
o
v
e
a
n
d
wh
e
r
e
th
eir
d
en
o
m
in
atio
n
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
asp
ir
es
g
iv
in
g
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
to
clar
i
f
y
wh
e
n
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
f
o
u
r
p
h
r
as
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
an
d
wh
y
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
a
lar
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
7
2
3
6
-
7
2
4
3
7238
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
ap
p
ea
r
e
d
i
n
th
e
I
o
T
/AI
o
T
liter
atu
r
e.
As
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
we
r
etr
iev
ed
p
ap
e
r
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
AC
M,
E
ls
ev
ier
,
I
E
E
E
,
an
d
Sp
r
in
g
er
;
in
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
c
u
r
ate
d
d
ata
b
ase
was
q
u
e
r
ied
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies
s
p
an
th
e
y
ea
r
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
4
t
o
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws.
Sectio
n
2
r
ec
alls
th
e
c
lo
u
d
,
E
d
g
e
,
an
d
E
d
g
e
AI
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
;
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
3
c
o
m
p
ar
es
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice
g
iv
en
in
two
r
ec
en
t
ar
ticles
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
B
o
th
th
o
s
e
p
a
p
er
s
h
a
v
e
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice,
its
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es,
as
well
as
its
r
o
le
in
th
e
I
o
T
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
3
an
d
4
attr
ib
u
tes
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
m
ea
n
in
g
to
th
e
f
o
u
r
ter
m
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
a
b
o
v
e
.
T
h
en
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
lim
its
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
6
en
d
s
it.
2.
CO
M
P
UT
I
NG
P
ARAD
I
G
M
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ec
alls
th
e
clo
u
d
,
th
e
E
d
g
e,
a
n
d
E
d
g
e
AI
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
s
.
Su
ch
a
p
r
im
er
is
b
ased
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
e
x
cu
r
s
u
s
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
eir
b
asic
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
a
p
r
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
ter
m
s
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
es f
r
o
m
2
.
1
.
T
he
clo
ud
co
m
pu
t
ing
pa
ra
dig
m
I
n
Ger
s
h
en
f
eld
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
o
n
e
n
etwo
r
k
(
th
at
th
e
y
ca
lled
in
t
er
n
et
-
ze
r
o
)
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
“th
i
n
g
s
.
”
I
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
th
in
g
s
ar
e
all
k
in
d
s
o
f
ev
er
y
d
ay
d
e
v
i
ce
s
th
at
s
en
s
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
en
d
wh
at
th
ey
h
a
v
e
s
en
s
ed
to
eit
h
er
a
lo
ca
l
o
r
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
u
ter
(
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
n
c
l
o
u
d
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
I
o
T
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
s
u
ch
a
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
lay
er
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
.
B
r
o
a
d
ly
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
th
in
g
s
th
at
d
etec
t
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
h
an
g
es,
w
h
ich
m
ay
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
lig
h
t,
p
r
o
x
im
ity
,
an
d
m
o
tio
n
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
av
ailab
le
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et
n
ee
d
a
b
atter
y
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
es
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
b
atter
y
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t.
An
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
lin
e
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
atter
y
-
f
r
ee
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
R
FID
)
tag
s
(
ca
lled
p
ass
iv
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
in
[
1
7
]
)
as
an
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
/co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lay
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
ices
b
ein
g
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
I
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m
p
u
tin
g
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
”
c
o
in
cid
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
with
th
e
ter
m
E
d
g
e
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
th
e
s
en
ten
ce
“AI
-
b
ased
E
d
g
e
-
clo
u
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
e”
in
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
(
e.
g
.
,
i
n
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
)
,
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
o
i
m
p
lem
en
t
th
e
E
d
g
e
AI
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
is
th
at
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
b
r
ai
n
ico
n
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
d
en
o
tes
th
at
in
tellig
en
ce
is
p
r
esen
t
in
b
o
th
s
id
es,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
p
o
s
s
ib
le
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
(
i.e
.
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tak
es p
lace
p
ar
t in
th
e
I
o
T
d
ev
ice
an
d
p
ar
t i
n
th
e
E
d
g
e
s
er
v
er
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
7
2
3
6
-
7
2
4
3
7240
T
in
y
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
T
in
y
ML
)
is
a
f
ield
r
elate
d
to
E
d
g
e
AI
.
T
h
e
T
in
y
ML
co
m
m
u
n
ity
was
b
o
r
n
in
2
0
1
9
with
th
e
aim
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
to
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
u
n
ML
m
o
d
els
o
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ices
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
at
lo
w
c
o
s
t.
I
n
s
tu
d
y
[
3
3
]
,
th
e
E
d
g
e
AI
p
ar
ad
ig
m
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
im
p
lem
en
t a
n
E
d
g
e
AI
-
b
ased
v
e
h
icle
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
as p
ar
t
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t p
a
r
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
T
in
y
ML
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ized
th
e
f
ield
o
f
AI
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
jo
in
t
d
esig
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
I
o
T
h
a
r
d
war
e
d
ev
ices
an
d
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
s
o
f
twar
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
B
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
T
in
y
ML
,
I
o
T
d
e
v
ice
s
g
ain
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
a
n
aly
ze
d
ata
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
,
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
,
wh
ile
d
r
am
atica
lly
s
im
p
lify
in
g
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e.
I
n
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
ar
e
two
in
-
d
ep
t
h
s
u
r
v
ey
s
o
n
t
h
e
to
p
ic.
T
h
e
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
e
-
t
r
ain
e
d
ML
m
o
d
els
o
n
th
e
clo
u
d
i
n
to
ed
g
e
d
ev
ices
is
n
o
w
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e,
af
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
o
m
e
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
o
s
e
m
o
d
els
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
f
er
en
ce
s
tag
e
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
is
th
at,
th
an
k
s
to
T
in
y
ML
,
it
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
f
ea
s
ib
le
th
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tly
o
n
th
e
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
an
d
,
wh
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
s
tar
t r
ea
ctio
n
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
E
d
g
e
AI
3.
T
H
E
NO
T
I
O
N
O
F
SM
A
RT
DE
VI
CE
Sil
v
er
io
-
Fer
n
án
d
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
an
s
wer
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
:
“
W
h
at
d
o
es
m
ea
n
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice/th
in
g
?
”
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
was
to
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
to
a
u
n
if
y
in
g
d
e
f
in
itio
n
f
o
r
s
u
ch
a
n
o
tio
n
,
s
in
ce
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
was
n
o
t
a
n
s
wer
ed
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
u
t
p
u
ts
,
Au
th
o
r
s
[
1
4
]
d
ef
in
e
d
a
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ice
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
th
r
ee
b
asic
attr
ib
u
tes:
C
o
n
tex
tawa
r
en
ess
,
C
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
Au
to
n
o
m
y
.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
co
n
te
x
t
-
awa
r
en
ess
m
e
an
s
th
at
s
m
ar
t d
ev
ices a
r
e
ab
le
to
s
en
s
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
o
r
s
; c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
is
a
p
r
ec
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
ex
ch
an
g
e
d
ata
(
eith
er
wir
e
o
r
wir
eless
ly
)
with
o
th
er
d
ev
ic
es;
au
to
n
o
m
y
d
en
o
tes
th
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
R
o
k
o
n
u
zz
am
a
n
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
o
th
er
s
u
r
v
ey
in
o
r
d
er
to
an
s
wer
th
e
s
am
e
q
u
est
io
n
at
th
e
o
r
ig
in
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t b
y
Sil
v
er
io
-
Fer
n
án
d
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
(
i
n
cid
en
tally
,
th
is
wo
r
k
d
o
es n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
n
e,
lik
ely
b
ec
a
u
s
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
id
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
ab
o
u
t)
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
R
o
k
o
n
u
zz
am
a
n
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
d
e
f
in
ed
a
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ten
b
asic
attr
ib
u
tes:
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ag
ilit
y
,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
lear
n
in
g
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
n
o
v
elty
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
o
p
er
ate,
two
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
u
p
g
r
ad
a
b
le,
a
n
d
v
is
u
al
ap
p
ea
l.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
attr
ib
u
tes
d
e
s
cr
ib
in
g
th
e
d
ev
ice
s
m
ar
tn
ess
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
two
s
u
r
v
ey
s
we
ar
e
talk
in
g
ab
o
u
t.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
attr
ib
u
tes
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
tab
le
(
n
am
ely
,
n
o
v
elty
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
u
p
g
r
a
d
ab
le,
v
is
u
a
l
ap
p
ea
l
)
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
za
tio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ices
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
p
o
in
t
-
of
-
v
iew.
T
h
o
s
e
attr
ib
u
tes ar
e
n
o
t r
elev
an
t f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ce
b
etw
ee
n
[
1
4
]
an
d
[
1
5
]
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
1
4
]
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
1
5
]
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
g
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
A
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
,
Tw
o
-
w
a
y
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
R
e
a
l
t
i
me
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
vo
lu
tio
n
o
f th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f d
ev
ice
mo
vin
g
fr
o
m
in
tern
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
to
…
(
Ga
eta
n
in
o
P
a
o
lo
n
e
)
7241
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
co
llected
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
we
ar
e
n
o
w
a
b
le
to
ass
ig
n
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
m
ea
n
in
g
to
th
e
ter
m
d
ev
ice
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
in
s
tan
ce
s
lis
ted
in
s
ec
t
io
n
1
.
,
n
am
ely
:
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice,
Sm
ar
t
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice,
(
I
o
T
)
E
d
g
e
d
e
v
ice,
an
d
(
I
o
T
)
E
d
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
ice.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
cl
o
u
d
-
o
n
ly
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
th
e
ter
m
“
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice”
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
(
eith
er
p
ass
iv
e
o
r
ac
tiv
e)
th
at
co
llects
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
tr
an
s
m
its
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
th
e
c
lo
u
d
,
wh
er
e
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tak
e
p
lace
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
ter
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t a
p
p
licab
le
(
NA)
.
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
th
e
E
d
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
th
e
ter
m
“(
I
o
T
)
d
e
v
ice”
h
as
tak
en
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice,
i.e
.
,
th
is
ter
m
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
air
:
s
en
s
o
r
(
s
)
+M
C
U.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
two
ter
m
s
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
(
i.e
.
,
“(
I
o
T
)
E
d
g
e
d
ev
ice”
an
d
“I
o
T
E
d
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
ice”
)
.
T
h
e
n
o
t
io
n
(
Mo
b
ile)
E
d
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
ice
was f
ir
s
tly
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
2
0
0
8
[
3
7
]
,
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Similar
ly
,
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
E
d
g
e
AI
th
e
ter
m
“
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice
”
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
th
e
d
ec
lin
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
4
]
an
d
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
th
r
ee
ter
m
s
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
am
e
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t o
f
th
e
E
d
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes w
h
at
h
as b
ee
n
s
tated
s
o
f
ar
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
an
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
er
m
s
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
Th
e
t
e
r
ms
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
C
l
o
u
d
-
o
n
l
y
(
I
o
T)
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
S
mart
(
I
o
T)
d
e
v
i
c
e
NA
(
I
o
T)
Ed
g
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
NA
(
I
o
T)
Ed
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
NA
Ed
g
e
-
c
l
o
u
d
(
I
o
T)
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
(
I
o
T)
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
(
I
o
T)
Ed
g
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
(
I
o
T)
Ed
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
Ed
g
e
A
I
(
I
o
T)
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
(
I
o
T)
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
(
I
o
T)
Ed
g
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
(
I
o
T)
Ed
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
mart
d
e
v
i
c
e
5.
T
H
RE
A
T
S
T
O
VAL
I
DI
T
Y
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ad
d
r
ess
es
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
ea
ts
to
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
in
ter
n
al,
ex
ter
n
al,
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
v
alid
ity
.
I
n
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
ce
with
wh
ich
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
tate
th
at
th
e
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
a
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
co
n
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
W
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
wo
r
k
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
AC
M,
E
ls
ev
ier
,
I
E
E
E
,
a
n
d
Sp
r
in
g
er
o
r
in
d
ex
e
d
b
y
S
co
p
u
s
;
th
is
m
eth
o
d
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
ef
o
r
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
h
av
in
g
ex
tr
ac
ted
wo
r
k
s
th
at
cite
“(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice”
eith
e
r
in
t
h
e
T
itle,
in
th
e
Ab
s
tr
ac
t,
o
r
as
an
Au
th
o
r
’
k
ey
wo
r
d
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
b
asin
g
o
u
r
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
o
n
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
I
o
T
d
o
m
ai
n
wh
ich
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ar
e
r
elev
a
n
t
to
b
u
ild
a
m
a
p
o
f
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
its
m
ea
n
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
.
E
x
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
eir
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
Ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
r
etr
iev
ed
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
r
elev
an
t,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
r
elev
an
t.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
th
r
ea
t,
we
q
u
er
ied
wo
r
k
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
AC
M,
E
ls
ev
ier
,
I
E
E
E
,
an
d
Sp
r
in
g
er
o
r
in
d
ex
ed
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
.
Su
ch
a
ch
o
ice
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
ef
o
r
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
claim
ed
g
iv
en
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
C
o
n
clu
s
io
n
v
alid
ity
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
r
ea
ts
th
at
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
3
6
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
4
to
2
0
2
4
.
A
p
o
ten
tial th
r
ea
t m
ig
h
t b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
an
in
co
r
r
ec
t in
ter
p
r
eta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
o
s
e
p
ap
er
s
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
is
th
r
ea
t,
all
th
e
ar
ti
cles w
er
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
r
ev
iewe
d
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
L
an
g
u
ag
e
g
r
o
ws
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ap
ts
,
e
v
o
lv
in
g
as
we
co
m
e
u
p
with
b
etter
wo
r
d
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
o
u
r
s
o
ciety
o
r
c
u
ltu
r
e.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
,
it
m
ir
r
o
r
s
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
with
wh
ich
o
u
r
liv
es
i
n
ter
twin
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
W
h
en
o
u
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ev
o
l
v
es
q
u
ick
er
th
an
e
v
er
b
e
f
o
r
e,
s
o
to
o
d
o
es
o
u
r
lan
g
u
ag
e.
B
ec
au
s
e,
as
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
we
s
tr
iv
e
to
o
p
tim
ize
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
o
we
c
an
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
co
m
p
lex
id
ea
s
,
with
th
e
m
in
im
al
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
am
b
ig
u
ity
in
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ici
en
t w
ay
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
e
v
ice
in
th
e
I
o
T
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
4
to
2
0
2
4
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
it
em
er
g
ed
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
wo
r
d
d
ev
ice
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
u
r
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
:
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice,
Sm
ar
t
(
I
o
T
)
d
ev
ice,
(
I
o
T
)
E
d
g
e
d
ev
ice,
an
d
(
I
o
T
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
7
2
3
6
-
7
2
4
3
7242
E
d
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
ice.
R
em
o
v
in
g
am
b
i
g
u
ities
in
th
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
ter
m
s
d
aily
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
I
o
T
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
is
a
p
r
ec
o
n
d
itio
n
to
im
p
r
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in
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d
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a
m
o
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g
th
e
m
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
Au
th
o
r
s
th
an
k
Pro
f
ess
o
r
Pao
lin
o
Di
Felice
f
o
r
th
e
f
r
u
itfu
l
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
en
tire
jo
u
r
n
e
y
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
t
a
t
i
st
a
,
“
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T)
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
t
o
2
0
2
3
,
w
i
t
h
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
t
o
2
0
3
0
,
”
st
a
t
i
s
t
a
.
c
o
m
,
2
0
2
4
.
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
a
.
c
o
m/
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s/
1
1
8
3
4
5
7
/
i
o
t
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
-
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
-
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
/
(a
c
c
e
s
se
d
A
p
r
.
1
1
,
2
0
2
4
)
.
[
2
]
B
.
D
o
n
g
,
Q
.
S
h
i
,
Y
.
Y
a
n
g
,
F
.
W
e
n
,
Z.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
L
e
e
,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
sel
f
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
se
n
s
o
r
s
t
o
A
I
o
T
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
smar
t
h
o
mes,
”
N
a
n
o
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
n
a
n
o
e
n
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
5
4
1
4
.
[
3
]
“
M
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
(
M
C
U
)
M
a
r
k
e
t
.
R
e
p
o
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.
[
1
7
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F
.
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