I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
6
2
5
8
~
6
2
6
4
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
14
i
6
.
pp
6
2
5
8
-
6
2
6
4
6258
J
o
ur
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e
:
h
ttp
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ec
e.
ia
esco
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co
m
Im
pa
ct
o
f
sta
r
t
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st
o
p sy
stems o
n mo
torcy
cle f
u
el sa
v
ing
s in
urba
n t
ra
f
fic
K
ev
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urg
a
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a
rc
ia
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Ro
dri
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Cha
ca
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Sil
v
a
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rnesto
P
a
iv
a
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er
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F
a
c
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Te
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Art
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I
nfo
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S
T
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T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
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ed
J
an
2
1
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2
0
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4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 2
7
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2
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Acc
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ted
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g
6
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2
0
2
4
Th
e
sta
rt/
sto
p
(S
/S
)
sy
ste
m
imp
l
e
m
e
n
ted
in
m
o
to
rc
y
c
les
a
ims
p
rima
ril
y
a
t
fu
e
l
sa
v
in
g
s.
Th
is
stu
d
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
to
a
ss
e
ss
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
is
sy
ste
m
in
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
o
f
h
e
a
v
y
t
ra
ffic
a
n
d
traffic
l
ig
h
ts
i
n
Li
m
a
,
u
si
n
g
a
v
irt
u
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
d
e
n
ti
fier
(VCI)
a
n
d
a
tec
h
n
ica
l
sc
h
e
d
u
le.
T
h
e
d
e
tailed
a
n
a
ly
sis
c
o
v
e
re
d
c
rit
ica
l
a
sp
e
c
ts
o
f
t
h
e
S
/
S
sy
ste
m
,
t
h
e
d
e
sc
rip
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ro
u
te
ta
k
e
n
,
a
n
d
it
s
se
g
m
e
n
tati
o
n
t
o
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
sto
p
s
a
n
d
m
il
e
a
g
e
.
S
p
e
e
d
li
m
it
s,
sc
h
e
d
u
les
,
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
we
re
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
M
IC
OD
US
-
ORBD
2
d
e
v
ice
a
n
d
th
e
VCI
-
He
ro
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
tes
ts
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
with
a
n
d
wit
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
M
ICOD
US
-
ORBD
2
d
e
v
ice
,
re
c
o
rd
i
n
g
ti
m
e
s,
d
i
sta
n
c
e
s,
a
n
d
fu
e
l
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
.
Da
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
wit
h
th
e
S
/S
a
c
ti
v
a
te
d
a
n
d
d
e
a
c
ti
v
a
ted
,
c
o
n
c
lu
d
in
g
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
1
0
.
1
%
f
u
e
l
sa
v
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
fin
d
i
n
g
p
ro
v
id
e
s
v
a
lu
a
b
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
t
o
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
ste
m
'
s
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
in
a
c
tu
a
l
traffic
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
m
a
in
tain
in
g
k
e
y
v
e
h
icle
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
S
/
S
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
f
f
icien
cy
Fu
el
R
o
u
te
Star
t a
n
d
s
to
p
T
r
af
f
ic
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
E
r
n
esto
Paiv
a
-
Per
ed
o
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
id
ad
T
ec
n
o
ló
g
ica
d
el
Per
ú
1
2
5
Nata
lio
Sán
ch
ez
Stre
et,
San
ta
B
ea
tr
iz
Ur
b
an
izatio
n
,
C
er
ca
d
o
d
e
L
im
a
,
L
im
a,
Per
u
E
m
ail: c
2
2
3
9
5
@
u
tp
.
ed
u
.
p
e
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
1
9
8
0
s
,
co
m
p
an
ies
s
u
ch
as
Vo
lk
s
wag
e
n
(
VW
Po
lo
)
a
n
d
Fiat
(
Fiat
R
eg
ata)
s
t
o
o
d
o
u
t
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tar
t
-
s
to
p
(
S/
S)
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
eir
v
eh
icles.
No
wad
ay
s
,
m
o
s
t
ca
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
th
eir
m
o
d
e
ls
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
b
r
an
d
s
li
k
e
B
ay
er
is
ch
e
Mo
t
o
r
en
W
er
k
e
(
B
MW),
Ma
zd
a,
Ho
n
d
a,
an
d
VW
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
m
ar
k
et,
f
o
u
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t su
p
p
lier
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
f
f
er
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
:
B
o
s
ch
,
Den
s
o
,
I
NA
(
Sch
ae
f
f
l
er
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies),
an
d
Vale
o
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
an
o
p
tim
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
9
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
it h
as b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
e
p
icen
ter
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
two
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
:
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
en
g
in
e,
b
atter
y
,
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
[
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
th
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
S/S
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
c
o
o
r
d
in
atin
g
en
g
i
n
e
s
tar
t
an
d
s
to
p
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
f
ac
es
two
m
ain
ch
allen
g
es:
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
i
n
e
s
to
p
s
in
id
le
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t seq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
v
eh
i
cle
s
tar
t a
n
d
s
to
p
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
esu
lt in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
p
r
em
atu
r
e
wea
r
o
f
v
eh
icle
p
a
r
ts
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
'
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
its
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
an
S/S
s
y
s
tem
is
b
ased
s
o
lely
on
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
d
r
i
v
er
s
'
in
ten
t
an
d
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
icl
es,
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
of
co
m
m
o
n
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
in
ef
f
icien
cy
d
u
r
in
g
tim
es
wh
en
th
e
ca
r
is
r
u
n
n
in
g
b
u
t
s
tatio
n
ar
y
,
eith
e
r
d
u
e
to
tr
af
f
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
o
r
ex
ten
d
e
d
p
au
s
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
g
aso
lin
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
p
e
r
io
d
s
ar
e
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as id
le
s
to
p
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
mp
a
ct
o
f sta
r
t
-
s
to
p
s
ystems
o
n
mo
to
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cy
cle
fu
el
s
a
vin
g
s
in
u
r
b
a
n
tr
a
ffic
(
K
ev
in
Mu
r
g
a
-
G
a
r
cia
)
6259
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
ese
p
h
ases
,
th
e
en
g
in
e
c
o
n
tin
u
es
r
u
n
n
in
g
with
o
u
t
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im
m
ed
iate
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
lead
in
g
to
f
u
el
waste
with
o
u
t sig
n
if
ican
tl
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
v
e
h
icle'
s
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
g
r
o
win
g
g
l
o
b
al
en
er
g
y
s
ca
r
city
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
,
e
n
er
g
y
-
s
av
in
g
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
-
r
ed
u
cin
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
atter
o
f
p
u
b
lic
in
ter
est.
E
lectr
ic
v
e
h
i
cles,
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
em
is
s
io
n
-
f
r
ee
,
f
ac
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
r
an
g
e
an
d
co
s
ts
.
A
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
th
e
S
/S
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
is
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ca
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
tu
r
n
s
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
tr
af
f
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
af
f
ic
jam
s
[
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
r
ee
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
o
n
a
f
o
u
r
-
wh
ee
l
-
d
r
iv
e
d
iesel
v
eh
icle.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
ed
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
em
is
s
io
n
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
a
m
o
d
al
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
a
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
d
icate
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
r
ea
l
u
r
b
a
n
tr
a
f
f
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
2
0
%
at
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
5
.
5
k
m
/h
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
p
ar
tially
d
u
e
t
o
en
g
in
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
id
le
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
al
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
h
elp
s
ex
p
lain
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
r
ea
l
tr
af
f
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
C
O
2
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
is
d
u
e
to
an
o
v
er
all
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
th
e
v
eh
icle'
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
w
ith
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
[
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
–
[3
7
]
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
y
n
am
ics,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
s
im
u
latio
n
to
co
m
p
ar
e
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
b
etwe
en
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
eh
icle
an
d
o
n
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
an
in
tellig
en
t
S/S
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
ADVI
SO
R
s
o
f
twar
e
in
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
New
Dr
iv
in
g
C
y
cle
(
NE
DC
)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
m
o
to
r
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
test
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
a
v
e
h
icle
with
an
in
tellig
en
t
s
tar
t/s
to
p
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ch
ass
is
d
y
n
am
o
m
eter
.
Fu
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
k
ilo
m
eter
in
th
e
ca
r
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
.
6
3
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
el,
a
n
d
th
e
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
test
r
esu
lts
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Un
lik
e
ca
r
s
,
m
o
to
r
cy
cles
h
av
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
g
in
e
p
o
wer
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
b
o
th
v
e
h
icles,
with
ca
r
s
h
av
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
in
m
o
to
r
cy
cles,
es
p
ec
ially
in
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
u
r
b
an
d
r
iv
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
p
o
s
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
ar
is
es:
C
an
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
in
m
o
to
r
cy
cles
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
?
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
g
iv
en
th
e
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
o
f
m
o
to
r
cy
cles
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
th
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
ap
t t
o
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
i
c
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
i
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
k
ey
s
witch
,
s
tar
t
s
wi
tc
h
,
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ig
n
itio
n
(
C
DI
)
,
clu
tch
s
witch
,
n
e
u
tr
al
s
witch
,
ig
n
itio
n
co
il,
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ato
r
,
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
s
p
er
m
i
n
u
te
(
R
PM)
s
en
s
o
r
,
r
ec
tifie
r
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
,
r
elay
,
f
u
s
es,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
b
atter
y
.
W
ith
all
th
is
in
m
in
d
,
to
v
er
if
y
if
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
allo
w
s
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
,
a
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
aly
s
is
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ev
ice
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
ch
an
n
el
id
en
tifie
r
(
VC
I
)
an
d
a
tech
n
ical
s
ch
ed
u
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
r
o
u
te
is
co
llected
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
u
e
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
av
in
g
s
.
2
.
1
.
I
g
nito
r
1
2
5
5
G
-
H
E
RO
T
h
e
I
g
n
ito
r
1
2
5
5
G
m
o
to
r
c
y
cl
e,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
T
ab
le
1
,
b
e
g
an
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
2
0
2
2
an
d
h
a
s
em
er
g
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
lo
w
-
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
v
eh
icles
in
I
n
d
ia
an
d
L
atin
Am
er
ica.
No
t
o
n
ly
h
as
it
ac
h
iev
ed
n
o
tab
le
co
m
m
er
cial
s
u
cc
ess
,
b
u
t
it
h
as
also
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
as
a
p
io
n
ee
r
in
a
d
o
p
tin
g
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
to
o
p
tim
ize
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
.
I
ts
ab
il
ity
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
it
as
a
b
e
n
ch
m
a
r
k
i
n
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
v
eh
icles in
its
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
En
g
i
n
e
(
c
c
)
1
2
4
.
7
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
y
l
i
n
d
e
r
s
1
P
o
w
e
r
(
h
p
)
1
1
.
1
En
g
i
n
e
t
y
p
e
4
-
st
r
o
k
e
O
H
C
c
h
a
i
n
C
o
m
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
1
0
:
0
1
B
o
r
e
×
S
t
r
o
k
e
(
mm
)
5
2
.
4
×
5
7
.
8
I
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m (V
)
C
D
I
12
F
r
o
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
a
r
su
s
p
e
n
s
i
o
n
Te
l
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sc
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r
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m
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t
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c
8
0
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1
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9
0
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9
0
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2
.
Ro
ute
delim
it
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
h
ig
h
lig
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r
o
u
te
in
clu
d
es
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
to
p
s
at
t
r
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
an
d
h
as b
ee
n
s
tr
ateg
ically
p
lan
n
ed
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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Vo
l.
14
,
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6
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Dec
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r
20
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a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
is
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
t
o
f
iv
e
p
ar
ts
:
f
r
o
m
J
icam
ar
ca
to
B
ay
ó
v
ar
,
f
r
o
m
B
ay
ó
v
ar
to
L
a
C
u
ltu
r
a
s
tatio
n
,
f
r
o
m
L
a
C
u
ltu
r
a
s
tatio
n
to
Ma
r
in
a,
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
in
a
to
C
o
m
as,
an
d
f
r
o
m
C
o
m
as
to
J
icam
ar
ca
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
f
o
r
b
et
ter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
d
i
v
is
io
n
aim
s
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
to
p
s
p
e
r
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
m
o
m
en
ts
o
f
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
to
ev
alu
ate
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
o
u
te
is
id
ea
l f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
as it te
s
ts
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
b
y
co
n
tain
in
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
to
p
s
in
ea
ch
j
o
u
r
n
ey
s
eg
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
o
u
te
m
ap
p
ed
in
L
im
a
to
r
ep
r
esen
t u
r
b
a
n
d
r
i
v
in
g
in
Per
u
2
.
3
.
Av
er
a
g
e
s
peed
Fo
r
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
p
ee
d
lim
its
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
,
as
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
A
r
id
er
an
d
a
m
o
t
o
r
cy
cle
wer
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
jo
u
r
n
ey
c
o
m
m
en
ce
d
at
8
:0
0
am
an
d
was
ex
ten
d
ed
u
n
t
il
6
:0
0
p
m
t
o
g
ain
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
tr
av
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
cy
cle'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
tim
es.
T
h
is
tim
e
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
co
u
ld
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
e
v
alu
ated
S/
S sy
s
tem
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2.
Sp
ee
d
r
an
g
es in
L
im
a
-
Per
u
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
p
e
e
d
(
K
m)
Li
mi
t
s
p
e
e
d
(
K
m)
Ji
c
a
m
a
r
c
a
30
–
40
60
A
v
.
L
o
s
P
r
ó
c
e
r
e
s
–
S
a
n
j
u
a
n
de
L
u
r
i
g
a
n
c
h
o
30
–
40
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VCI
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CO
DUS
–
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RB
D2
dev
ice
T
h
e
MI
C
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–
OR
B
D2
d
ev
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was
co
n
n
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ted
to
c
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r
o
b
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ate
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o
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esp
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ata
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to
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atica
lly
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h
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h
th
is
s
y
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was
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Face
d
with
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
m
an
u
al
d
ata
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
an
d
v
er
if
y
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
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tain
ed
m
a
n
u
ally
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
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7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
24
:
6
2
5
8
-
6
2
6
4
6262
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e
m
en
tio
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y
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tem
.
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le
s
6
an
d
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d
etail
th
e
co
llected
d
ata,
co
m
p
ar
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th
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in
f
o
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m
atio
n
o
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tain
ed
m
an
u
ally
an
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
y
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e
MI
C
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–
OR
B
D2
d
ev
ice.
T
ab
le
6
.
J
o
u
r
n
ey
with
S/S
with
MI
C
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–
OR
B
D2
R
o
u
t
e
D
a
t
a
D
a
y
1
D
a
y
2
D
a
y
3
D
a
y
4
S
e
g
m
e
n
t
Li
ma
M
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p
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ma
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p
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n
a
D
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t
e
0
5
/
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3
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0
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2
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3
0
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/
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2
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3
D
e
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0
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t
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1
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6
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m)
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3
.
2
1
4
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.
2
2
2
0
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4
F
i
n
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l
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(
K
m)
7
3
.
2
1
4
7
.
2
2
2
0
.
4
2
9
4
.
5
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
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o
n
(
L)
1
.
3
3
1
.
3
5
1
.
3
2
1
.
3
4
T
ab
le
7
.
J
o
u
r
n
ey
with
o
u
t S/S with
MI
C
ODUS
–
O
R
B
D2
R
o
u
t
e
D
a
t
a
D
a
y
1
D
a
y
2
D
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3
D
a
y
4
S
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g
m
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n
t
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ma
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1
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0
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3
2
0
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0
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0
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2
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2
3
D
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p
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t
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me
0
8
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0
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:
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8
:
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8
:
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r
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v
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me
1
8
:
0
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8
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0
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8
:
0
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1
8
:
3
2
R
o
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t
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(
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6
0
2
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0
6
6
5
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6
3
1
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(
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3
.
4
1
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2
2
1
.
1
F
i
n
a
l
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g
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(
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m)
7
3
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4
1
4
7
2
2
1
.
1
2
9
3
.
8
Est
i
m
a
t
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d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
L)
1
.
4
8
1
.
4
9
1
.
5
1
.
4
7
2
.
8
.
F
uel c
o
ns
um
ptio
n r
esu
lt
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lect
wee
k
s
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
test
in
g
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
tar
t/s
to
p
(
S/S
)
s
y
s
tem
in
b
o
th
ac
tiv
ated
an
d
d
ea
ctiv
ated
m
o
d
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
ese
test
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
s
o
f
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
tr
af
f
ic,
co
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
L
im
a,
a
d
en
s
ely
p
o
p
u
lated
c
ity
f
ac
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
a
s
ac
cid
en
ts
,
r
ain
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
win
ter
s
ea
s
o
n
,
an
d
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
.
T
h
ese
co
m
b
in
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
r
esu
lt in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
it is
in
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
at
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
co
m
es in
to
p
lay
,
a
s
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
te
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
we
ca
n
c
o
n
clu
d
e
th
at
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
in
m
o
to
r
ized
v
eh
icles
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
r
esu
lts
in
a
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
o
f
1
0
.
1
%.
T
h
is
s
av
in
g
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
S/S
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
i
ch
in
v
o
l
v
es
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
wh
e
n
th
e
v
eh
icle
is
id
le
an
d
r
estar
tin
g
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
clu
tch
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
to
th
e
ev
id
en
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
,
th
is
p
r
ac
tice
al
s
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
er
's ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
%
=
(
ℎ
/
−
ℎ
/
ℎ
/
)
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fu
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
a
ta
(
liter
s
)
p
er
r
o
u
te
in
Me
tr
o
p
o
litan
L
im
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
mp
a
ct
o
f sta
r
t
-
s
to
p
s
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o
n
mo
to
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cy
cle
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el
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a
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g
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u
r
b
a
n
tr
a
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(
K
ev
in
Mu
r
g
a
-
G
a
r
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)
6263
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
a
Her
o
I
g
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ito
r
1
2
5
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G
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
th
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
b
o
th
ac
tiv
ated
an
d
d
ea
ctiv
ated
.
Se
lectin
g
a
r
o
u
te
with
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
tr
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
an
d
d
en
s
e
tr
af
f
ic
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
co
n
d
u
civ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
test
s
.
T
o
e
v
alu
ate
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
was
s
ca
n
n
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
u
el
lev
el
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
tan
k
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
allo
wed
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
k
ilo
m
eter
s
tr
av
eled
.
T
h
e
S/S
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
f
u
el
s
av
i
n
g
o
f
1
0
.
1
%,
as
it
s
h
u
ts
o
f
f
t
h
e
e
n
g
in
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
r
ief
s
to
p
s
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
ca
r
s
,
wh
i
ch
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
5
.
3
%
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
wea
r
an
d
tear
o
f
th
e
en
g
in
e
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
S
/S
s
y
s
te
m
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
s
to
p
s
d
u
e
to
tr
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ig
n
itio
n
a
n
d
s
h
u
td
o
wn
cy
cles,
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
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.
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[
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smai
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o
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Me
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[
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W
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,
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n
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rg
y
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v
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l
.
1
9
0
,
Jan
.
2
0
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0
,
d
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:
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0
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.
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y
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8
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
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S O
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AUTH
O
RS
K
e
v
in
Mu
r
g
a
-
G
a
r
c
ia
m
e
c
h
a
tro
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e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsi
d
a
d
Tec
n
o
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n
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y
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le
X.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
He
is
t
h
e
re
g
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o
n
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l
tec
h
n
ica
l
su
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e
r
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r
f
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r
Li
m
a
a
t
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o
c
o
p
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r.
His
re
sp
o
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sib
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ies
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n
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l
u
d
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p
e
rv
isi
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g
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n
d
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n
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o
u
sl
y
e
v
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lu
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t
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g
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h
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rize
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wo
rk
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n
e
two
rk
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ima
.
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c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
tes
with
d
e
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lers
to
a
c
h
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v
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stra
teg
ic
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e
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lo
p
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t,
g
e
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e
ra
te
re
p
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n
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h
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le
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ty
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laim
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a
m
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g
e
s.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
1
6
3
5
6
7
3
@
u
t
p
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e
d
u
.
p
e
.
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d
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c
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n
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m
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t
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n
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
te
d
at
e
m
a
i
l
:
u
1
9
2
0
6
4
6
7
@
u
t
p
.
e
d
u
.
p
e
.
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n
e
sto
Pa
iv
a
-
Per
e
d
o
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
a
s
a
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
P
iu
ra
in
P
e
r
u
in
2
0
1
3
.
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p
u
rsu
e
d
fu
rt
h
e
r
stu
d
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e
s
a
n
d
o
b
tain
e
d
a
m
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ste
r
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s
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re
e
in
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tri
c
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l
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n
d
m
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h
a
n
ic
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l
e
n
g
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e
rin
g
,
s
p
e
c
ializin
g
in
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
t
imiz
a
ti
o
n
.
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wa
s
su
p
p
o
rted
b
y
CON
CYTEC
a
n
d
a
wa
rd
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d
b
y
t
h
e
Un
i
v
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a
d
d
e
P
i
u
ra
in
2
0
1
6
.
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r
in
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h
is
a
c
a
d
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m
ic
jo
u
r
n
e
y
,
h
e
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s
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h
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ss
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t
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t
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p
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f
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h
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n
o
v
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ti
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(DTI)
a
t
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re
se
n
tl
y
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h
e
h
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ld
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t
h
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siti
o
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f
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ro
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r
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se
a
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t
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o
l
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l
P
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rú
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
c
2
2
3
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tp
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