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I
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Ap
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2252
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8
8
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P
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tin
g
o
n
ly
0
.
0
5
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
r
im
ar
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
as
o
f
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
s
o
lar
p
an
el
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
a
h
ea
d
,
s
o
lar
p
an
els
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ex
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
n
ee
d
s
(
s
o
lar
r
o
o
f
to
p
s
)
an
d
s
er
v
e
as
a
v
iab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
p
o
ten
tially
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icles a
s
a
lead
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ajo
r
g
lo
b
al
p
r
io
r
ity
,
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
h
as
led
to
a
r
ec
en
t
s
u
r
g
e
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
b
o
t
h
p
r
iv
ate
v
e
h
icles
(
ca
r
s
,
b
icy
cles)
an
d
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
v
eh
icle
m
o
d
els
r
ef
lects
t
h
is
s
h
if
t,
with
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
to
y
s
to
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
d
is
tan
ce
tr
av
el
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
2
0
0
0
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
m
icr
o
-
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
es,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
esig
n
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
af
ety
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
[
1
5
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
I
y
er
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
e
d
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els
as
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
its
h
u
b
m
o
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
co
o
ter
o
p
er
ates
b
y
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
s
to
r
in
g
it
in
a
d
ed
icate
d
48
V/2
0
Ah
b
atter
y
v
ia
a
ch
a
r
g
in
g
cir
cu
it,
a
n
d
t
h
en
d
eliv
er
in
g
it
to
th
e
4
8
V/2
0
0
W
DC
h
u
b
m
o
to
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
ce
ler
ato
r
an
d
g
ate
s
witch
.
T
h
is
s
witch
en
s
u
r
es
s
af
et
y
b
y
au
to
m
atica
lly
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
b
r
u
s
h
less
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
t
o
r
(
B
L
DC
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
r
o
ttle
wh
en
b
r
ak
in
g
,
as
th
e
h
u
b
m
o
to
r
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
in
to
t
h
e
wh
ee
l
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
.
Patel
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
s
af
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
th
r
ee
-
wh
ee
l
ed
ca
m
p
u
s
v
eh
icle
b
ased
o
n
a
n
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
d
esig
n
.
T
h
eir
s
im
u
latio
n
s
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
co
u
l
d
with
s
tan
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
weig
h
t,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
s
tr
ess
o
f
9
2
MPa,
well
b
elo
w
th
e
s
af
e
lim
it o
f
1
7
4
.
5
MPa.
E
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
,
Ma
s
u
d
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
its
p
o
ten
tial
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
tr
icy
cle.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
u
tili
ze
d
k
ey
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
an
els,
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
DC
(
PMD
C
)
m
o
to
r
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
an
d
b
a
tter
ies.
T
h
e
tr
ic
y
cle'
s
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
o
th
s
im
p
licity
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
with
test
r
esu
lt
s
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
els
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
2
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
esti
m
ated
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
co
s
t
o
f
$
2
4
0
an
d
n
ea
r
-
ze
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
its
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
it
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ec
o
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ad
v
a
n
c
es
s
u
ch
as
s
af
e
d
esig
n
s
an
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
in
teg
r
atio
n
th
at
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
lo
wer
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
esen
ted
o
f
f
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
n
ef
its
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
esear
ch
is
cr
itical
to
ad
d
r
ess
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es,
b
atter
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els to
m
ax
im
ize
r
a
n
g
e.
I
n
th
e
p
ast
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
ti
v
ely
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
e
d
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cles,
with
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
an
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
eir
f
e
asib
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
m
a
d
e
m
an
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
to
r
ep
lace
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
B
ag
h
el
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
h
y
b
r
id
e
-
r
ick
s
h
aw.
T
h
eir
d
esig
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
a
3
1
5
W
p
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
s
,
an
d
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
r
es
u
lted
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
o
o
s
t
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
e
-
r
ick
s
h
aws.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
r
ick
s
h
aw
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
r
an
g
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
u
p
to
5
0
.
7
6
%
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
o
p
p
ed
f
r
o
m
5
7
to
4
1
A
at
f
u
ll lo
ad
,
ex
ten
d
in
g
b
atter
y
life
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
p
r
o
ject
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
e
-
r
ick
s
h
aws to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
eh
icle
ef
f
icie
n
cy
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Ham
o
o
d
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
a
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
h
y
b
r
id
e
-
b
ik
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
b
icy
cl
es'
r
an
g
e
b
y
u
p
to
0
.
7
5
5
k
m
/h
o
u
r
an
d
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
to
p
s
p
ee
d
b
y
6
.
8
8
k
m
/h
o
u
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
alo
n
e.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
in
es
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
b
a
tter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
a
h
i
g
h
-
to
r
q
u
e
m
o
to
r
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Asro
r
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
a
1
0
0
W
p
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
n
an
elec
tr
ic
b
ic
y
cle.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
an
el
ac
h
iev
ed
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
7
.
4
9
V
a
n
d
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
3
.
3
7
A
u
n
d
er
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
1
,
0
0
8
W
/m
²
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
u
lted
in
a
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
5
8
.
9
4
%.
W
h
en
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
b
icy
cle,
th
e
p
an
el
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
b
y
3
3
.
3
3
%
d
u
r
in
g
a
o
n
e
-
h
o
u
r
te
s
t
u
n
d
er
av
er
ag
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
o
l
ar
-
p
o
wer
e
d
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cles h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
1
0
3
2
-
1
0
42
1034
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
attem
p
t
ed
to
c
o
m
b
in
e
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
esp
ec
ially
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
,
with
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
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wev
er
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th
er
e
is
s
till
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lack
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
th
eir
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
er
g
o
n
o
m
ically
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
also
d
o
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
i
s
cu
s
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
lar
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ad
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n
,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el,
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n
d
th
e
im
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r
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em
en
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o
f
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atter
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ar
g
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e
f
f
icien
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n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
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esear
ch
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o
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s
o
lar
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tr
ic
s
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o
ter
s
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d
aim
ed
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en
tif
y
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
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lar
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ad
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n
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atter
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f
f
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s
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lar
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an
els
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r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
ty
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es
.
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h
is
r
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ch
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
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m
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o
f
e
lectr
ic
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icles
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d
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tr
o
d
u
ce
n
ew
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ea
tu
r
es
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
m
f
o
r
t a
n
d
s
af
ety
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
u
s
er
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
,
co
n
d
u
cted
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
s
at
th
e
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
o
f
Ma
lan
g
'
s
s
o
lar
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
(
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n
d
o
n
esia,
7
.
9
4
3
5
6
°S
,
1
1
2
.
6
1
3
8
1
°E)
,
in
v
esti
g
a
ted
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
ty
p
e
(
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
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W
M
)
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT
)
)
o
n
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ata
was
co
l
lecte
d
o
n
a
s
u
n
n
y
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a
y
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in
A
p
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il
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4
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etwe
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:0
0
AM
an
d
3
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0
PM
u
s
in
g
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u
tr
o
n
SP
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1
1
6
SD so
lar
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o
wer
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eter
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
as
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le,
with
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tr
i
c
s
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o
ter
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atter
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u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
as
th
e
d
ep
en
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e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le.
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h
e
s
tate
o
f
th
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elec
t
r
ic
s
co
o
ter
(
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tatio
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ar
y
o
r
m
o
v
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n
g
)
was a
co
n
t
r
o
lled
v
a
r
iab
le.
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
-
up
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esear
c
h
s
etu
p
.
A
s
o
lar
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o
wer
m
eter
au
to
m
atica
lly
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
an
d
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g
g
ed
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o
lar
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ad
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n
d
ata
o
n
a
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ig
ital
(
SD
)
ca
r
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
,
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
to
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u
n
ctio
n
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
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r
o
ce
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s
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g
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n
it,
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llected
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d
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av
ed
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r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
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s
o
lar
ch
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tr
o
ller
o
u
t
p
u
t
d
u
r
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n
g
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atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
d
ata
was
al
s
o
s
to
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ed
o
n
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SD
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r
d
.
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h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
'
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er
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atility
f
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ilit
ates
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iv
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e
f
u
n
ctio
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alities
,
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en
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in
p
u
ts
,
an
aly
ze
d
ata,
an
d
ex
ec
u
te
c
o
m
m
an
d
s
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
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n
tr
o
ller
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ty
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on
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s
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ter
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atter
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ch
ar
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g
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.
M
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nito
ring
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ig
n o
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ro
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h
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m
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ito
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s
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o
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ts
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wn
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Fig
u
r
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2
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h
ese
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m
p
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n
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clu
d
e
v
o
ltag
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en
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r
s
,
AC
S7
1
2
cu
r
r
en
t
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en
s
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s
,
r
ea
l
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tim
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R
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m
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les
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s
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liq
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id
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tal
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is
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lay
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L
C
Ds
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f
o
r
d
is
p
lay
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f so
la
r
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ters
w
ith
d
iffer
en
t c
h
a
r
g
er c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
A
s
r
o
r
i
A
s
r
o
r
i
)
1035
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
d
ata,
an
d
SD
ca
r
d
d
ata
lo
g
g
e
r
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
d
ata
d
u
r
in
g
tes
tin
g
.
T
h
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
in
teg
r
ated
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
I
DE
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
g
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am
th
e
t
o
o
l.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
i
)
Ar
d
u
in
o
U
n
o
,
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
ac
ts
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
;
ii
)
SD
ca
r
d
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
s
to
r
e
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h
e
d
at
a
p
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ce
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ed
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y
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e
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d
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in
o
Un
o
;
iii
)
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C
D2
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4
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as a
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ea
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tim
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ata
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i
s
p
lay
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
er
io
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ic
ch
e
ck
s
;
iv
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h
e
DS3
2
1
R
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m
o
d
u
le,
f
u
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ctio
n
s
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
tim
e
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e;
v
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
d
etec
t
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
test
in
g
;
vi
)
AC
S7
1
2
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
d
e
tect
b
atter
y
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r
r
e
n
t
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n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
n
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
;
an
d
v
ii
)
B
r
ea
d
b
o
a
r
d
,
f
u
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ctio
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s
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ter
m
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al
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o
r
co
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n
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g
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en
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o
r
s
,
m
icr
o
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tr
o
ller
s
,
an
d
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
c
ir
cu
it d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
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2
.
3
.
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r
o
t
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o
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l
a
r
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-
s
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o
t
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h
e
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
with
a
1
5
W
p
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
e,
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
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ar
ts
o
f
th
e
s
co
o
ter
.
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h
e
d
im
en
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o
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h
e
f
r
am
e
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e
1
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0
6
0
m
m
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3
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0
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n
d
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ts
g
r
o
u
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d
clea
r
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7
0
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
th
r
ee
-
wh
ee
l e
lectr
ic
s
co
o
ter
[
3
3
]
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
a
2
9
.
4
V
12
A
h
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
,
B
L
DC
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
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d
2
4
V
-
2
5
0
W
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L
DC
wh
ee
l
m
o
to
r
.
A
s
p
ee
d
th
r
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ttle
a
n
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tr
ical
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m
p
lete
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e
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Fo
r
ch
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o
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s
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r
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teg
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ated
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to
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e
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r
am
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
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o
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
two
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
:
MPPT
an
d
PW
M.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
1
0
3
2
-
1
0
42
1036
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
er
io
d
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
,
wer
e
c
o
m
p
iled
in
to
T
ab
les
1
-
6
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
t
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
was
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
is
tab
u
lar
d
ata
in
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
an
aly
s
is
.
3
.
1
.
P
WM
s
o
la
r
cha
rg
er
t
y
p
e
t
esting
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
7
-
h
o
u
r
(
8
:
0
0
AM
to
3
:0
0
P
M)
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
test
o
n
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
e
-
s
co
o
ter
u
s
in
g
a
SC
C
-
PW
M.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
o
f
f
er
a
s
u
cc
i
n
ct
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
co
llected
d
a
ta.
T
h
is
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
es
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
s
cr
u
tin
y
o
f
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
o
u
tlier
s
,
an
d
in
itial in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
-
s
co
o
ter
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
with
PW
M
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Lo
c
a
l
Ti
m
e
(
h
h
:
mm
)
S
o
l
a
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m
2
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
8
:
0
0
6
6
3
.
2
0
2
7
.
0
9
0
.
0
7
1
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9
0
0
8
:
3
0
7
1
0
.
4
0
2
7
.
0
9
0
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0
7
1
.
9
0
0
8
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0
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3
3
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3
0
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7
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1
8
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0
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9
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3
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1
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2
0
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2
2
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1
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7
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2
2
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0
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9
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9
0
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7
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1
8
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0
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8
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5
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0
0
5
5
4
.
7
0
2
7
.
1
8
0
.
0
6
1
.
8
0
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
s
tatis
tics
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
with
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
n
s
tatio
n
ar
y
e
-
s
co
o
t
er
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
o
l
a
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
V
o
l
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
P
o
w
e
r
D
e
sc.
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
(
W
/
m2
)
(V)
(A)
(W)
M
e
a
n
8
1
2
.
0
6
2
7
.
2
2
0
.
1
8
5
.
0
5
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
Er
r
o
r
2
7
.
7
7
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
2
0
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4
4
M
e
d
i
a
n
8
2
9
.
3
0
2
7
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2
2
0
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2
1
5
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7
2
M
o
d
e
8
9
6
.
9
0
2
7
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1
8
0
.
2
2
1
.
9
0
S
t
n
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
1
2
7
.
2
6
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
7
2
.
0
3
S
a
mp
l
e
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
16
,
1
9
3
.
9
9
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
4
.
1
0
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
-
0
.
3
6
1
.
6
1
-
0
.
2
9
-
0
.
2
9
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
-
0
.
3
0
1
.
0
0
-
0
.
2
2
-
0
.
1
5
R
a
n
g
e
4
4
1
.
9
0
0
.
3
4
0
.
2
7
7
.
2
5
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
5
5
4
.
7
0
2
7
.
0
9
0
.
0
6
1
.
8
0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
9
9
6
.
6
0
2
7
.
4
3
0
.
3
3
9
.
0
5
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
s
in
g
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Av
er
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
was
2
7
.
2
2
V,
w
ith
a
cu
r
r
en
t
av
er
a
g
in
g
0
.
1
8
A
an
d
a
r
esu
ltin
g
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
5
.
0
5
W
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
f
lu
ctu
ated
b
etwe
en
0
.
0
6
an
d
0
.
3
3
A,
wh
ile
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
em
ain
ed
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
7
.
0
9
to
2
7
.
4
3
V.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
b
att
er
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
1
.
8
0
an
d
9
.
0
5
W
.
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
also
ex
h
ib
ited
a
r
an
g
e,
with
v
alu
e
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
5
5
4
.
7
0
to
9
9
6
.
6
0
W
/m
²,
av
er
a
g
in
g
8
1
2
.
0
6
W
/m
².
Peak
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
1
1
:
4
0
A
M,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west v
alu
e
was r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
at
3
:0
0
PM.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
test
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
u
s
in
g
SC
C
-
P
W
M
wh
ile
d
r
iv
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
.
T
h
e
s
co
o
ter
was
d
r
iv
e
n
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
0
k
m
/h
f
o
r
th
e
f
lat
r
o
ad
test
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
e
-
s
co
o
ter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
was
2
7
.
2
4
V,
with
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
0
.
2
2
A
an
d
a
r
esu
ltin
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
5
.
9
9
W
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
lo
wer
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
s
t
atio
n
ar
y
test
r
esu
lts
(
T
ab
le
1
)
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
r
id
er
'
s
b
o
d
y
p
ar
tially
s
h
ad
in
g
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
is
s
h
ad
in
g
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
p
an
el,
li
m
itin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
im
p
ac
tin
g
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f so
la
r
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ters
w
ith
d
iffer
en
t c
h
a
r
g
er c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
A
s
r
o
r
i
A
s
r
o
r
i
)
1037
T
ab
le
3
.
B
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
d
ata
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
e
-
s
co
o
ter
with
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
Lo
c
a
l
Ti
m
e
(
h
h
:
mm
)
S
o
l
a
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
8
:
0
0
7
0
0
.
4
2
7
.
1
1
0
.
0
7
1
.
9
1
0
8
:
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0
6
9
5
.
9
2
7
.
1
0
0
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0
7
1
.
9
0
0
8
:
3
0
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0
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.
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2
7
.
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0
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9
0
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7
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5
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2
0
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0
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4
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9
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0
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0
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1
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0
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2
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0
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5
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0
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2
2
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2
5
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1
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5
6
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8
2
7
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2
4
0
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2
2
5
.
9
9
3
.
2
.
M
P
P
T
s
o
la
r
cha
rg
er
t
y
pe
t
esting
T
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
elec
t
r
ic
s
co
o
ter
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
MPPT
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
d
er
s
tatio
n
ar
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
r
aw
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
s
4
an
d
5
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
tatis
tical
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
co
o
ter
u
s
in
g
th
e
SC
C
-
P
PT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
p
o
w
er
,
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
wer
e
2
7
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
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2
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8
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4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
2
0
2
4
:
1
0
3
2
-
1
0
42
1038
T
ab
le
6
.
B
atter
y
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
d
ata
with
SC
C
-
M
PP
T
o
n
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
e
-
s
co
o
ter
Lo
c
a
l
Ti
m
e
(
h
h
:
mm
)
S
o
l
a
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m
2
)
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l
t
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g
e
(V)
C
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r
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n
t
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(
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Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
SCC
perf
o
rma
nce
o
n sta
t
io
na
ry
s
co
o
t
er
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
c
e
an
d
ch
ar
g
e
p
o
wer
o
v
e
r
tim
e
f
o
r
MPPT
an
d
PW
M
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
s
tatio
n
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
r
ed
cir
cle
s
,
lef
t Y
-
ax
is
)
s
tar
ts
ar
o
u
n
d
3
0
0
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/m
²
at
8
:0
0
AM
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d
p
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k
s
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v
er
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0
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/m
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n
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o
n
b
ef
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r
e
g
r
ad
u
ally
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r
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s
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g
to
3
0
0
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/m
²
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y
3
:0
0
PM.
Me
an
wh
ile
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ar
g
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g
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wer
,
m
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s
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r
e
d
in
watts
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W
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,
is
p
lo
tted
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
Y
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is
.
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h
e
lin
es
o
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
,
s
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wn
as
o
r
a
n
g
e
b
o
x
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an
d
b
l
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e
tr
ian
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les,
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e
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t
th
e
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er
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r
m
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ce
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o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
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C
-
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an
d
SC
C
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PW
M,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
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ex
p
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ted
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C
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n
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is
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en
tly
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ig
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er
ch
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g
p
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wer
th
a
n
SC
C
-
PW
M.
I
ts
p
ea
k
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
9
.
5
W
at
n
o
o
n
co
in
cid
es
with
th
e
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
SC
C
-
P
W
M
'
s
p
ea
k
,
ar
o
u
n
d
5
.
5
W
at
1
1
:0
0
AM
,
f
o
llo
w
s
a
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
as
SC
C
-
MPPT
b
u
t
with
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lo
wer
v
alu
es.
B
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
s
h
o
w
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
as so
lar
r
ad
iati
o
n
wea
k
en
s
in
t
h
e
af
ter
n
o
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
SC
C
-
MPPT
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
in
to
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
th
an
th
e
SC
C
-
PW
M,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
er
io
d
s
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
u
s
in
g
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
s
o
l
ar
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ca
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
n
o
tab
le
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
ev
en
in
lo
w
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
am
o
u
n
t
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
t
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
1
3
.
3
3
%
o
f
th
e
in
s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
in
an
e
-
s
co
o
ter
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
in
u
tili
zin
g
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wer
lig
h
t
lev
els
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
m
o
d
u
les
[
9
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
MPPT
-
ty
p
e
SC
C
g
r
ap
h
is
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er
y
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tical
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s
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lar
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ad
iatio
n
c
u
r
v
e,
wh
ich
s
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ws
th
at
th
e
MPPT
SC
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f
ec
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ely
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ts
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
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wer
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r
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d
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b
y
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e
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lar
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el.
I
n
co
n
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e
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n
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is
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e
MPPT
ch
ar
g
e
p
o
wer
at
all
tim
e
in
ter
v
als,
wh
ich
is
esp
ec
ially
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
ici
en
cy
o
f
MPPT
ch
a
r
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
in
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
PW
M
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
v
e
r
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
MPPT
an
d
PW
M
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
n
s
tatio
n
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f so
la
r
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ters
w
ith
d
iffer
en
t c
h
a
r
g
er c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
A
s
r
o
r
i
A
s
r
o
r
i
)
1039
3
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
SCC
perf
o
rma
nce
o
n m
o
v
ing
s
co
o
t
e
rs
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
MPPT
an
d
PW
M
s
o
lar
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
n
a
m
o
v
in
g
s
co
o
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
etwe
e
n
MPPT
an
d
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
s
talled
o
n
a
r
u
n
n
in
g
/m
o
v
in
g
s
co
o
ter
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
th
at
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
t
h
an
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
lo
w
er
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
ca
n
b
e
attr
i
b
u
ted
t
o
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
MP
PT
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
v
es
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ad
ep
t
at
o
p
tim
izin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
s
o
lar
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
s
co
o
ter
[
1
5
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
b
etwe
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
o
f
b
o
th
s
o
l
ar
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
I
t
m
e
an
s
th
at
as
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
o
f
b
o
th
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it’s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
em
p
h
asize
th
e
clea
r
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
q
u
ic
k
ly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
at
1
0
:0
0
A.
M
.
,
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
o
f
6
.
5
4
W
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
r
ate
o
f
5
.
9
9
W
.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
u
s
allo
win
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
b
atter
y
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
a
b
atter
y
o
n
an
e
-
s
co
o
ter
p
r
o
v
es
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
d
u
e
to
its
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
P
W
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
is
m
ain
tain
ed
ev
en
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iat
io
n
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
em
er
g
es
as
t
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
ch
o
ice
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
s
c
o
o
ter
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
c
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
t o
p
er
ati
o
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
So
lar
e
-
s
co
o
ter
s
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
with
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
,
o
f
f
er
a
c
o
m
p
ellin
g
eco
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
y
b
o
ast
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es.
Firstl
y
,
th
ey
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ze
r
o
tailp
ip
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
clea
n
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
th
ey
r
ed
u
ce
r
elian
ce
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
i
city
g
r
id
,
p
o
ten
tially
l
ea
d
in
g
to
lo
wer
r
u
n
n
in
g
c
o
s
ts
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
lik
e
all
-
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
ey
o
p
er
ate
q
u
ietly
,
m
in
im
izin
g
n
o
is
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
in
u
r
b
an
a
r
ea
s
.
Fin
ally
,
u
n
d
e
r
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
o
lar
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
th
em
s
elv
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
lar
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
is
lim
ited
b
y
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
eir
in
t
eg
r
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
T
h
ese
p
a
n
els
ca
n
o
n
ly
co
llect
a
r
elativ
e
ly
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
h
o
r
ter
r
an
g
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
elec
t
r
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
th
at
r
ely
s
o
lely
o
n
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
lar
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
ar
e
wea
th
er
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
r
elies
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
,
s
o
clo
u
d
y
o
r
d
a
r
k
d
ay
s
will
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
in
d
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Fin
all
y
,
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
p
ee
d
is
an
is
s
u
e.
E
v
en
in
id
ea
l
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
s
o
lar
p
an
els will tak
e
lo
n
g
er
t
o
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
th
an
p
lu
g
g
i
n
g
in
to
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
c
e.
Desp
ite
th
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
o
lar
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
r
em
ain
a
n
i
n
tr
ig
u
in
g
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
is
cr
u
cial
to
ad
d
r
ess
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
n
ew
s
o
la
r
p
an
el
ty
p
es,
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
h
ig
h
er
-
ca
p
ac
ity
b
att
er
ies
to
ex
ten
d
r
an
g
e
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
p
ee
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
in
to
lig
h
te
r
,
wea
th
er
-
r
esis
tan
t
s
co
o
ter
d
esig
n
s
will
b
e
k
ey
to
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
s
ea
m
less
an
d
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
MPPT
an
d
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
m
o
v
in
g
e
-
s
co
o
ter
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
1
0
3
2
-
1
0
42
1040
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
a
b
atter
y
o
n
an
e
-
s
co
o
ter
p
r
o
v
es
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
d
u
e
to
its
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
P
W
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
is
m
ain
tain
ed
ev
en
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iat
io
n
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
MPPT
co
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B
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larly
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wijay
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tern
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c
a
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tac
ted
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a
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ra
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.
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