I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
3
~
1
04
9
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
1
0
4
3
-
1
04
9
1043
J
o
ur
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l ho
m
ep
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g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
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co
m
Enha
ncing
f
le
x
ur
a
l resista
nce in
ho
t
mi
x
as
pha
lt:
a
st
udy
of
eff
ec
ts of
wire
me
sh o
n loa
d
-
bea
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capa
city
Ro
m
a
y
no
o
r
I
s
m
y
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Su
ha
im
i,
R
a
den
Dedi
I
m
a
n K
urnia
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icha
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M
a
re
no
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a
c
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n
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v
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a
s Alm
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sl
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i
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d
o
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Art
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nfo
AB
S
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RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
1
6
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
1
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
9
,
2
0
2
4
In
tran
s
p
o
rtati
o
n
e
n
g
in
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e
rin
g
,
r
o
a
d
p
a
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t
is
c
o
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m
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it
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p
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v
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m
e
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rig
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d
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
.
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h
e
p
a
v
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m
e
n
t
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
a
d
isti
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c
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
t
o
e
n
d
u
re
a
v
a
riety
o
f
l
o
a
d
s,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
a
n
d
ten
sile
lo
a
d
s.
Th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
to
e
n
d
u
re
c
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
a
n
d
ten
sile
fo
rc
e
s
is
e
x
trem
e
ly
imp
o
rtan
t
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
i
n
th
e
field
o
f
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
a
s
it
e
n
su
re
s
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
lo
n
g
e
v
it
y
a
n
d
th
e
sa
fe
ty
o
f
th
e
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
is
stu
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y
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s
to
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
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c
a
p
a
c
it
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h
o
t
m
i
x
a
sp
h
a
lt
t
o
e
n
d
u
re
c
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
a
n
d
ten
sile p
re
ss
u
re
s.
Th
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
fo
u
r
d
iffere
n
t
wire
m
e
sh
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
n
h
o
t
a
sp
h
a
lt
m
ix
tu
re
s
,
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
th
re
e
-
p
o
in
t
flex
u
ra
l
tes
t
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t.
Th
e
d
a
ta
i
n
d
ica
tes
th
e
m
o
s
t
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
fo
r
m
imic
k
i
n
g
h
o
t
m
ix
a
sp
h
a
lt
in
v
o
l
v
e
s a
d
d
i
n
g
a
wire
m
e
sh
lay
e
r
a
t
a
d
e
p
th
o
f
3
0
m
m
b
e
l
o
w
th
e
s
u
rfa
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
sp
e
c
ime
n
.
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e
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
h
o
we
d
a
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
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flex
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ra
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re
sista
n
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u
p
to
2
9
1
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8
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kN
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Th
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y
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s
i
n
d
ica
te
th
a
t
th
e
h
o
t
a
sp
h
a
lt
m
ix
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re
e
x
h
i
b
it
s
a
sta
te
o
f
b
a
lan
c
e
in
it
s
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a
p
a
c
it
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n
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re
b
o
th
c
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
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a
n
d
ten
sile
p
re
ss
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re
s.
I
n
c
o
rp
o
ra
t
in
g
a
wire
m
e
sh
lay
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r
with
i
n
t
h
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m
id
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se
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ti
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o
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th
e
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o
t
a
sp
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a
lt
m
ix
t
u
re
h
a
s
b
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e
n
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
it
s
a
b
il
i
ty
to
with
sta
n
d
ten
sile l
o
a
d
s,
h
e
n
c
e
imp
ro
v
in
g
it
s
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
Flex
u
r
al
test
R
o
ad
p
av
em
en
t
T
en
s
ile
W
ir
e
m
esh
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
o
m
ay
n
o
o
r
I
s
m
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
iv
il E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
U
n
iv
er
s
itas
Alm
u
s
lim
2
4
2
6
1
,
Ma
tan
g
g
lu
m
p
a
n
g
d
u
a,
B
ir
eu
en
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
r
o
m
ay
n
o
o
r
is
m
y
@
u
m
u
s
lim
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Pav
em
en
t
in
r
o
ad
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
is
class
if
ied
as
eith
er
f
le
x
ib
le
o
r
r
ig
i
d
.
Du
e
to
b
o
th
m
o
d
els
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
h
av
i
n
g
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
,
tech
n
ical
a
n
aly
s
is
is
d
em
an
d
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
to
u
tili
ze
in
a
r
o
a
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ject
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
is
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
p
r
o
m
p
te
d
b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
th
e
p
av
em
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
in
th
e
s
el
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
av
em
e
n
t
ty
p
e
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
en
d
u
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
a
n
d
ten
s
ile
lo
ad
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
elem
en
t
o
f
r
i
g
id
p
a
v
em
en
t,
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
cr
ete
p
av
em
en
t,
is
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
is
m
ix
tu
r
e
ex
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es
wh
ile
d
is
p
lay
in
g
s
o
m
ew
h
at
lo
wer
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ten
s
ile
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
i
es
id
en
tifie
d
i
n
r
i
g
id
p
av
em
e
n
t
o
r
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
cr
ete
ca
n
b
e
m
itig
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
in
s
id
e
th
e
lo
wer
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ce
m
e
n
t
m
ix
tu
r
e.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
d
ef
icien
cies
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Ho
t
m
ix
asp
h
alt
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
r
o
ad
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
p
r
o
jects
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
as
th
e
to
p
m
o
s
t
lay
er
f
o
r
r
o
ad
p
av
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
asp
h
alt
as
t
h
e
m
ain
m
ater
ial
is
a
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
en
t
with
in
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
r
o
a
d
p
av
e
m
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
le
x
ib
le
p
av
e
m
en
t
is
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
lev
els,
n
am
ely
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
u
r
s
e,
b
ase
c
o
u
r
s
e,
an
d
s
u
b
-
b
ase
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
ese
lay
er
s
ar
e
s
itu
ated
ab
o
v
e
th
e
s
u
b
g
r
ad
e.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
lex
i
b
le
p
av
em
en
t
i
s
h
ea
v
ily
r
elian
t
o
n
th
e
b
ase
co
u
r
s
e
an
d
s
u
b
g
r
ad
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
1
0
4
3
-
1
04
9
1044
as
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
elem
e
n
ts
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
ef
ec
ts
m
ay
ar
is
e
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
lea
d
in
g
to
a
p
o
ten
tial r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
p
av
em
en
t'
s
d
esig
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
p
a
v
em
en
t
in
u
n
s
tab
le
s
o
il
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
n
o
t
ad
v
is
ab
le,
as
it
h
ea
v
il
y
r
el
ies
o
n
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
b
ase
co
u
r
s
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
g
r
a
d
e.
W
h
ile
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
en
ts
o
f
f
er
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
ir
ap
p
licatio
n
is
lim
ited
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
lim
ita
tio
n
s
ca
n
h
in
d
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
in
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
o
il
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
,
in
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
n
ee
ds
to
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
an
d
it
is
ess
en
tial b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
im
p
lem
en
t
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
lay
er
o
f
f
lex
i
b
le
p
a
v
em
en
t
th
at
p
o
s
s
ess
es
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
en
d
u
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
s
ed
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
m
in
im
ize
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
th
e
b
ase
co
u
r
s
e
an
d
s
u
b
g
r
ad
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
h
o
t
m
ix
asp
h
alt
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
u
r
s
e
is
b
eliev
e
d
to
o
f
f
er
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
is
as
s
er
tio
n
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
n
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
le
x
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
is
a
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ly
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
n
r
ig
i
d
p
av
em
en
t.
T
h
e
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
r
ef
er
s
to
its
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
ea
r
a
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
f
o
r
ce
g
iv
e
n
to
a
co
n
cr
ete
b
lo
c
k
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
o
n
two
p
o
in
ts
u
n
til
th
e
b
lo
ck
f
r
ac
tu
r
es.
T
h
is
r
esis
tan
ce
is
q
u
an
tifie
d
in
p
ascals
(
MPa)
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
o
r
ce
p
er
u
n
it
ar
ea
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
r
ig
id
p
av
e
m
en
t
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
wir
e
m
esh
s
er
v
es
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
cr
ac
k
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
an
d
th
r
u
s
tin
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eg
u
late
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ef
lectio
n
v
alu
es,
h
en
ce
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
s
er
v
ice
i
n
d
ex
,
wi
th
th
e
s
tiff
n
ess
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
wir
e
m
esh
,
it
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
elasticity
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
wir
e
m
esh
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
l
o
y
ed
ir
o
n
p
atter
n
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
in
r
ig
id
p
av
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
i
s
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
a
m
ea
n
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
f
f
lex
i
b
le
p
av
em
en
t
o
n
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
la
y
er
a
n
d
s
u
b
g
r
a
d
e
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
e
n
ab
lin
g
its
ap
p
lica
tio
n
in
u
n
s
tab
le
s
o
il
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
A
p
a
v
em
en
t
with
a
h
i
g
h
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
elasti
city
will
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
tr
en
g
th
b
ein
g
m
o
s
tly
in
h
e
r
en
t
to
th
e
p
av
em
e
n
t
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
p
r
io
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ec
k
er
b
o
ar
d
p
atter
n
in
s
id
e
p
av
em
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
as
a
m
ea
n
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
e
f
r
ac
tu
r
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t
ten
s
ile
p
r
ess
u
r
es
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
an
al
y
z
e
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
a
h
o
t
m
ix
test
s
p
ec
im
en
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e
its
ab
ilit
y
to
with
s
tan
d
co
m
p
r
es
s
iv
e
an
d
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ess
es.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
d
p
lacin
g
th
e
wir
e
m
es
h
at
d
is
tan
ce
s
o
f
2
0
,
3
0
,
a
n
d
4
0
m
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
6
0
m
m
h
ig
h
s
p
ec
im
e
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
was
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lev
el
o
f
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
e
n
a
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
is
u
s
ed
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
an
d
to
ass
ess
its
ca
p
ac
ity
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
an
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
tech
n
iq
u
e,
u
tili
zin
g
a
wir
e
m
esh
as
a
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ci
n
g
m
a
ter
ial.
W
ir
e
m
esh
is
u
tili
ze
d
d
u
e
to
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
asp
h
alt
m
ix
t
u
r
es.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
p
ec
im
en
em
p
lo
y
ed
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
b
len
d
o
f
h
o
t
m
ix
asp
h
alt
with
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
ate
an
d
asp
h
alt.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
wir
e
m
esh
with
wir
e
m
esh
M4
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
4
m
m
d
iam
eter
an
d
a
h
o
le
s
ize
o
f
1
5
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
test
s
p
ec
i
m
en
s
is
3
2
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
2
4
s
p
e
cim
e
n
s
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
o
p
tim
u
m
asp
h
alt
co
n
ten
t
b
y
Ma
r
s
h
all
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
aly
s
is
,
a
n
d
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
8
s
p
ec
im
en
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
h
o
t
asp
h
alt
m
ix
tu
r
e,
wh
er
ein
a
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
r
e
in
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
test
o
b
ject
f
ab
r
icate
d
a
r
e
3
0
0
m
m
in
len
g
th
,
4
0
0
m
m
in
wid
th
,
an
d
6
0
m
m
in
h
eig
h
t.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
,
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
was
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
h
o
t
asp
h
alt
m
ix
tu
r
es
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
-
p
o
i
n
t
f
lex
u
r
al
test
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Fo
u
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
p
lace
m
e
n
t,
as p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
tab
le,
wer
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
p
lace
m
en
t
with
in
h
o
t
m
ix
asp
h
alt
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
v
ar
y
in
g
d
ep
t
h
s
o
f
wir
e
m
esh
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
asp
h
alt.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
es
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
test
s
p
ec
im
e
n
s
u
tili
ze
d
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
ea
c
h
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
wir
e
m
esh
p
lace
m
en
t.
As
o
u
tl
in
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
p
ec
im
en
s
er
v
es
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
h
o
t
m
ix
asp
h
a
lt
with
o
u
t
an
y
wir
e
m
esh
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
b
aselin
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
p
ec
im
en
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
wir
e
m
esh
at
v
ar
y
in
g
d
e
p
th
s
o
f
2
0
,
3
0
,
an
d
4
0
m
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
v
ar
iatio
n
e
n
ab
les
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
o
w
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
lace
m
en
ts
im
p
ac
t
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
l
o
n
g
e
v
ity
o
f
th
e
asp
h
alt,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
in
f
o
r
m
f
u
tu
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tices in
p
av
e
m
en
t d
esig
n
.
Sev
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
tak
e
n
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
i
n
o
b
tai
n
in
g
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
Ma
r
s
h
all
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
f
lex
u
r
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
a
d
v
alu
es
an
d
d
ef
lectio
n
o
r
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Dete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
h
o
t
m
ix
asp
h
alt
to
with
s
tan
d
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
ten
s
ile
lo
ad
s
is
tak
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
b
tain
e
d
in
th
e
f
lex
u
r
al
test
u
s
in
g
th
r
e
e
-
p
o
in
t
f
lex
u
r
al
test
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
A
t
h
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t
f
le
x
u
r
al
test
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
lex
u
r
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
flexu
r
a
l res
is
ta
n
ce
in
h
o
t m
ix
a
s
p
h
a
lt:
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
effec
ts
o
f wi
r
e
mesh
o
n
…
(
R
o
ma
yn
o
o
r
I
s
my
)
1045
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
at
1
0
°C
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
th
e
asp
h
alt
m
ix
tu
r
e
b
ec
o
m
es
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
cr
ac
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
in
g
r
ate
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
at
5
0
m
m
/m
in
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
im
en
an
d
test
s
etu
p
as
well
as
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t f
lex
u
r
e
test
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
y
p
es o
f
wir
e
m
esh
l
ay
er
p
lace
m
en
t
Te
st
S
p
e
c
i
me
n
s
Ty
p
e
s
o
f
w
i
r
e
m
e
sh
l
a
y
e
r
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
1
h
o
t
m
i
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r
d
ed
f
o
r
e
ac
h
s
p
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im
en
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ar
ied
s
ig
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if
ic
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tly
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with
s
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im
en
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ex
h
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itin
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e
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ig
h
est
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m
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f
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1
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5
k
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s
er
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g
as
th
e
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aselin
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f
o
r
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
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aly
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is
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
s
p
ec
im
e
n
s
s
h
o
wed
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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with
s
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ec
im
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n
1
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
o
f
1
8
8
.
5
k
N,
wh
ich
co
r
r
e
s
p
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n
d
s
to
3
5
.
4
1
%
o
f
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
lo
ad
o
f
s
p
ec
im
en
3
.
Sp
e
cim
e
n
2
r
ea
ch
ed
a
m
ax
im
u
m
l
o
ad
o
f
1
9
7
.
7
k
N,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
3
2
.
2
6
%
o
f
th
e
b
aselin
e,
wh
ile
s
p
ec
im
en
4
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
lo
ad
o
f
2
5
1
.
3
k
N,
a
m
o
u
n
tin
g
to
1
3
.
8
9
%
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
o
s
p
ec
im
e
n
3
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
p
e
cim
en
s
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
th
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
wir
e
m
esh
an
d
th
e
test
o
b
ject.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
flexu
r
a
l res
is
ta
n
ce
in
h
o
t m
ix
a
s
p
h
a
lt:
a
s
tu
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y
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ts
o
f wi
r
e
mesh
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…
(
R
o
ma
yn
o
o
r
I
s
my
)
1047
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
in
g
No
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u
mb
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
S
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e
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m
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m
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i
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n
(
%)
1
1
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8
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3
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.
4
1
2
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1
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3
2
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2
6
3
3
2
9
1
.
8
5
0
4
4
2
5
1
.
3
1
3
.
8
9
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
wir
e
m
esh
p
lace
m
en
t m
o
d
els an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
an
al
y
s
is
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
h
o
t
m
ix
o
f
asp
h
alt
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
o
f
2
9
1
.
8
5
k
N
an
d
p
lacin
g
a
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
3
0
m
m
b
elo
w
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
test
s
p
ec
im
en
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
lo
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v
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io
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ty
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o
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b
ea
r
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g
s
ca
n
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
T
ab
le
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es
to
th
r
ee
o
th
e
r
ty
p
es
o
f
test
o
b
jec
ts
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at:
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
3
0
m
m
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
o
n
t
o
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
test
o
b
ject
(
ty
p
e
3
)
lead
s
to
a
3
5
.
4
1
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
h
o
t
m
i
x
asp
h
alt
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
a
wir
e
m
esh
lay
e
r
(
ty
p
e
1
)
,
wh
ich
h
ad
a
lo
ad
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
8
8
.
5
k
N.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
e
n
wir
e
m
es
h
is
p
lace
d
in
h
o
t
m
ix
asp
h
a
lt,
with
a
d
is
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ce
o
f
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0
m
m
f
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o
m
th
e
s
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r
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e
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,
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er
e
is
a
3
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.
2
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%
in
cr
e
ase
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
h
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t
m
i
x
asp
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alt
with
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e
m
esh
p
lace
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at
a
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ce
o
f
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0
m
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
f
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e
o
f
th
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test
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ject
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ty
p
e
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.
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h
is
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s
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d
if
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er
en
ce
o
f
1
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7
.
7
k
N.
Mo
r
e
o
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er
,
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e
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lac
em
en
t
o
f
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e
m
esh
i
n
to
h
o
t m
ix
asp
h
alt
with
wir
e
m
esh
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
3
0
m
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
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h
e
test
ite
m
(
ty
p
e
3
)
s
h
o
ws
a
1
3
.
8
9
%
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
0
m
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
test
o
b
ject
(
ty
p
e
4
)
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
am
o
u
n
ts
to
2
5
1
.
3
k
N.
3
.
4
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
t
o
wit
hs
t
a
nd
co
m
press
iv
e
lo
a
d a
nd
t
ens
ile
lo
a
d
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
av
e
m
en
t
is
it
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
en
d
u
r
e
b
o
th
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
ten
s
ile
s
tr
e
s
s
es.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
th
ese
s
tr
es
s
es
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
av
em
en
t
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
a
d
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
av
em
en
t
m
ater
ial,
we
ca
n
ass
ess
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
it
to
with
s
tan
d
th
ese
f
o
r
ce
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
e
v
alu
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
f
o
r
m
s
d
esig
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
u
t
also
h
elp
s
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
p
av
e
m
en
t'
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
u
ltima
tely
en
h
an
cin
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
T
h
e
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
is
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
ten
s
ile
lo
ad
a
n
d
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
r
i
g
id
p
a
v
em
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
c
r
ac
k
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
u
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
ci
al
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
av
e
m
en
t'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
with
s
tan
d
te
n
s
ile
lo
ad
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
p
av
em
e
n
t
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
au
g
m
en
tati
o
n
o
f
f
lex
u
r
a
l
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
t
o
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ef
lectio
n
lev
els,
th
er
eb
y
lead
in
g
to
a
n
elev
atio
n
in
th
e
s
er
v
ice
in
d
ex
.
T
h
e
d
ata
i
n
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
a
d
an
aly
s
is
v
a
lu
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
th
r
e
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
f
lex
u
r
al
test
ap
p
ar
atu
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
ica
te
th
at
th
e
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
s
p
ec
im
en
1
was
1
8
8
.
5
kN
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
was
u
s
ed
wit
h
o
u
t
a
wir
e
m
esh
la
y
er
an
d
ex
h
ib
ite
d
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
lo
a
d
-
b
ea
r
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Sp
ec
im
en
2
h
as a
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
lo
ad
ar
ea
th
at
is
2
0
m
m
s
m
aller
th
an
th
e
ten
s
ile
lo
ad
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
o
b
ject'
s
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
to
b
e
1
9
7
.
7
kN
.
Sp
ec
im
e
n
3
ex
h
ib
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
f
lex
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
o
th
er
p
lace
m
e
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
v
alu
e
o
f
2
9
1
.
8
5
k
N.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
im
en
4
ex
h
ib
ited
a
f
o
r
ce
o
f
2
5
1
.
3
kN
with
a
wir
e
m
esh
p
lace
m
en
t o
f
4
0
mm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
1
0
4
3
-
1
04
9
1048
T
ab
le
4
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
lo
a
d
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
Te
s
t
s
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
Lo
a
d
(P)
S
p
e
c
i
me
n
k
N
N
1
1
8
8
.
50
1
8
8
.
5
0
0
2
1
9
7
.
70
1
9
7
.
7
0
0
3
2
9
1
.
85
2
9
1
.
8
5
0
4
2
5
1
.
30
2
5
1
.
3
0
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
h
o
t
m
i
x
asp
h
alt
e
x
h
i
b
its
a
s
tate
o
f
b
ala
n
ce
in
its
c
ap
ac
ity
to
en
d
u
r
e
b
o
th
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
ten
s
ile
p
r
ess
u
r
es.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
wir
e
m
esh
lay
er
with
in
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
asp
h
alt
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
er
ed
t
o
au
g
m
en
t
its
a
b
ilit
y
to
with
s
tan
d
ten
s
ile
lo
ad
s
,
h
en
ce
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
a
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esh
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in
th
e
m
i
d
d
le
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
h
o
t
m
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asp
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alt
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o
v
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ab
ilit
y
t
o
with
s
tan
d
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s
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th
er
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b
y
m
ax
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ess
.
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h
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h
ig
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est
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lex
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r
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tan
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alu
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em
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s
tr
ates
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at
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m
ix
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h
as
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al
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ess
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d
ten
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ile
s
tr
ain
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
A
.
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a
l
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.
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[
2
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Y
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.
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.
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l
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.
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ra
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.
[
3
]
C
.
P
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.
[
4
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P
.
Jafari
H
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d
M
.
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[
5
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L.
S
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a
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d
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.
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S
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a
b
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,
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p
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me
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[
6
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[
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P
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,
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G
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.
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.
E
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g
.
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5
.
[
8
]
M
.
A
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sh
a
d
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M
.
F
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m
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d
,
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Bu
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[
9
]
Y
.
H
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,
X
.
J
i
,
X
.
S
u
,
W
.
Z
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a
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,
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L.
Li
u
,
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La
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[
1
0
]
E.
Y
.
A
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ma
n
,
M
.
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,
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a
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d
Y
.
M
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)
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,
”
J
.
Ap
p
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.
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.
T
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.
S
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v
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.
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2
.
[
1
1
]
J.
Li
,
J.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
Y
.
Y
a
o
,
J.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
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d
J.
P
e
n
g
,
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N
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m
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met
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.
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.
[
1
2
]
B.
K
e
r
m
a
n
i
,
M
.
X
i
a
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
S
t
o
f
f
e
l
s,
“
A
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[
1
3
]
J.
P
o
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i
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D
.
R
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,
F
.
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n
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I
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t
.
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.
P
a
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E
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.
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.
[
1
4
]
A
.
K
.
S
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n
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a
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d
J.
P
.
S
a
h
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in
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.
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n
p
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fro
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Un
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y
iah
K
u
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la
in
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rre
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tl
y
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h
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imi
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p
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rm
a
n
e
n
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lec
tu
re
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th
e
De
p
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rtme
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t
o
f
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g
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c
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lt
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n
g
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lu
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m
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o
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sa
m
e
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stit
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ti
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n
in
2
0
1
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.
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rre
n
tl
y
,
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d
e
n
De
d
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se
rv
e
s
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a
p
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rm
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h
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p
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o
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g
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c
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lt
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f
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n
g
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g
,
Un
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v
e
rsitas
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u
slim
,
lo
c
a
ted
in
M
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t
a
n
g
G
lu
m
p
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n
g
d
u
a
,
Ac
e
h
,
In
d
o
n
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sia
.
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e
x
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se
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n
d
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ica
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n
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il
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ra
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n
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m
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il
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c
o
m
.
Ric
h
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r
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M
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lt
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g
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t
M
a
li
k
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ss
a
leh
Un
iv
e
rsity
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
Bu
i
ld
i
n
g
o
n
th
is
fo
u
n
d
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ti
o
n
,
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
i
s
m
a
ste
r’s
d
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re
e
in
c
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n
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in
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rin
g
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
S
y
i
a
h
Ku
a
la
in
2
0
2
2
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
Ric
h
a
rd
se
rv
e
s
a
s
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p
e
rm
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n
e
n
t
lec
tu
re
r
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t
h
e
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p
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rtme
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o
f
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g
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g
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F
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c
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lt
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f
En
g
in
e
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g
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n
iv
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rsitas
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slim
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M
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tan
g
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lu
m
p
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n
g
d
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a
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h
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I
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n
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F
o
r
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c
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d
e
m
ic
o
r
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ro
fe
ss
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l
in
q
u
iri
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s,
Rich
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r
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a
n
b
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re
a
c
h
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d
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t
rich
a
rd
m
a
re
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o
4
3
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m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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