I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
7
7
3
~
7
80
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
773
-
7
8
0
773
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
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Ev
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eness
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hom
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Art
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nfo
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S
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RAC
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ticle
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to
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y:
R
ec
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ed
Ap
r
il
04
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2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ap
r
il
21
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
May
17
,
2
0
2
4
P
lu
g
-
in
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(P
EV
S
)
h
a
v
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
l
y
p
o
p
u
lar
a
s
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v
iab
le
tra
n
sp
o
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tatio
n
o
p
ti
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a
s
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wn
e
rs
c
a
n
c
h
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rg
e
th
e
m
a
t
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m
e
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is
will
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d
d
m
u
c
h
e
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e
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g
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th
e
h
o
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se
if
th
e
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se
rs
c
h
a
rg
e
th
e
ir
P
EVs
a
t
h
o
m
e
.
T
h
e
P
EV
c
h
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rg
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n
g
l
o
a
d
wil
l
lea
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to
e
x
tra
e
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e
rg
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
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istri
b
u
t
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e
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rk
,
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n
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t
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se
rs
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e
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to
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it
y
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th
e
y
u
se
th
e
c
u
rr
e
n
t
d
o
m
e
stic
tariff
in
M
a
lay
s
ia.
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is
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ims
to
a
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a
ly
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e
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e
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c
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m
e
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tariffs
with
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iffer
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n
t
ti
m
e
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g
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e
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tatio
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s
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n
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it
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t
o
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e
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d
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s
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e
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in
v
e
stig
a
t
e
d
in
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s
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c
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se
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d
y
.
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o
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r
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EV
c
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rio
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we
re
c
re
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ted
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d
t
h
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c
h
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r
g
in
g
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ime
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we
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se
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c
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rd
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to
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lay
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rg
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t
6
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M
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1
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M
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a
n
d
9
A
M
.
T
h
e
P
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a
n
d
e
lec
tri
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v
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h
icle
su
p
p
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q
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ip
m
e
n
t
(EV
S
E)
a
re
se
t
to
b
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m
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g
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n
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o
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s,
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n
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th
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EV
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s
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s
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m
e
d
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h
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v
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a
m
in
imu
m
sta
te
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of
-
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h
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rg
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o
f
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%
.
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h
e
m
a
in
c
o
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b
u
ti
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o
f
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is
p
a
p
e
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lec
ti
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o
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th
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To
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tariff
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g
m
e
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tatio
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wh
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th
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c
tu
re
o
f
t
h
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sm
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ll
e
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ti
m
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m
e
n
tatio
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v
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th
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lo
we
st
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
b
il
l
p
e
r
m
o
n
t
h
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
t
h
e
Ten
a
g
a
M
a
lay
sia
Be
rh
a
d
(
TNB
)
d
o
m
e
stic tariff
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Do
m
esti
c
tar
if
f
Plu
g
-
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
Pric
e
elasticity
State
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
T
im
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nu
r
liy
an
a
B
ah
ar
in
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
i
k
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
7
6
1
0
0
,
Han
g
T
u
ah
J
ay
a,
Me
la
k
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
ail: liy
an
a@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
Ag
en
c
y
(
I
E
A
)
,
v
eh
icle
n
u
m
b
er
s
r
ea
c
h
ed
1
0
m
illi
o
n
wo
r
ld
wid
e
in
2
0
2
0
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
f
u
el
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
[
1
]
.
Plu
g
-
in
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
PEVs)
o
f
f
er
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
with
1
m
illi
o
n
in
ASEA
N,
in
clu
d
in
g
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Desp
ite
tax
in
ce
n
tiv
es
s
in
ce
2
0
1
2
an
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
em
p
tio
n
s
in
2
0
2
2
[
2
]
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
till
h
as
f
ewe
r
PEVs
th
an
o
th
e
r
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
PEV
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
will
r
aise
elec
tr
icity
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
im
p
ac
t
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
2
0
2
6
,
3
5
m
illi
o
n
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
g
lo
b
ally
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
u
s
e
P
E
Vs,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
1
b
illi
o
n
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
with
5
5
%
u
s
in
g
wall
b
o
x
c
h
ar
g
e
r
s
an
d
4
5
%
u
s
in
g
m
ain
p
lu
g
c
h
ar
g
er
s
[
3
]
.
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
to
m
atch
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
with
d
em
an
d
to
av
o
id
h
ar
m
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Un
co
n
t
r
o
lled
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
[
4
]
-
[
8
]
,
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
[
9
]
,
ac
ce
ler
ates
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
g
in
g
an
d
l
o
ad
in
g
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
6
]
a
n
d
ca
u
s
es
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
tim
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
(
T
o
U)
tar
if
f
s
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
PE
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
with
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
.
A
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
ch
a
r
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
o
p
tim
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tar
tin
g
tim
e
u
n
d
e
r
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
r
e
d
u
ce
s
n
etwo
r
k
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
en
h
a
n
c
es
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
an
d
m
in
im
i
z
es
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
co
s
ts
[
2
0
]
.
L
im
ited
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
f
o
r
PEV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
b
u
t
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
ap
p
ly
T
o
U
tar
i
f
f
s
with
two
elasticity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
773
-
7
8
0
774
co
ef
f
icien
ts
to
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
an
d
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
.
Dy
n
am
ic
T
o
U
p
r
icin
g
lo
wer
s
PEV
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
ex
p
en
s
es,
b
en
ef
itin
g
u
s
er
s
f
in
an
cially
[
2
0
]
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
r
an
d
o
m
i
z
in
g
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
p
er
i
o
d
s
with
T
o
U
r
ates
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
ea
k
l
o
ad
s
[
2
1
]
.
Dem
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
lik
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
ice
(
R
T
P)
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
iti
g
ate
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
[
2
2
]
,
alth
o
u
g
h
r
esid
en
tial
T
o
U
r
ates
ar
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
d
u
e
to
p
r
ice
elasticity
an
d
we
ath
er
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
T
o
U
p
r
icin
g
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ap
p
ly
to
th
e
PEV
h
o
m
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
clu
d
ed
in
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
lo
a
d
s
.
T
o
d
a
te,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
h
as
e
x
am
in
ed
p
r
ice
e
last
icity
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
T
o
U
tar
i
f
f
s
f
o
r
PEV
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ests
.
L
im
ited
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
f
o
r
PEV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
b
u
t
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
ap
p
ly
T
o
U
tar
i
f
f
s
with
two
elasticity
co
ef
f
icien
ts
to
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
a
n
d
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
[
2
5
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
p
r
i
ce
elasticity
in
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
ap
p
lied
to
o
n
ly
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
lo
ad
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
2
6
]
.
T
o
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
will
u
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
et
b
y
th
e
two
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
elasticity
co
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
ap
p
ly
it
to
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
an
d
PEV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
to
g
eth
er
.
T
h
e
aim
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
i
)
to
an
aly
z
e
t
h
e
PEV
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
o
s
ts
u
s
in
g
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
wit
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
tim
e
s
eg
m
en
ts
an
d
p
r
ice
elasticity
an
d
ii
)
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
esid
en
tial
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
p
atter
n
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ca
n
g
u
id
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
an
d
r
elate
d
b
o
d
ies
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
wh
en
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
E
V
h
o
m
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
ain
d
er
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
i
z
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
th
e
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
m
o
d
el
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
p
r
ice
f
o
r
th
e
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
i
n
s
ec
ti
on
4
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
elast
icity
p
r
ice
o
n
th
e
t
o
tal
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ity
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
elev
an
t
in
p
u
t
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
PEVs,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
u
p
p
ly
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
(
E
VSE
)
,
p
r
ice
tar
if
f
s
,
an
d
ac
t
u
al
en
er
g
y
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
wer
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
was
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
d
r
iv
in
g
an
d
life
s
ty
le
p
atter
n
s
.
A
f
o
r
m
u
la
was
d
er
iv
ed
to
c
o
m
p
u
te
th
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
ice
u
n
d
er
a
T
o
U.
Fin
ally
,
a
n
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
an
d
o
v
er
all
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ic
h
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
y
ield
s
th
e
lo
west
m
o
n
th
ly
elec
tr
icity
co
s
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
d
o
m
esti
c
an
d
f
ix
e
d
-
p
r
ice
ta
r
if
f
s
.
2
.
1
.
Resid
ent
ia
l
lo
a
d p
ro
f
ile
A
s
in
g
le
-
s
to
r
y
b
u
n
g
al
o
w
h
o
u
s
e
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
ject
as
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
th
at
h
as
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
iles
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
ty
p
es
o
f
r
esid
en
tial
h
o
u
s
e
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
ty
p
es
o
f
h
o
u
s
es
ar
e
s
in
g
le
-
s
to
r
y
,
d
o
u
b
le
-
s
to
r
y
,
s
em
i
-
d
etac
h
ed
,
an
d
b
u
n
g
alo
w
h
o
u
s
es.
T
h
e
ap
ar
tm
en
t
o
r
co
n
d
o
m
in
iu
m
ty
p
e
is
n
o
t
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
r
t
is
u
s
u
ally
in
s
talled
in
th
e
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
t
an
d
ch
ar
g
es
p
e
r
s
er
v
ice
r
ate.
Hen
c
e,
th
ese
f
o
u
r
h
o
u
s
es
wer
e
s
ele
cted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
th
ey
co
u
l
d
b
e
in
s
talled
with
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
PEV
ch
ar
g
er
o
r
E
VSE.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Po
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
r
o
f
iles
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t ty
p
es o
f
r
esid
en
tial h
o
u
s
es
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
:
0
0
2
:
0
0
3
:
0
0
4
:
0
0
5
:
0
0
6
:
0
0
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
9
:
0
0
1
0
:
0
0
1
1
:
0
0
1
2
:
0
0
1
3
:
0
0
1
4
:
0
0
1
5
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
8
:
0
0
1
9
:
0
0
2
0
:
0
0
2
1
:
0
0
2
2
:
0
0
2
3
:
0
0
0
:
0
0
P
o
w
e
r
co
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
)
T
i
me
(
h
o
u
r
)
S
i
n
g
l
e
S
t
o
r
y
D
o
u
b
l
e
S
t
o
r
y
Se
mi
-
D
B
u
n
g
a
l
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
time
-
of
-
u
s
e
ta
r
iff r
esp
o
n
s
iven
ess
fo
r
p
lu
g
-
in
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
… (
N
u
r
liya
n
a
B
in
ti B
a
h
a
r
in
)
775
2
.
2
.
P
lug
-
in ele
ct
ric
v
ehicles
cha
rg
ing
pa
ra
m
e
t
er
s
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
n
e
ty
p
e
o
f
PEV
m
o
d
el,
th
e
Nis
s
an
L
ea
f
New
R
an
g
e
2
0
2
2
.
Usi
n
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
PEV
in
d
icate
s
th
at
it
tak
es
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
h
o
u
r
s
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
u
n
d
er
m
in
im
al
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
(
S
o
C
)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
u
lly
.
T
h
is
E
V
h
a
s
a
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
4
0
k
W
h
an
d
ch
ar
g
es
at
an
in
p
u
t
r
ate
o
f
2
3
0
V/1
0
A,
r
es
u
ltin
g
in
a
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
a
d
o
f
6
.
6
k
W
p
er
h
o
u
r
.
I
t
ca
m
e
with
it
s
E
VSE
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
in
s
talled
at
h
o
m
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
e
S
o
C
o
f
th
e
PE
V
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ep
lete
en
tire
ly
b
ef
o
r
e
in
itiatin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
in
itiatin
g
th
e
PEV
b
atter
y
's
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
So
C
r
e
ac
h
es
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
2
0
-
3
0
%
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
S
o
C
will
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
a
m
in
im
u
m
lev
el
o
f
2
0
%
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
1
0
0
%.
T
h
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
to
co
n
d
u
c
t
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
r
eq
u
ir
e
ar
o
u
n
d
s
ev
en
h
o
u
r
s
to
r
e
ac
h
f
u
l
l
ca
p
ac
i
ty
wh
ile
d
r
awin
g
a
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
o
f
4
6
.
2
k
W
.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
te
m
p
o
r
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
es
will
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t sectio
n
.
2
.
3
.
P
lug
-
in ele
ct
ric
v
ehicle
cha
rg
ing
s
ce
na
rio
s
T
h
r
ee
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es we
r
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
d
r
iv
in
g
s
ty
les:
PEV
an
d
s
tar
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
at
6
PM,
1
0
PM,
an
d
9
AM
,
6
P
M
is
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
p
eo
p
le
s
tar
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
ei
r
PEVs
wh
en
th
ey
ar
r
iv
e
h
o
m
e
af
ter
wo
r
k
.
1
0
PM
is
ch
o
s
en
b
y
ass
u
m
in
g
p
e
o
p
le
ch
a
r
g
ed
th
eir
PEV
d
u
r
in
g
s
leep
tim
e,
an
d
9
AM
is
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
s
tay
h
o
m
e.
Fo
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
T
C
1
,
th
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
eir
PEV
d
aily
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
PTC(n
)
in
k
W
f
o
r
all
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
s
tar
ts
at
6
PM,
1
0
PM,
an
d
9
AM
,
as
g
iv
en
in
(
1
)
,
with
n
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
n
=1
,
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
.
T
h
e
o
th
e
r
lab
els
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
P
TC
(
n
)
,
6
PM
/
10
PM
/
9
AM
=
∑
[
∑
P
d
(
t
,
D
)
24
t
+
∑
P
EV
(
t
)
6
PM
/
10
PM
/
9
AM
7
t
]
N
D
(
1
)
T
ab
le
1
.
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
in
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
P
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
sess
i
o
n
s (
d
a
y
s)
6
P
M
1
0
P
M
9
A
M
TC
1
30
D
=
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
/
/
/
TC
2
15
D
1
=
1
,
3,
5
…
(
o
d
d
d
a
y
s)
D
2
=
2
,
4,
6
…
(
e
v
e
n
d
a
y
s)
/
/
/
TC
3
10
D
3
=
1
,
4,
7,
1
0
,
1
3
,
1
6
,
1
9
,
2
2
,
2
5
,
28
D
4
=
o
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
D
1
i
n
3
0
d
a
y
s
/
/
/
TC
4
22
D
5
=
1
,
5,
6,
1
1
,
1
3
,
1
5
,
1
8
,
2
1
,
22
D
6
=
2
,
9,
1
6
,
30
D
7
=
3
,
4,
7,
1
7
,
1
9
,
2
0
,
2
8
,
29
D
8
=
8
,
1
0
,
1
2
,
1
4
,
2
3
,
2
4
,
2
6
,
27
R
a
n
d
o
m
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
me
2
.
4
.
E
lect
ricit
y
price
a
na
ly
s
i
s
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ap
p
lies
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
T
o
U
tar
if
f
with
two
p
r
ic
e
elasticity
v
alu
es:
=
−
0
.
02
(
o
v
e
r
all
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia)
a
n
d
=
−
0
.
27
(
r
esid
en
tial
cu
s
to
m
er
s
)
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
8
]
with
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
en
ag
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
B
er
h
ad
(
T
NB
)
d
o
m
esti
c
tar
if
f
[
2
9
]
,
a
f
i
x
ed
-
p
r
ice
(
R
M0
.
2
5
)
,
an
d
eig
h
t d
if
f
er
en
t T
o
U
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
with
to
tal
elec
tr
icity
co
s
t
s
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
s
es
T
C
1
,
T
C
2
,
T
C
3
,
an
d
T
C
4
ca
lc
u
lated
as in
(
2
)
.
,
=
(
)
×
0
.
25
(
2
)
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
i
ce
f
o
r
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
f
o
r
all
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
is
lis
ted
in
(
3
)
.
T
ab
le
1
also
co
n
t
ain
s
th
e
o
th
er
lab
els
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la.
S
T
is
th
e
T
o
U
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
S1
α
,
S1
β,
S2
α
,
S2
β,
S3
α
,
S3
β,
S4
α
,
an
d
S4
β,
t
is
tim
e
in
h
o
u
r
s
(
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
)
,
Pd
(
t,D
)
is
to
tal
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
lo
ad
s
,
PEV(
t,D
)
is
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
,
an
d
b
g
is
th
e
T
o
U
b
lo
ck
with
g
=1
,
2,
3,
4,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
2
.
(
)
,
(
)
=
∑
[
(
(
∑
(
,
)
17
)
×
)
+
(
(
∑
(
,
)
7
)
×
)
]
(
3
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
ec
tio
n
will
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
p
ar
ts
:
a
b
aselin
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
an
d
p
r
ice
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
m
o
n
th
l
y
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
PEV
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices
b
etwe
en
T
o
U,
f
i
x
ed
p
r
ice,
a
n
d
T
NB
r
esid
en
tial
tar
if
f
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
iles
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
b
es
t
p
r
ice
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
t
h
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
.
T
h
e
p
r
ice
s
ig
n
al
s
er
v
es
as
an
in
d
icato
r
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
T
o
U
tar
if
f
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
o
ad
p
r
o
f
ile.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
773
-
7
8
0
776
3
.
1
.
B
a
s
eline
ca
s
es
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
am
in
es
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
to
b
a
s
elin
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
it
with
th
e
T
NB
d
o
m
esti
c,
a
f
ix
ed
p
r
ice
o
f
R
M0
.
2
5
,
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
T
o
U
tar
i
f
f
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es:
S1
,
S2
,
S3
,
a
n
d
S4
.
Fr
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
f
ix
ed
p
r
ice
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
lo
west
elec
tr
i
city
b
ill
at
R
M
1
9
4
.
6
7
p
er
m
o
n
th
b
u
t
is
im
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
u
s
es
th
e
f
i
x
ed
p
r
ice
as
a
b
aselin
e
to
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
with
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
,
wh
ich
,
ex
clu
d
in
g
th
e
f
ix
ed
p
r
i
ce
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
elec
tr
icity
b
ill
b
y
3
8
%,
f
r
o
m
R
M
3
2
8
.
9
9
to
RM
2
0
4
.
9
4
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
S2
.
Hen
ce
,
T
O
U
tar
if
f
S2
g
av
e
th
e
lo
west p
r
i
ce
f
o
r
b
aselin
e
lo
ad
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
lectr
icity
p
r
ice
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
f
o
r
b
aselin
e
lo
ad
s
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
3
.
2
.
P
lug
-
in ele
ct
ric
v
ehicles c
ha
rg
ing
ef
f
ec
t
on
po
wer
co
ns
um
ptio
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
PEV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
ctiv
ity
o
n
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
4
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
a
p
p
li
ed
,
with
T
C
1
,
T
C
2
,
an
d
T
C
3
h
av
in
g
3
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
es,
an
d
f
o
r
T
C
4
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
ap
p
lied
in
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
T
C
1
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
2
1
6
4
.
6
7
6
k
W
,
with
a
2
8
%
in
c
r
ea
s
e.
Fo
llo
wed
b
y
T
C
4
with
2
1
3
5
.
2
0
1
k
W
,
a
2
7
%
in
cr
ea
s
e;
T
C
2
with
1
4
7
1
.
6
7
6
k
W
,
a
1
9
%
in
cr
ea
s
e;
an
d
th
e
lo
west
ca
s
e,
T
C
3
,
with
1
2
4
0
.
6
7
6
k
W
,
a
1
6
%
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
T
C
4
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
wh
ile
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
p
r
ea
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t tim
e,
it st
ill co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
ig
h
est to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
e
r
ce
n
t
ag
e
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
PEV
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
2
2
0
.
5
7
-
34%
-
36%
-
38%
-
37%
-
34%
-
36%
-
33%
-
36%
-
41%
-
4
5
%
-
4
0
%
-
3
5
%
-
3
0
%
-
2
5
%
-
2
0
%
-
1
5
%
-
1
0
%
-
5
%
0%
0
50
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
3
5
0
S1
α
S1
β
S2
α
S2
β
S3
α
S3
β
S4
α
S4
β
F
i
x
e
d
P
r
i
c
e
TN
B
Ta
r
i
f
f
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
d
e
c
r
e
a
se
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
p
r
i
c
e
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
r
y
p
r
i
c
e
(
R
M
)
T
a
r
i
f
f
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
P
r
i
c
e
f
o
r
1
mo
n
t
h
%
C
h
a
n
g
e
7
7
8
.
6
7
6
,
10%
2
1
6
4
.
6
7
6
,
28%
1
4
7
1
.
6
7
6
,
19%
1
2
4
0
.
6
7
6
,
16%
2
1
3
5
.
2
0
1
,
27%
B
a
sel
i
n
e
TC
1
TC
2
TC
3
TC
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
time
-
of
-
u
s
e
ta
r
iff r
esp
o
n
s
iven
ess
fo
r
p
lu
g
-
in
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
… (
N
u
r
liya
n
a
B
in
ti B
a
h
a
r
in
)
777
3
.
3
.
P
lug
-
in ele
ct
ric
v
ehicles c
ha
rg
ing
ef
f
ec
t
o
n e
lect
ricit
y
price
Dy
n
am
ic
p
r
ices
lik
e
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
h
o
u
r
ly
o
r
s
eg
m
en
t
-
b
ased
v
ar
iatio
n
s
allo
w
f
o
r
s
elec
tiv
e
elec
tr
icity
u
s
e
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
T
NB
r
esid
en
tial,
f
ix
ed
-
p
r
ice,
an
d
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
T
NB
d
o
m
esti
c
tar
if
f
'
s
b
a
s
eli
n
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
ap
p
lied
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
PEV
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
with
th
e
to
tal
b
il
l
f
o
r
Sep
tem
b
er
a
n
d
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
1
at
R
M3
2
8
.
9
9
.
T
C
4
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
b
ill
with
a
2
3
5
%
in
cr
ea
s
e,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
T
C
1
at
2
3
1
%,
wh
ile
T
C
3
h
as
th
e
lo
west
in
cr
ea
s
e
at
7
9
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
aselin
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
f
i
x
ed
an
d
T
o
U
p
r
ices
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
T
C
1
,
T
C
2
,
T
C
3
,
T
C
4
)
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
E
Vs
at
6
P
M
u
n
d
er
S3
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
lo
west
p
r
ice
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
o
r
T
C
1
(
2
1
9
.
7
%),
T
C
2
(
1
0
9
.
9
%),
an
d
T
C
3
(
7
9
.
3
%).
C
h
ar
g
in
g
at
1
0
PM,
S1
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
th
e
lo
west
p
r
ice
in
cr
ea
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
with
T
C
1
at
1
5
1
.
1
%,
T
C
2
at
7
5
.
6
%,
T
C
3
at
5
0
.
4
%,
an
d
T
C
4
at
1
7
1
.
2
%.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
at
9
AM
,
S1
ag
ain
y
ield
ed
th
e
lo
west
p
r
ice
ch
an
g
es
f
o
r
T
C
1
(
9
6
.
2
%),
T
C
2
(
4
8
.
1
%),
a
n
d
T
C
3
(
3
2
.
1
%).
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lectr
icity
p
r
ice
u
s
in
g
T
NB
d
o
m
esti
c
tar
if
f
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
PEV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
p
er
c
en
tag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
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en
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s
in
g
th
e
T
o
U
tar
if
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
PEV
ch
ar
g
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g
tim
es
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d
s
ce
n
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io
s
p
o
wer
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em
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n
d
p
r
o
f
iles
,
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m
p
ar
in
g
T
o
U
tar
if
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
(
S1
,
S2
,
S3
,
S4
)
with
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
ice
elasticity
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
T
C
4
.
T
C
4
's
r
an
d
o
m
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es
co
n
f
ir
m
S1
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
,
c
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
with
S4
'
s
h
ig
h
c
o
s
ts
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
(
9
PM
to
1
0
PM)
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
lo
west
m
o
n
th
ly
elec
tr
icity
b
ill
f
o
r
b
u
n
g
alo
ws
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
PEVs
at
1
0
PM
an
d
9
AM
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
S1
,
wh
ich
h
as
o
n
l
y
f
o
u
r
p
r
ice
s
eg
m
en
ts
p
er
d
a
y
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Stru
ctu
r
e
S1
is
th
e
b
est
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o
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tar
i
f
f
f
o
r
r
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en
tial
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g
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r
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aselin
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e
o
p
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o
U
s
tr
u
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r
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g
le
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y
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α
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le
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em
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etac
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s
t
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s
es
r
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p
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f
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.
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ep
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tin
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lay
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i
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o
n
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m
er
s
.
T
h
e
T
C
4
ch
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r
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s
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lts
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ty
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lik
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s
e
f
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n
g
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4
I
n
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se
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e
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t
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6
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TC
1
TC
2
TC
3
TC
4
TC
1
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2
TC
3
TC
4
TC
1
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TC
3
TC
4
TC
1
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2
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3
TC
4
TC
1
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2
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3
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4
TC
1
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2
TC
3
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4
TC
1
TC
2
TC
3
TC
4
TC
1
TC
2
TC
3
TC
4
S1
α
S1
β
S2
α
S2
β
S3
α
S3
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S4
α
S4
β
B
a
se
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r
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r
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M
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h
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r
g
i
n
g
9
A
M
B
a
se
D
e
ma
n
d
(
R
M
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
773
-
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8
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
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o
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m
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C
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.
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co
m
p
ar
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n
f
o
r
d
if
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er
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t ty
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices,
th
e
T
NB
d
o
m
esti
c,
f
ix
ed
-
p
r
ice,
an
d
T
o
U
tar
if
f
,
o
n
th
e
to
tal
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
wh
e
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
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lo
a
d
s
ar
e
ad
d
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d
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
all
ch
ar
g
in
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s
ce
n
ar
io
s
r
esp
o
n
d
m
o
r
e
to
t
h
e
T
o
U
tar
i
f
f
with
p
r
ice
elasticity
=
−
0
.
27
,
ex
ce
p
t
wh
er
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tar
ts
at
9
AM
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
p
r
ice
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
T
o
U
with
a
p
r
ice
elasticity
co
ef
f
icien
t
=
−
0
.
27
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
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f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial lo
ad
s
.
R
ed
u
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th
e
tem
p
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s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
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T
o
U
p
r
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s
tr
u
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r
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i
n
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ia
is
ad
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le.
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n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
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aly
z
e
d
if
f
er
en
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ty
p
es
o
f
r
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n
tial
h
o
u
s
in
g
a
v
ailab
l
e
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
s
u
ch
as
ap
ar
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en
ts
an
d
ter
r
ac
e
h
o
u
s
es.
T
h
e
ap
ar
tm
en
t
h
o
u
s
e
also
h
as
an
E
VSE
o
n
th
e
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
t.
A
p
r
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co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ca
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
wi
th
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
PEV
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
a
PEV
h
o
m
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
with
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
c
a
n
al
s
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
My
u
tm
o
s
t g
r
atitu
d
e
also
g
o
es to
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
HE
)
an
d
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n
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iti T
ek
n
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al
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lay
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Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
f
o
r
th
e
Ph
.
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.
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
.
Fu
r
th
er
ap
p
r
ec
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n
b
elo
n
g
s
to
T
NB
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
d
ata
an
d
o
th
e
r
v
al
u
ab
le
in
p
u
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
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T.
B
u
n
se
n
,
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l
o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
time
-
of
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fo
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tr
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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n
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.
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tri
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y
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e
r
(REE
M
)
in
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sia
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re
c
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n
it
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o
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p
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in
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su
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ti
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h
e
c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
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d
a
t
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m
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fri
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n
it
a
0
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it
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d
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m
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y
o
f
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(
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a
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in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
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,
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sp
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h
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T
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f
M
a
n
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h
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ste
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n
2
0
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.
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is
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rre
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tl
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p
a
rtme
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tri
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rin
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M
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is
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lso
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e
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a
d
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En
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r
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y
ste
m
(UMP
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)
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r
c
h
in
tere
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a
ti
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is
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lso
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h
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rtere
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g
in
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in
t
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a
n
d
a
p
ro
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ss
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a
l
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n
g
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r
in
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lay
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.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
z
li
@u
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.