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w
it
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
to
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
T
o
g
et
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
s
in
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
y
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
g
o
o
d
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
s
till
an
i
s
s
u
e
[
6
]
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
f
in
d
it
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
ad
o
p
t
an
d
u
s
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
also
b
e
an
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
f
am
iliar
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
i
n
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
u
s
e
[
7
]
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
an
d
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
s
,
h
eu
r
is
tic
ju
d
g
m
en
t
co
m
es
in
to
p
lay
at
th
is
p
o
in
t.
Heu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
ati
o
n
is
a
m
eth
o
d
in
wh
ich
ex
p
er
ts
lo
o
k
at
a
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
way
an
d
f
in
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
ased
o
n
a
s
et
o
f
r
u
les
[
8
]
.
He
u
r
is
tic
r
ev
iew
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
way
t
o
test
h
o
w
ea
s
y
-
to
-
u
s
e
a
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
is
,
in
c
l
u
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
u
s
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
E
x
p
er
t
r
ev
iewe
r
s
lo
o
k
at
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
an
d
f
in
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
b
ased
o
n
a
s
et
o
f
r
u
les
o
r
h
eu
r
is
tics
th
at
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
s
et
u
p
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
h
eu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
First,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
is
s
till
a
r
el
ativ
ely
n
ew
id
ea
th
at
is
s
till
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
,
th
er
e
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
m
a
n
y
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
d
esig
n
r
u
les
o
r
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
th
is
ar
ea
.
Heu
r
is
tic
r
ev
iews
ca
n
h
elp
f
in
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wh
er
e
m
etav
er
s
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
d
esig
n
ed
.
Sec
o
n
d
,
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
an
d
in
ter
a
ctio
n
s
in
m
etav
e
r
s
e
ap
p
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
co
m
p
licated
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
h
ar
d
to
u
s
e.
H
eu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
is
an
o
r
g
a
n
ized
way
to
f
in
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
esig
n
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
i
n
g
s
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
also
lo
o
k
s
in
t
o
t
h
e
h
e
u
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
u
s
er
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
n
R
o
b
lo
x
,
Z
ep
eto
,
an
d
Gath
er
T
o
wn
[
1
0
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
co
n
ce
p
t
is
s
til
l
ev
o
lv
in
g
,
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
m
all
m
etav
er
s
es
with
m
etav
er
s
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
An
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
m
etav
er
s
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
ju
s
t
r
ele
ased
in
2
0
2
2
is
E
d
v
er
s
e.
E
d
v
er
s
e
was
in
itially
r
elea
s
ed
in
2
0
2
2
an
d
is
s
ti
ll
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
n
til
n
o
w.
I
t
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
an
im
m
er
s
iv
e
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ate
o
n
t
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
On
th
e
E
d
v
er
s
e
p
latf
o
r
m
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
ey
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
lear
n
er
s
a
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ca
n
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
th
e
a
ctiv
ities
o
f
f
er
ed
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
teac
h
e
r
s
wh
o
ca
n
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
E
d
-
NFTs.
Pro
m
o
ter
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
,
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
a
n
d
r
en
tin
g
o
u
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
,
wh
ile
cr
ea
to
r
s
m
ak
e
Ed
-
NFTs th
at
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
r
e
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
tim
elin
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
web
s
ite,
in
2
0
2
3
Q1
,
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
will
lau
n
ch
a
b
eta
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
o
r
a
d
d
itio
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
class
r
o
o
m
.
I
n
Q2
2
0
2
3
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
is
s
et
to
r
elea
s
e
th
e
en
tire
E
DV
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
alo
n
g
with
its
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
p
latf
o
r
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
p
latf
o
r
m
is
s
til
l
in
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
alr
ea
d
y
cr
ea
t
e
an
o
n
lin
e
class
r
o
o
m
f
r
ee
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
its
f
ea
tu
r
es.
Me
tav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
e
c
o
m
p
lex
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
o
id
en
tify
in
g
an
y
is
s
u
es
th
at
m
ig
h
t
af
f
ec
t
lear
n
in
g
is
ess
en
tial
[
1
1
]
.
Heu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
well
-
k
n
o
wn
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
les an
d
b
est p
r
ac
tices,
p
r
o
v
es to
b
e
v
alu
a
b
le
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
en
'
t
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
with
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
h
eu
r
is
tics
to
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Me
tav
er
s
e
o
f
f
er
s
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lik
e
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
v
i
r
tu
al
em
b
o
d
im
e
n
t,
an
d
r
ea
l
o
n
lin
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
elies
o
n
im
m
er
s
io
n
an
d
p
r
esen
ce
,
h
o
wev
er
,
cu
r
r
en
t
h
eu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
id
en
tify
an
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ize
th
e
m
ain
u
s
ab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
y
d
o
in
g
h
eu
r
is
tic
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lo
o
k
ed
in
to
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
eu
r
is
tic
i
s
s
u
e
f
o
r
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
will
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
to
a
v
ar
ie
ty
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ar
ties
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
th
at
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
b
y
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
s
ca
n
b
e
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ed
u
ca
ted
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
to
b
e
m
ad
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
to
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
3
]
.
Desig
n
er
s
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
e
r
s
ca
n
u
tili
ze
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
cr
ea
ted
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
s
tu
d
y
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
d
esig
n
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
f
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
en
d
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
etav
er
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
with
th
e
e
n
d
g
o
al
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
va
lu
a
tin
g
meta
ve
r
s
e
p
la
tfo
r
ms fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l p
u
r
p
o
s
es:
a
h
eu
r
is
tic
… (
C
a
d
elin
a
C
a
s
s
a
n
d
r
a
)
1025
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
p
ar
t
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
i
s
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
co
n
ce
p
t,
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
is
a
m
etav
er
s
e
p
latf
o
r
m
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
i
s
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
h
eu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
as th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
1
.
M
et
a
v
er
s
e
co
ncept
A
m
etav
er
s
e
is
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
wo
r
l
d
s
,
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
a
n
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e,
p
er
s
is
ten
t,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
VR
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
a
m
eta
v
e
r
s
e,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
e
n
g
ag
e
with
av
atar
s
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
s
elv
es,
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
o
th
e
r
u
s
er
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
T
h
ey
ca
n
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
i
v
er
s
e
v
ir
t
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
en
g
a
g
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
,
cr
ea
te
an
d
m
an
ip
u
late
v
ir
tu
al
o
b
jects,
an
d
en
g
ag
e
in
s
o
cial,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
t
iv
ities
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
ile
s
cien
ce
f
ictio
n
liter
atu
r
e,
f
ilm
s
,
an
d
v
id
e
o
g
am
es
h
av
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ized
t
h
e
m
etav
e
r
s
e
co
n
ce
p
t
,
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ar
e
b
r
i
n
g
in
g
it
cl
o
s
er
to
r
ea
lity
[
1
6
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
es,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
io
n
ee
r
s
a
r
e
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
etav
e
r
s
e
an
d
im
ag
in
in
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
u
tu
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
co
n
ce
p
t
is
s
ti
ll
ev
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
its
p
r
ec
is
e
f
o
r
m
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
m
ay
v
ar
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
d
eb
ates
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
its
tech
n
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
an
d
et
h
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
v
is
io
n
o
f
a
f
u
lly
r
ea
lized
m
et
av
er
s
e
co
n
ti
n
u
es
to
ca
p
tiv
ate
th
e
im
ag
in
atio
n
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
as tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
v
an
ce
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
et
a
v
er
s
e
pla
t
f
o
rm
f
o
r
educa
t
io
n purpo
s
e
s
A
m
etav
er
s
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
v
ir
tu
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
c
r
ea
t
ed
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
m
a
k
es
im
m
er
s
iv
e,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
lace
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e.
Stu
d
e
n
t
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
en
g
ag
e
in
v
ir
tu
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
ex
am
in
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
n
t,
in
ter
ac
t
with
d
ig
ital
o
b
jects,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
n
a
m
eta
v
er
s
e
p
la
tf
o
r
m
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
a
f
f
o
r
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
c
h
an
ce
to
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
t
o
s
o
lv
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
la
tf
o
r
m
ca
n
g
iv
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
v
ir
tu
al
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
le
s
s
o
n
s
,
3
D
m
o
d
els,
v
ir
tu
al
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
I
t a
llo
ws s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
ee
wh
at
ab
s
tr
ac
t
id
ea
s
l
o
o
k
lik
e,
p
lay
with
v
ir
tu
al
item
s
,
an
d
lear
n
in
way
s
th
at
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
a
p
h
y
s
ical
clas
s
r
o
o
m
.
A
m
etav
er
s
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
also
g
iv
e
y
o
u
o
p
tio
n
s
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
ti
m
e
an
d
p
lace
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
an
d
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
v
ir
tu
al
class
e
s
f
r
o
m
an
y
wh
er
e
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
f
o
r
th
em
to
lear
n
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
l
ac
e
[
2
0
]
.
E
x
am
p
les
o
f
m
eta
v
er
s
e
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
Z
ep
eto
,
R
o
b
lo
x
,
E
d
v
er
s
e,
E
d
u
v
er
s
e,
a
n
d
Mo
zil
la
Hu
b
s
.
2
.
3
.
H
euristic
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
A
well
-
k
n
o
wn
u
s
ab
ilit
y
e
x
p
e
r
t
n
am
ed
J
ak
o
b
Nielsen
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
a
s
et
o
f
r
u
les
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es
th
at
ar
e
n
o
w
wid
el
y
k
n
o
wn
a
n
d
u
s
ed
i
n
h
eu
r
is
ti
c
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
g
u
id
e
d
eter
m
in
in
g
wh
eth
er
a
u
s
er
in
te
r
f
ac
e
is
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e
an
d
f
in
d
i
n
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
He
r
e
is
h
o
w
J
ak
o
b
Nielsen
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
ten
r
u
les
[
2
0
]
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
u
le
is
th
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
.
T
h
is
r
u
le
will
k
ee
p
u
s
er
s
u
p
d
ate
d
o
n
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
an
d
g
iv
e
th
em
th
e
r
ig
h
t
co
m
m
en
ts
.
User
s
s
h
o
u
ld
k
n
o
w
wh
at
is
h
ap
p
en
in
g
,
wh
eth
er
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
u
n
n
in
g
,
a
p
ag
e
is
lo
ad
in
g
,
o
r
an
ac
tio
n
is
f
in
is
h
ed
.
T
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
r
u
le
is
a
m
atch
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
,
w
h
ich
em
p
lo
y
s
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
ter
m
in
o
l
o
g
y
,
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
,
an
d
an
alo
g
ies.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ea
lis
tic
in
it
s
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e,
s
o
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
walk
s
o
f
life
m
ay
p
ick
it
u
p
q
u
ick
ly
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
r
u
le
is
User
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
f
r
ee
d
o
m
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
u
s
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
ab
le
t
o
m
ak
e
th
eir
o
wn
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
m
o
v
e
f
r
ee
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
o
u
t
wo
r
r
y
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
u
n
i
n
ten
d
ed
c
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
.
Ma
k
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
u
n
d
o
an
d
r
e
d
o
ac
tio
n
s
in
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
an
e
r
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
r
u
le
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
k
ee
p
th
e
s
ty
le,
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
th
e
s
am
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
llo
w
s
e
t
d
esig
n
r
u
les
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
t
o
g
iv
e
u
s
er
s
a
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
f
if
t
h
r
u
le
is
er
r
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
la
ce
.
Use
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
va
lid
atio
n
,
an
d
ex
p
licit
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
to
d
ir
ec
t
u
s
er
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
ix
th
r
u
le
is
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
r
ec
all
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
less
en
in
g
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
to
d
o
b
y
m
ak
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ea
s
y
to
s
ee
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
Min
im
i
ze
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
to
r
em
em
b
er
a
n
d
in
s
tead
g
iv
e
th
em
v
is
u
al
cu
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
p
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ev
en
t
h
r
u
le
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
s
er
a
n
d
s
k
ill
lev
els.
T
h
e
n
ew
an
d
ex
p
er
t
u
s
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
it
to
g
et
th
in
g
s
d
o
n
e
q
u
ick
ly
.
Giv
e
p
o
wer
p
eo
p
le
s
h
o
r
tcu
ts
an
d
way
s
to
ch
an
g
e
th
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
eig
h
th
r
u
l
e
is
ae
s
th
etic
an
d
m
in
im
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1026
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b
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RE
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2
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A
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b
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J
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Nielsen
.
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eq
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m
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7
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2
0
]
,
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2
4
]
.
T
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x
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t
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h
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(
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(
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T
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[
1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
va
lu
a
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meta
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s
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p
la
tfo
r
ms fo
r
ed
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ca
tio
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C
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1027
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h
eu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
d
ata
will
b
e
s
y
n
th
esized
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
to
g
en
e
r
ate
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
will c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
b
r
o
ad
er
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
h
eu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
f
f
icac
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sev
er
ity
r
atin
g
s
ca
le
S
c
a
l
e
S
e
v
e
r
i
t
y
R
a
t
i
n
g
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
0
D
o
n
’
t
A
g
r
e
e
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
i
s
n
o
t
a
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
a
t
a
l
l
1
C
o
sm
e
t
i
c
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
N
e
e
d
n
o
t
b
e
f
i
x
e
d
u
n
l
e
ss
e
x
t
r
a
t
i
m
e
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
2
M
i
n
o
r
U
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
N
e
e
d
t
o
f
i
x
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m,
b
u
t
f
i
x
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
l
o
w
e
r
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
3
M
a
j
o
r
U
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
f
i
x
,
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
4
U
sab
i
l
i
t
y
C
a
t
a
st
r
o
p
h
e
I
t
i
s i
m
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
f
i
x
3
.
2
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n
d
esig
n
I
n
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
Nielsen
’
s
h
eu
r
is
tic
d
esig
n
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
th
e
ch
ec
k
lis
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
test
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
will
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
ea
ch
p
r
in
cip
le
an
d
will
b
e
an
s
wer
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
.
Her
e
ar
e
th
e
ch
ec
k
lis
ts
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
in
cip
le.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
will
g
iv
e
a
r
atin
g
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
e
v
er
ity
r
atin
g
s
ca
le
wh
ich
is
th
e
ch
ec
k
lis
t o
r
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
c
r
iter
ia
an
d
g
iv
en
t
o
th
e
ex
p
er
t to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
Heu
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t/in
d
icato
r
s
U
sab
i
l
i
t
y
A
sp
e
c
t
s
C
o
d
e
C
h
e
c
k
l
i
s
t
/
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
V
i
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
S
y
st
e
m S
t
a
t
u
s
X
1
.
1
C
l
e
a
r
v
i
s
u
a
l
c
u
e
s
o
r
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
t
o
t
e
l
l
u
sers
a
b
o
u
t
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
o
r
t
a
s
k
s
X
1
.
2
U
sers
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
u
p
d
a
t
e
s
o
n
sy
st
e
m
p
r
o
c
e
sses
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
,
s
y
n
c
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
u
p
d
a
t
e
s
X
1
.
3
Th
e
sy
s
t
e
m
st
a
t
u
s
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
M
a
t
c
h
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
S
y
st
e
m a
n
d
t
h
e
R
e
a
l
W
o
r
l
d
X
2
.
1
Th
e
t
e
r
ms
a
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
st
e
m
a
r
e
f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r
a
n
d
e
a
si
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
b
l
e
t
o
u
sers
X
2
.
2
Th
e
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
r
e
sem
b
l
e
s
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
X
2
.
3
Th
e
me
a
n
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
x
e
s a
n
d
i
c
o
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
u
sers
U
ser C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
F
r
e
e
d
o
m
X
3
.
1
U
sers
c
a
n
f
r
e
e
l
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
b
y
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
a
c
r
o
ss
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
r
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
X
3
.
2
U
sers c
a
n
u
n
d
o
o
r
r
e
d
o
t
h
e
i
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
o
f
i
x
m
i
st
a
k
e
s
o
r
r
e
v
e
r
t
t
o
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s s
t
a
t
e
s
X
3
.
3
U
sers c
a
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
se
t
t
i
n
g
s,
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
X
4
.
1
Th
e
c
o
l
o
r
sc
h
e
me,
t
y
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
a
n
d
l
a
y
o
u
t
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
a
c
r
o
ss s
c
r
e
e
n
s
X
4
.
2
U
sers c
a
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
X
4
.
3
Th
e
sam
e
-
si
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
c
o
n
s
Er
r
o
r
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
X
5
.
1
A
l
e
r
t
s
o
u
n
d
t
o
l
e
t
u
s
e
r
s
k
n
o
w
w
h
e
n
s
o
met
h
i
n
g
g
o
e
s wr
o
n
g
X
5
.
2
A
n
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
m
e
ss
a
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
w
h
a
t
mi
g
h
t
h
a
v
e
c
a
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
X
5
.
3
Er
r
o
r
mess
a
g
e
s
t
o
t
e
l
l
p
e
o
p
l
e
h
o
w
t
o
f
i
x
t
h
e
m
i
s
t
a
k
e
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
r
e
c
a
l
l
X
6
.
1
Th
e
u
s
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s
k
e
y
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
X
6
.
2
La
b
e
l
s
,
i
c
o
n
s,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
v
i
s
u
a
l
s
h
e
l
p
u
s
e
r
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
h
a
v
i
n
g
t
o
r
e
c
a
l
l
o
r
g
u
e
ss w
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
mea
n
X
6
.
3
C
l
e
a
r
a
n
d
si
mp
l
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
s
o
u
sers
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
k
n
o
w
o
r
r
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
F
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
U
se
X
7
.
1
Ea
c
h
i
c
o
n
's
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
st
a
n
d
s
o
u
t
w
i
t
h
s
h
o
r
t
,
c
l
e
a
r
i
ma
g
e
s
X
7
.
2
A
l
l
o
w
u
sers
t
o
c
u
st
o
m
i
z
e
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
X
7
.
3
S
h
o
r
t
c
u
t
s,
h
o
t
k
e
y
s,
o
r
so
p
h
i
s
t
i
c
a
t
e
d
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
t
h
a
t
h
e
l
p
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
u
sers
w
o
r
k
f
a
st
e
r
A
e
st
h
e
t
i
c
a
n
d
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
i
st
D
e
si
g
n
X
8
.
1
Th
e
v
i
s
u
a
l
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
X
8
.
2
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
i
z
e
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
y
s
t
h
e
m
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
e
a
s
y
t
o
r
e
a
d
X
8
.
3
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
'
s c
o
l
o
r
s,
f
o
n
t
,
a
n
d
a
r
t
w
o
r
k
H
e
l
p
u
s
e
r
s re
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
,
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
f
r
o
m
e
r
r
o
r
s
X
9
.
1
Th
e
e
r
r
o
r
me
ssa
g
e
s
h
e
l
p
u
s
e
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
e
st
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
X
9
.
2
Er
r
o
r
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
s
t
o
h
e
l
p
u
sers
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
a
n
d
f
i
x
e
r
r
o
r
s
X
9
.
3
A
ssi
st
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
h
e
l
p
u
sers
d
e
t
e
c
t
a
n
d
r
e
so
l
v
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
H
e
l
p
a
n
d
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
X
1
0
.
1
U
ser ma
n
u
a
l
s
,
F
A
Q
s,
a
n
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
d
o
c
u
men
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
h
e
l
p
u
s
e
r
s
X
1
0
.
2
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
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I
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1028
4.
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wh
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m
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ca
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So
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q
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ality
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th
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p
r
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ity
.
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etailed
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is
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o
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t e
ac
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r
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o
f
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e
u
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is
tic
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as f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
v
is
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
Vis
ib
ilit
y
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
g
iv
e
s
t
atu
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
u
s
er
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
User
s
ca
n
f
in
d
o
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t
wh
at
th
e
y
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
tly
f
ac
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
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ev
alu
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,
th
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s
ev
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r
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g
v
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is
o
n
e,
wh
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in
d
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s
t
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is
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ly
a
co
s
m
etic
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
i
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
it
is
alr
ea
d
y
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
H
o
wev
er
,
if
th
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d
ev
elo
p
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wan
ts
to
m
ak
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it
ev
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m
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ac
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p
tab
le,
it
m
ay
b
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f
ix
ed
b
u
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s
et
as
a
p
r
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ity
.
T
h
is
also
m
ea
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s
th
at
th
e
m
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s
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ap
p
licatio
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h
as
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clea
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s
tate
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f
t
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s
y
s
tem
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t c
o
n
f
u
s
e
th
e
u
s
er
.
ii)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
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f
o
r
th
e
m
atch
b
etwe
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th
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s
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tem
an
d
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l w
o
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ld
E
s
p
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ially
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o
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m
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s
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a
p
p
licatio
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,
th
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ap
p
licatio
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is
m
ad
e
as
clo
s
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to
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
as
p
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s
s
ib
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b
y
u
s
in
g
an
av
atar
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
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u
s
er
[
2
6
]
.
I
t
is
also
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
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s
an
d
lan
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u
ag
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ca
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m
atch
th
e
u
s
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'
s
r
ea
l
life
.
B
a
s
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o
n
th
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ev
alu
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r
esu
lts
b
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th
e
ex
p
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,
th
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r
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lts
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f
th
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s
ev
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wer
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o
b
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o
n
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wh
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m
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an
s
a
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s
m
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p
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b
lem
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ly
[
2
5
]
,
wh
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m
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s
it
is
alr
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g
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
also
m
ea
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s
th
at
th
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m
etav
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s
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ap
p
licatio
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b
ein
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test
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as
p
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v
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s
am
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f
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f
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lin
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ld
,
it
ca
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f
r
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m
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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,
an
d
ico
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s
th
at
ar
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in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
u
s
er
's
r
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l
life
,
f
o
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ex
am
p
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u
s
in
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s
tan
d
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d
E
n
g
lis
h
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atm
o
s
p
h
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r
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o
f
th
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r
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o
m
is
lik
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in
th
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o
r
ig
i
n
al
r
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m
,
av
atar
s
ca
n
walk
,
an
d
s
it.
B
esid
es th
at,
ico
n
s
ar
e
also
m
ad
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as u
s
u
al,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
ig
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
at,
an
d
s
h
ar
e
s
cr
ee
n
.
iii)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
u
s
er
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
f
r
ee
d
o
m
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
cu
s
to
m
ize
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
o
m
eh
o
w
s
h
o
u
ld
alwa
y
s
b
e
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
to
u
s
er
s
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
8
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
etav
er
s
e
is
ev
alu
ated
,
a
s
ev
er
ity
r
atin
g
is
ac
h
iev
ed
o
n
a
s
ca
le
o
f
o
n
e,
wh
ich
d
en
o
tes
co
s
m
etic
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
n
ly
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
also
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
th
at
is
b
ein
g
ev
alu
at
ed
h
as
g
r
an
ted
th
e
u
s
er
co
m
p
lete
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
in
t
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
v
ia
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
th
e
cu
s
to
m
izatio
n
o
f
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
f
r
ee
ly
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
r
o
o
m
an
d
th
e
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
r
h
is
av
atar
.
iv
)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
Fo
r
an
a
p
p
licatio
n
to
h
a
v
e
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
an
d
av
o
id
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
th
at
ea
ch
p
ag
e
b
e
k
ep
t
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
th
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
b
e
ad
h
e
r
ed
to
[
2
7
]
.
I
t
was
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
s
ev
er
ity
r
atin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
eta
v
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
b
ein
g
test
ed
was
s
et
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
ze
r
o
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
it
was
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
b
ein
g
ex
a
m
in
ed
.
On
e
way
to
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
is
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
lo
r
s
,
ico
n
s
,
an
d
b
u
t
to
n
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
th
in
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
va
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tin
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meta
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s
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la
tfo
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ms fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
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es:
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1029
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io
n
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
A
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
e
s
en
t
th
e
u
s
er
with
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
p
r
o
p
en
s
ity
to
m
ak
e
er
r
o
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
p
ec
ialis
t
r
ated
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
was
p
u
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
p
ac
es
as
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
,
ass
ig
n
in
g
it
a
s
e
v
er
ity
r
atin
g
v
al
u
e
o
f
o
n
e,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
o
n
ly
a
co
s
m
etic
is
s
u
e.
T
h
is
also
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
d
eliv
e
r
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
u
s
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
m
ak
e
er
r
o
r
s
-
ca
u
s
in
g
b
lu
n
d
er
s
wh
en
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e.
v
i)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
r
at
h
er
th
an
r
ec
all
W
h
en
a
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
to
r
esu
b
m
it
o
r
r
eu
s
e
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
r
ea
d
ily
r
em
em
b
er
th
e
ac
tio
n
th
ey
to
o
k
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
an
d
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
to
th
in
k
to
o
h
ar
d
o
r
m
ak
e
ed
u
ca
te
d
g
u
ess
es
ab
o
u
t
wh
at
th
ey
d
id
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
.
T
h
is
is
wh
at
is
m
e
an
t
b
y
"r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
ec
all"
[
2
0
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
elem
en
t,
ex
p
er
ts
ag
r
ee
th
at
t
h
e
s
ev
er
ity
lev
el
is
o
n
e,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
is
s
u
e
is
o
n
ly
a
co
s
m
eti
c
p
r
o
b
lem
.
v
ii)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
u
s
e
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
an
ap
p
licatio
n
,
u
s
er
s
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
ly
wan
t
to
b
e
ab
le
to
cu
s
t
o
m
ize
t
h
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
q
u
ick
est
m
eth
o
d
to
d
o
t
h
in
g
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
in
g
a
k
ey
b
o
ar
d
s
h
o
r
tc
u
t.
T
h
e
s
ev
er
ity
g
r
a
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
ev
alu
ated
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
etav
er
s
e
is
o
n
e,
wh
ich
tr
an
s
lates
to
"c
o
s
m
etic
p
r
o
b
lem
o
n
ly
"
an
d
d
en
o
tes
th
at
th
e
q
u
al
ities
o
f
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
u
s
e
ar
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
v
iii)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
ae
s
th
etic
an
d
m
in
im
alis
t d
esig
n
An
ap
p
ea
lin
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
atten
tio
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
u
s
er
s
ar
e
y
o
u
n
g
,
th
e
m
eta
v
er
s
e
m
u
s
t h
av
e
an
attr
ac
tiv
e
an
d
m
in
im
alis
t lo
o
k
.
T
h
e
s
ev
er
e
r
atin
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
ass
es
s
ed
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
was
o
n
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
m
ain
ly
co
s
m
etic
is
s
u
es
wer
e
p
r
esen
t.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
its
p
h
y
s
ical
lo
o
k
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
n
o
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
es
to
s
p
ea
k
ab
o
u
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
q
u
ality
an
d
ap
p
ea
l
in
g
.
ix
)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
h
elp
u
s
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize,
d
iag
n
o
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
er
r
o
r
s
E
v
en
w
h
ile
it
is
i
n
ten
d
ed
th
at
th
e
u
s
er
will
n
o
t
f
in
d
a
n
y
m
is
tak
es,
it
is
also
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
e
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
will
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
attem
p
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
way
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
is
s
im
p
le
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
if
an
er
r
o
r
m
u
s
t
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
en
d
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
ca
s
e
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
is
d
esire
d
th
at
th
e
u
s
er
will
n
o
t
f
in
d
an
y
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
ev
alu
at
o
r
o
r
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
th
e
e
v
alu
ated
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
r
ec
eiv
e
d
o
n
e
v
alu
e
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
c
o
s
m
etic
p
r
o
b
lem
o
n
ly
.
x)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
h
elp
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
Help
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
an
ap
p
licatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
y
b
ec
o
m
e
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
ess
en
t
ial
wh
en
th
e
u
s
er
is
n
av
ig
atin
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
ev
er
ity
r
atin
g
f
o
r
th
e
ev
al
u
ated
m
etav
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
was
1
.
3
3
,
wh
ich
was
r
o
u
n
d
ed
d
o
wn
to
o
n
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
er
e
is
o
n
ly
a
co
s
m
etic
p
r
o
b
lem
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
is
r
ated
g
o
o
d
,
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
er
s
till
h
as
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
to
g
iv
e
u
s
er
s
an
ev
en
b
etter
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
e
u
r
is
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
test
in
g
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
w
er
e
g
o
o
d
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
et
o
f
well
-
k
n
o
wn
r
u
l
es
o
r
p
r
in
cip
les.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
team
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
lo
o
k
ed
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
a
g
ain
s
t
th
ese
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
h
eu
r
is
tic
s
.
T
h
is
h
elp
ed
f
in
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
p
lace
s
wh
er
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
u
l
d
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
d
i
d
th
e
ev
alu
at
i
on
lo
o
k
ed
at
th
in
g
s
lik
e
h
o
w
ea
s
y
it
was
to
lear
n
.
T
h
e
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
well
m
et
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
h
eu
r
is
tics
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
m
ad
e
with
th
e
u
s
er
in
m
in
d
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
u
les
th
at
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
ier
to
u
s
e
an
d
g
iv
e
th
e
u
s
er
a
b
etter
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
e
v
alu
ated
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
s
ev
er
al
g
o
o
d
th
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
it,
s
u
c
h
as
clea
r
an
d
ea
s
y
n
a
v
i
g
atio
n
,
a
well
-
o
r
g
an
ized
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
g
o
o
d
er
r
o
r
h
an
d
li
n
g
,
an
d
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
v
is
u
al
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
will lik
ely
b
e
ea
s
y
to
lear
n
a
n
d
u
s
e,
m
ak
in
g
u
s
er
s
h
ap
p
ie
r
.
Fo
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
,
on
t
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
u
s
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
m
etav
er
s
e
a
p
p
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
R
esear
ch
er
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
u
s
ab
ilit
y
elem
en
ts
ch
an
g
e
o
v
er
tim
e
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
af
f
ec
t
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
teac
h
er
s
'
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
s
ab
ili
ty
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
v
er
a
n
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
i
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
also
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
n
m
etav
er
s
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ap
t
itu
d
e,
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
a
cities,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
all
wh
o
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
d
t
o
co
m
p
letin
g
th
is
p
ap
er
.
W
e
ar
e
also
g
r
atef
u
l
t
o
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
l
o
g
i
MA
R
A
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
B
in
a
Nu
s
an
tar
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ies th
at
h
el
p
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
1
4
I
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Vo
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1
3
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No
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4
,
Dec
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De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
S
h
e
a
lso
h
a
s
a
n
in
tere
st
i
n
UI/UX
d
isc
ip
li
n
e
,
P
ro
jec
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
De
sig
n
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
c
c
a
ss
a
n
d
ra
@b
in
u
s.e
d
u
.
Mo
h
a
m
a
d
N
o
o
r
m
a
n
Ma
sr
e
k
is
a
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
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n
t
h
e
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c
h
o
o
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
with
in
t
h
e
Co
l
leg
e
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
.
Wi
th
a
we
a
lt
h
o
f
e
x
p
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ri
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rti
se
,
h
e
h
a
s
m
a
d
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
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n
s
t
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th
e
field
s
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
li
b
ra
r
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sc
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c
e
,
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
p
o
rtf
o
li
o
is
e
x
te
n
siv
e
,
wit
h
h
is
wo
rk
b
e
i
n
g
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
in
n
u
m
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ro
u
s
re
p
u
tab
le
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
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h
a
s
se
c
u
re
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
re
se
a
rc
h
g
ra
n
ts
fr
o
m
v
a
ri
o
u
s
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
fu
n
d
i
n
g
b
o
d
ies
.
F
u
rth
e
rm
o
re
,
h
e
h
a
s
s
u
p
e
rv
ise
d
d
o
z
e
n
s
o
f
P
h
D
stu
d
e
n
ts,
b
o
th
lo
c
a
ll
y
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
.
Be
y
o
n
d
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
e
n
d
e
a
v
o
rs,
h
e
h
a
s
a
lso
m
a
d
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
th
e
sc
h
o
larly
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
y
se
rv
in
g
as
a
n
e
d
it
o
r
a
n
d
re
v
iew
e
r
fo
r
se
v
e
ra
l
e
ste
e
m
e
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
n
o
o
rm
a
n
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Fa
d
h
i
la
h
Am
a
n
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
M
e
d
ia,
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
(UiTM
),
lo
c
a
ted
in
S
h
a
h
Ala
m
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
h
o
ld
s
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Ca
se
Wes
tern
Re
se
rv
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
a
M
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fro
m
UU
M
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D.
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
fro
m
Cu
rti
n
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
A
u
stra
li
a
.
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o
d
a
te,
sh
e
h
a
s
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
sc
ien
ti
fic
a
rti
c
les
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
wo
rk
s
in
l
o
c
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
se
m
in
a
rs
a
n
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls,
fo
c
u
si
n
g
p
rima
ril
y
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
,
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
Io
T
.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
to
tea
c
h
in
g
d
u
ti
e
s,
sh
e
h
a
s
a
lso
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
a
n
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
latio
n
s
o
ffice
r
a
t
th
e
Ce
n
tre
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
UiTM
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
fa
d
h
il
a
h
a
m
a
n
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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