I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
9
6
1
~
9
73
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
961
-
9
73
961
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Factors
inf
l
uenci
ng
t
he in
ten
tion t
o
use m
-
co
mm
er
c
e in
M
a
la
y
sia
n:
a
n ex
t
ended IS
success
mo
del
M
o
us
s
a
B
a
rr
y
,
Aha
s
a
nu
l H
a
qu
e
,
M
u
ha
m
m
a
d T
a
hir J
a
n
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
B
u
si
n
e
ss
A
d
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
K
u
l
l
i
y
y
a
h
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
sl
a
mi
c
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
K
u
a
l
a
Lu
m
p
u
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
4
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 7
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
p
ro
g
re
ss
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
u
n
d
e
rg
o
n
e
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs,
lea
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
e
o
f
n
e
w
a
n
d
c
re
a
ti
v
e
i
d
e
a
s.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
tes
th
e
fa
c
to
rs
i
n
flu
e
n
c
i
n
g
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs'
in
ten
ti
o
n
s
to
u
se
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
in
M
a
la
y
sia
.
Th
e
De
Lo
n
e
a
n
d
M
c
Lea
n
u
p
d
a
ted
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
su
c
c
e
ss
m
o
d
e
l
se
rv
e
d
a
s
th
e
b
a
sis
fo
r
th
i
s
stu
d
y
'
s
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
o
d
e
l
.
A
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e
sa
m
p
li
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
c
o
ll
e
c
t
3
1
0
su
rv
e
y
s
fro
m
sm
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
o
wn
e
rs
wh
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
M
a
lay
sia
.
A
“
two
-
s
tag
e
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
”
(S
EM
)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
stu
d
y
'
s
a
ss
u
m
p
t
io
n
s.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
re
v
e
a
led
t
h
a
t
“
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
q
u
a
li
t
y
”
,
“
se
rv
ice
q
u
a
li
t
y
”
,
“
sy
ste
m
q
u
a
li
t
y
”
,
a
n
d
“
tru
st”
si
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs'
“
in
ten
ti
o
n
t
o
u
se
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
in
M
a
lay
sia
”
.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
f
u
rth
e
r
re
v
e
a
l
th
a
t
“
sy
ste
m
q
u
a
li
t
y
”
is
th
e
str
o
n
g
e
st
fa
c
to
r
in
flu
e
n
c
in
g
th
e
“
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
in
M
a
lay
sia
”
.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
o
u
tco
m
e
s
will
b
e
n
e
fit
a
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
s,
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
rs,
p
o
li
c
y
m
a
k
e
r
s,
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
ti
o
n
e
rs
in
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
in
d
u
stry
in
M
a
lay
sia
.
To
th
e
b
e
st
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
rs’
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e
,
th
is
is
th
e
first
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
stu
d
y
th
a
t
e
x
p
a
n
d
e
d
t
h
e
“
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
su
c
c
e
ss
m
o
d
e
l”
b
y
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
“
tru
st”
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
M
a
lay
sia
n
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
u
se
rs’
“
in
ten
t
io
n
s”
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
fu
rth
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
t
o
e
x
p
lo
re
th
e
fa
c
to
rs
in
flu
e
n
c
i
n
g
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs'
“
in
ten
ti
o
n
t
o
u
se
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
in
M
a
lay
sia
”
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el
I
n
ten
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
Mo
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
T
r
u
s
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
u
s
s
a
B
ar
r
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
Ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
,
Ku
lliy
y
ah
o
f
E
c
o
n
o
m
ics an
d
Ma
n
ag
em
e
n
t Scie
n
c
es
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
lam
ic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ma
lay
s
ia
J
alan
Go
m
b
ak
,
5
0
7
2
8
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
b
ar
r
y
m
o
u
s
s
a4
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
ac
ce
ler
ated
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
y
Gh
az
ali
et
a
l.
[
1
]
,
lead
in
g
to
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
ag
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
s
er
v
ices
lik
e
p
ay
m
en
ts
,
co
m
m
e
r
ce
[
2
]
,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
b
y
A
s
am
p
an
a
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
.
T
h
es
e
d
ev
ices
o
f
f
er
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
by
Sap
r
ik
is
et
a
l
.
[
4
]
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
in
b
o
th
em
er
g
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
n
atio
n
s
by
J
ain
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
.
M
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ew
b
u
s
in
ess
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
im
p
ler
an
d
f
aster
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
es
by
S
ar
k
ar
et
al
.
[
6
]
.
W
ir
eless
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
te
d
g
l
o
b
a
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
with
a
1
0
%
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
an
d
a
0
.
8
%
g
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
esti
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
GDP)
in
cr
ea
s
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ce
llu
lar
m
ar
k
et
h
as
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
th
e
f
astes
t
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
ec
to
r
.
W
ith
o
v
er
8
.
2
7
b
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
an
d
6
.
5
b
illi
o
n
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
th
e
tr
en
d
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
n
tin
u
e
.
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
961
-
9
73
962
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
Un
io
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
6
3
%
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
'
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
s
ed
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
i
n
2
0
2
1
,
with
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
er
s
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
.
6
5
b
illi
o
n
[
8
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
m
o
b
ile
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ca
n
o
f
ten
b
e
h
in
d
er
e
d
b
y
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
u
n
ea
s
e
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
lead
i
n
g
to
a
lack
o
f
d
esire
an
d
h
esit
atio
n
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
m
o
b
ile
b
u
y
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
Yah
ay
a
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
.
Ma
lay
s
i
a's
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
3
2
.
7
8
m
illi
o
n
u
s
es
m
o
b
ile
in
ter
n
et,
with
8
9
.
5
3
%
u
s
in
g
it.
Nea
r
ly
2
0
m
illi
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
s
h
o
p
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
with
6
2
%
u
s
in
g
th
em
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Mo
b
il
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
$
5
.
6
b
illi
o
n
i
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ales
b
y
2
0
2
1
,
g
r
o
win
g
at
a
3
1
.
4
%
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
an
n
u
al
r
ate.
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
a
d
o
p
tio
n
is
lo
w,
with
6
6
.
4
%
o
f
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
ag
ed
1
6
-
6
4
m
a
d
e
o
n
lin
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
p
u
r
ch
a
s
es
in
th
e
2
0
2
0
f
is
ca
l
y
ea
r
[
1
2
]
.
Desp
ite
r
a
p
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
p
en
etr
atio
n
is
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
“I
n
d
o
n
esia”,
“T
h
ailan
d
”,
a
n
d
th
e
“Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es”,
with
6
8
.
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
en
g
ag
in
g
in
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
3
]
.
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ate
r
ea
ch
ed
8
0
%
in
2
0
2
1
,
with
a
lar
g
e
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
Fa
cto
r
y
[
1
1
]
f
u
r
th
er
s
tates
th
at
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
o
n
l
y
5
5
.
9
%
o
f
all
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
l
o
w
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
“M
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ted
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
c
o
n
v
e
n
ie
n
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
an
d
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
lim
ited
.
Mo
b
ile
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
n
ascen
t,
with
3
2
%
o
f
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
m
ak
in
g
o
n
lin
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
lo
ca
l
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
u
n
c
er
tain
,
an
d
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
cu
s
to
m
er
in
ten
tio
n
C
h
an
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
“in
v
esti
g
ate
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
a
n
d
“
tr
u
s
t”
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
T
h
e
“
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el”
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
with
tr
u
s
t
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
v
ar
iab
le
wh
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
C
h
an
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
an
d
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic”.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
eir
s
t
u
d
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
tr
u
s
t
as
a
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
M
alay
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
Mo
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
,
o
f
te
n
k
n
o
wn
as
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
u
s
es
p
o
r
tab
le
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ices
to
en
g
ag
e
in
elec
tr
o
n
ic
b
u
s
in
ess
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
h
as
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ex
p
an
s
io
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
en
h
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
es,
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
ay
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
co
m
m
e
r
ce
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
n
am
ely
in
s
id
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
clu
s
ter
s
L
iu
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
Gen
er
atio
n
Z
,
wh
o
ex
h
ib
it a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
clin
atio
n
to
war
d
it
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
b
ile
s
o
cial
co
m
m
er
ce
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
o
b
ile
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
en
h
an
ce
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
en
ef
its
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
“
C
OVI
D
-
19
ep
id
em
ic”
h
as
e
x
p
ed
ited
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
m
o
s
tly
d
u
e
to
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
en
h
an
ce
d
in
ter
n
et
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
5
G
an
d
W
i
-
Fi
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el
(
I
SS
M)
;
Sev
er
al
th
e
o
r
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
”.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
“in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el
(
I
S
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el)
”,
w
as
cr
ea
ted
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
“
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
”
(
I
S).
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ix
k
ey
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts:
“in
d
iv
id
u
al
im
p
ac
t”,
“
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
al
im
p
ac
t”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
“u
s
e
r
”,
an
d
“u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
”.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
as
an
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
th
e
o
r
etica
l
an
d
e
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t,
h
o
we
v
er
,
is
wid
ely
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
in
I
S
s
tu
d
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
es
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
I
S su
cc
ess
m
o
d
e
l
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
attem
p
ts
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“tr
u
s
t”,
an
d
“in
t
en
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
A
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
“I
S
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el”
will
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
o
b
jectiv
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
ch
o
s
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
“I
S
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el”
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ch
o
lar
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
“
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t”,
wh
ile
t
h
e
“
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le”
is
t
h
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
I
n
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
;
“I
n
ten
tio
n
”
to
u
s
e
r
ef
er
s
to
“
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
s
u
b
jectiv
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
th
at
h
e
o
r
s
h
e
will
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
eh
a
v
io
r
”
[
2
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Da
v
is
[
2
7
]
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
“b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
”
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
u
s
e
an
d
co
n
tin
u
e
th
eir
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
wh
ich
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
h
o
w
th
ey
u
s
e
it.
V
en
k
atesh
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
“b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
in
ten
ti
o
n
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
a
g
iv
e
n
b
eh
av
i
o
r
wh
e
r
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
will b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
”
.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
“
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
”,
“in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
r
e
f
er
s
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
p
er
ce
iv
ed
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
ce
r
tain
in
n
o
v
atio
n
”
lik
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
d
ef
i
n
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
F
a
cto
r
s
in
flu
en
cin
g
th
e
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
-
c
o
mme
r
ce
a
mo
n
g
M
a
la
ysia
n
co
n
s
u
mers
:
…
(
Mo
u
s
s
a
B
a
r
r
y
)
963
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
a
u
s
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
to
co
m
p
lete
o
n
lin
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
'
s
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
a
u
s
er
will
u
s
e
m
o
b
il
e
co
m
m
e
r
ce
to
m
ak
e
o
n
lin
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
K
itjar
o
en
ch
ai
an
d
C
h
aip
o
o
p
ir
at
an
a
[
3
2
]
,
t
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
th
at
a
b
u
y
e
r
will
k
ee
p
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
o
n
lin
e
v
en
d
o
r
is
k
n
o
wn
as o
n
lin
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
in
ten
tio
n
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
em
an
tic
lev
el
an
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
attr
ib
u
t
es
s
u
ch
a
s
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
,
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
ln
ess
,
an
d
tim
elin
ess
.
T
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
an
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IT
)
a
p
p
licatio
n
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
"i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
"
o
f
th
at
ap
p
licatio
n
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
ass
er
ts
th
at
th
e
tim
elin
ess
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
r
ele
v
an
ce
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
f
o
r
m
at,
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
en
d
u
s
er
s
b
y
a
n
I
T
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
e
also
f
ac
to
r
s
in
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
cu
r
at
e,
tim
ely
,
f
u
ll,
a
n
d
u
p
to
d
at
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
f
e
r
ed
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
is
im
p
ac
ted
in
s
ev
er
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
way
s
b
y
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”.
“I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
th
e
u
s
er
v
alu
es”
b
y
Gan
i
e
t a
l.
[
3
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
W
alk
er
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”
c
an
also
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
cu
r
r
en
t,
g
o
o
d
,
v
alu
ab
le,
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ey
f
u
r
th
er
s
tate
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
d
is
tr
ac
ted
an
d
m
u
s
t
wo
r
k
h
ar
d
er
to
d
i
g
est
lo
w
-
q
u
ality
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
f
th
e
ap
p
'
s
d
esig
n
er
f
ails
to
d
eliv
er
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
will
lo
s
e
f
aith
in
it
an
d
s
to
p
u
s
in
g
it.
T
h
e
web
s
ites
o
r
ap
p
s
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
w
o
u
ld
b
e
o
f
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
u
s
er
s
with
ac
cu
r
ate,
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Us
er
s
lo
s
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
wh
en
th
ey
m
u
s
t
p
u
t
in
a
lo
t
o
f
tim
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t
to
f
i
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
ei
r
“in
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
ap
p
s
o
r
web
s
ites
”
by
Gao
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
liter
atu
r
e,
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H1
:
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
.
Sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
;
Sin
ce
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
is
s
u
e
s
tar
t
ed
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
p
atter
n
s
h
av
e
ch
an
g
ed
,
an
d
th
ey
n
o
w
r
ely
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
o
n
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
co
m
p
an
ies
n
o
w
p
r
io
r
itize
s
h
if
tin
g
to
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
m
o
b
ile
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
ch
an
g
e
th
ei
r
web
s
ites
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
[
3
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
af
f
ec
ts
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
”
[
3
9
]
–
[
4
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
[
4
2
]
a
n
d
[
4
3
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
H
o
s
s
ain
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e.
T
h
e
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e
.
Similar
ly
,
Do
n
g
m
o
[
4
3
]
i
n
v
es
tig
ated
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
i
es,
an
d
t
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
ac
ts
m
o
b
i
le
co
m
m
er
ce
'
s
“a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
te
n
tio
n
”
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
r
u
s
t.
T
h
ey
also
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
te
n
tio
n
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
liter
atu
r
e,
a
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H2
:
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
.
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
g
u
n
to
p
r
io
r
itize
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
m
o
r
e
h
ea
v
ily
in
t
o
d
ay
'
s
cu
s
to
m
er
-
f
o
cu
s
e
d
b
u
s
in
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
a
cu
s
to
m
er
'
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
a
n
y
is
u
ltima
tely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
e
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
to
m
ak
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
will
co
n
tin
u
e
to
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
is
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
its
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
a
n
d
i
d
en
tifie
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ch
e
ck
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ef
o
r
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
it.
On
o
cc
asio
n
,
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
ex
am
in
e
b
o
th
p
r
ice
a
n
d
q
u
ality
b
ef
o
r
e
m
ak
in
g
a
p
u
r
ch
ase.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
lo
o
k
f
o
r
q
u
ality
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts'
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
s
af
ety
[
4
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
ay
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
r
e
v
ea
led
th
a
t
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
“i
n
ten
tio
n
”
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
way
.
Similar
ly
,
Li
n
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
f
o
o
d
d
eliv
er
y
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
San
i
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
m
ai
n
tain
ed
th
at
s
er
v
ice
ex
ce
llen
ce
in
f
lu
en
c
es
cu
s
to
m
er
lo
y
alty
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
f
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
liter
atu
r
e,
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H3
:
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
.
“T
r
u
s
t
is
th
e
s
tate
o
f
b
ein
g
willin
g
to
ex
p
o
s
e
o
n
eself
t
o
th
e
ac
ts
o
f
an
o
th
er
p
a
r
ty
,
with
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
th
at
th
e
y
will c
ar
r
y
o
u
t a
ce
r
tai
n
ac
tiv
ity
th
at
is
v
ital to
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
p
lacin
g
t
h
eir
tr
u
s
t,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
o
v
er
s
ee
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
at
o
th
er
p
ar
ty
”
[
5
0
]
.
Va
r
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
“tr
u
s
t”
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
th
at
tr
u
s
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
ac
ted
t
h
e
d
esire
to
co
n
tin
u
e
u
s
in
g
a
“p
r
o
d
u
ct”
o
r
“ser
v
ice”
.
Ach
ea
m
p
o
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
5
1
]
n
o
tab
ly
em
p
h
asi
z
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
v
en
d
o
r
r
e
p
u
tatio
n
a
n
d
wo
r
d
-
of
-
m
o
u
th
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
.
C
h
in
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
an
d
E
l
-
E
b
iar
y
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
ed
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
tr
u
s
t,
with
C
h
in
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
en
ef
it
a
n
d
E
l
-
E
b
iar
y
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
i
n
d
icatin
g
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
“p
u
r
ch
ase
in
t
en
tio
n
”.
Sim
et
a
l.
[
5
4
]
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
tr
u
s
t,
e
m
p
h
as
izin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
'
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Sleim
an
et
a
l.
[
5
5
]
a
n
d
Văr
za
r
u
et
a
l.
[
5
6
]
h
av
e
esta
b
lis
h
ed
th
at
tr
u
s
t
is
cr
u
cial
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
i
n
ten
tio
n
.
Văr
za
r
u
et
a
l.
[
5
6
]
ad
d
itio
n
ally
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
“p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
”
an
d
“c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e”
,
wh
ile
Sleim
an
id
en
tifie
s
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
r
v
ei
llan
ce
,
r
ep
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
as
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
tr
u
s
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
961
-
9
73
964
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
liter
atu
r
e,
a
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H4
:
t
r
u
s
t
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
els
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
co
llected
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
n
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
co
m
p
r
is
ed
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ag
ed
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
r
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
is
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ten
d
en
cy
to
allo
ca
te
a
g
r
ea
ter
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
en
g
a
g
in
g
with
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tl
y
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
[
7
]
.
A
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
t
er
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
was
p
h
y
s
ically
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
3
1
0
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
u
s
er
s
wh
o
en
g
ag
e
in
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
in
th
e
“Kla
n
g
Valley
”
r
eg
io
n
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
at
r
etail
m
alls
,
m
etr
o
s
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
elec
t
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
r
atio
n
ale
b
eh
in
d
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
“Kla
n
g
Valley
”
i
s
th
at
it
p
o
ten
tially
en
co
m
p
ass
es
Ma
lay
s
ian
m
o
b
i
le
co
m
m
er
ce
u
s
er
s
Vaith
ilin
g
am
et
a
l
.
[
5
7
]
,
as
th
e
y
r
esid
e
in
s
u
ch
p
lace
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
v
en
ien
t
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
Data
co
llectio
n
f
o
r
th
is
“c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
”
to
o
k
p
lace
f
r
o
m
“Au
g
u
s
t
to
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
3
”.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
z
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
th
at
in
v
o
l
v
ed
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
f
iv
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
in
d
icat
o
r
,
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
Ho
[
5
8
]
s
in
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
is
twen
ty
-
f
iv
e
(
2
5
)
.
2
.
1
.
Su
rv
ey
ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
item
s
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tu
d
y
m
o
d
el
wer
e
m
o
d
if
ied
f
r
o
m
ea
r
lier
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
I
SS
M
wh
er
e
th
eir
“
I
n
te
r
n
al
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
”
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
ev
alu
ated
i
n
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies.
Par
ticu
l
ar
ly
,
s
ix
item
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
test
SYQ,
f
iv
e
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
test
I
FQ
an
d
SVQ,
an
d
f
o
u
r
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
I
NT
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
item
s
wer
e
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
Dan
s
o
et
a
l.
[
5
9
]
an
d
m
o
d
i
f
ied
to
m
atch
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
I
S
m
o
d
el
an
d
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
b
y
Mk
in
g
a
a
n
d
Ma
n
d
ar
i
[
6
0
]
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
s
ix
item
s
th
at
we
r
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
SYQ
an
d
f
i
v
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
I
FQ
a
n
d
SVQ.
Fo
u
r
item
s
f
r
o
m
Dan
s
o
et
a
l.
[
5
9
]
an
d
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
Mk
i
n
g
a
an
d
Ma
n
d
ar
i
[
6
0
]
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
I
NT
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
attac
h
ed
o
n
a
“f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le”,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
“Str
o
n
g
l
y
Dis
ag
r
ee
”
to
5
“Str
o
n
g
ly
A
g
r
ee
”.
Ho
wev
er
,
two
“scr
ee
n
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
”
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
“q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
”
to
d
is
q
u
alif
y
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
d
u
ct
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
c
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
with
th
eir
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
m
et
ho
d
“Statis
t
ical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
”
(
S
PS
S)
an
d
“a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
m
o
m
en
tu
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e”
(
AM
OS)
s
o
f
twar
e
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
ain
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
's
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
y
r
eq
u
esti
n
g
r
esear
ch
ass
is
tan
ts
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
to
r
ev
ie
w
th
e
“in
s
tr
u
m
en
t”
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
to
o
l
h
as
b
ee
n
en
h
an
ce
d
with
ess
en
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
“p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
”
was
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
n
,
a
two
-
s
tag
e
“stru
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
”
(
SEM
)
was
u
n
d
er
tak
en
,
as
An
d
er
s
o
n
a
n
d
Ger
b
in
g
[
6
1
]
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
.
“
C
o
n
f
i
r
m
ato
r
y
f
a
cto
r
a
n
aly
s
is
”
(
C
FA
)
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
to
ass
ess
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
f
itn
ess
,
v
alid
ity
,
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was
th
en
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
Hair
et
a
l.
[
6
2
]
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
AM
OS so
f
twar
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
F
a
cto
r
s
in
flu
en
cin
g
th
e
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
-
c
o
mme
r
ce
a
mo
n
g
M
a
la
ysia
n
co
n
s
u
mers
:
…
(
Mo
u
s
s
a
B
a
r
r
y
)
965
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
pro
f
ile
o
f
t
he
re
s
po
nd
ent
s
A
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
1
0
Ma
lay
s
ia
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
u
s
er
s
wh
o
wer
e
g
iv
en
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
3
0
6
o
f
t
h
em
,
s
h
o
wi
n
g
a
h
ig
h
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
o
f
9
8
.
7
1
%.
Du
e
to
i
n
co
m
p
lete
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
o
n
l
y
3
0
0
s
u
r
v
ey
s
f
o
r
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
e
h
ad
a
m
ea
n
ag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
2
8
to
3
7
,
with
4
6
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
b
ein
g
4
9
.
7
%
m
ale,
5
0
.
3
%
f
em
ale,
an
d
9
4
.
3
%
Ma
lay
s
ian
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
6
4
.
7
%
o
f
th
em
ar
e
n
o
t
m
ar
r
ied
,
a
n
d
3
9
%
o
f
th
em
ar
e
p
u
r
s
u
i
n
g
th
eir
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
“d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile”
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
s
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
S
a
m
p
l
e
(
n
=
3
0
0
)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
4
9
4
8
.
7
F
e
mal
e
1
5
1
5
0
.
3
A
g
e
18
-
27
53
1
7
.
7
28
-
37
1
3
9
4
6
.
3
38
-
47
67
2
2
.
3
48
-
A
b
o
v
e
41
1
3
.
7
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
n
2
3
8
9
4
.
3
N
o
n
-
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
n
17
5
.
7
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
S
t
a
t
u
s
S
i
n
g
l
e
1
9
4
6
4
.
7
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
1
0
6
3
5
.
3
Le
v
e
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
41
1
3
.
7
D
i
p
l
o
m
a
28
9
.
3
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
1
1
7
3
9
.
0
M
a
s
t
e
r
84
2
8
.
0
P
h
D
30
1
0
.
0
3
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
“r
eliab
ilit
y
”
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
with
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
.
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
“
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
”
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
h
as
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
7
2
0
with
5
item
s
,
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
is
0
.
9
5
9
with
6
item
s
,
“ser
v
ice
s
q
u
ality
”
is
0
.
9
5
0
with
5
item
s
,
tr
u
s
t 0
.
9
7
3
with
5
item
s
,
an
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
h
as 0
.
9
0
7
with
4
item
s
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
2
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
aly
s
is
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s Al
p
h
a
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
0
.
7
2
0
5
Sy
s
t
e
m Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
0
.
9
5
9
6
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
0
.
9
5
0
5
Tr
u
st
0
.
9
7
3
5
I
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
0
7
4
3
.
3
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
Z
id
a
et
a
l.
[6
3]
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
T
ab
le
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
all
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e'
s
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
wer
e
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
an
th
e
m
id
p
o
i
n
t
(
2
.
5
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
ctio
n
s
to
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
item
s
wer
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
h
as
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
1
.
0
9
1
with
a
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
3
.
7
4
,
i
n
ten
tio
n
h
as
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
1
.
0
3
2
with
a
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
3
.
7
3
,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
h
as
a
“stan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
”
o
f
1
.
0
3
4
with
a
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
4
.
0
3
,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”
h
as
a
“stan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
”
o
f
1
.
1
1
8
with
a
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
3
.
4
4
,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t”
h
as
a
“stan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
”
o
f
1
.
1
3
7
with
a
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
3
.
6
6
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
r
a
n
g
e
b
etwe
en
3
.
4
4
an
d
4
.
0
3
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
“
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
io
n
s
”
w
e
r
e
1
.
0
3
2
t
o
1
.
1
3
7
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
a
c
l
o
s
e
r
a
n
g
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
(
s
e
e
T
a
b
le
3
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
if
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
Y
Q
3
.
7
4
1
.
0
9
1
I
N
T
3
.
7
3
1
.
0
3
2
S
V
Q
4
.
0
3
1
.
0
3
4
I
F
Q
3
.
4
4
1
.
1
1
8
TR
T
3
.
6
6
1
.
1
3
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
961
-
9
73
966
3
.
4
.
B
a
rt
let
t
's
t
ests a
nd
t
he
K
a
is
er
-
M
ey
er
-
O
lk
in
o
f
s
ph
er
icit
y
“Bar
tlett
'
s
t
est
s
an
d
th
e
K
aiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
”
(
KM
O)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wer
e
u
tili
z
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
“u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
”
o
f
th
e
s
c
ales
(
r
ef
er
to
T
ab
le
4
)
.
T
h
e
s
p
h
er
icity
test
s
y
ield
ed
p
-
v
alu
es
less
th
an
0
.
0
0
1
f
o
r
all
s
ev
en
s
am
p
le
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
v
alu
es o
f
0
.
8
5
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
B
ar
tlett’s
t
ests
an
d
KM
O
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
’
s
t
e
s
t
s
a
n
d
K
M
O
K
M
O
S
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
A
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
0
.
8
5
4
S
p
h
e
r
i
c
i
t
y
Te
st
A
p
p
r
o
x
.
C
h
i
-
S
q
u
a
r
e
71
8
7
.
5
3
6
D
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
F
r
e
e
d
o
m
8
6
1
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
0
.
0
0
0
3
.
5
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
m
ea
s
urem
e
nt
m
o
de:
ex
a
m
ina
t
i
o
n o
f
re
li
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
m
o
d
el
wer
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
C
F
A
b
ased
o
n
AM
OS 2
3
.
0
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
e
s
ti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
n
d
all
an
aly
s
es
we
r
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
v
ar
ian
ce
-
co
v
ar
i
an
ce
m
atr
ices.
A
f
ew
f
it
in
d
ices
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
“g
o
o
d
n
e
s
s
-
of
-
f
it”.
“Ro
o
t
-
m
ea
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
als”
(
R
MSR
)
,
“r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
”
(
R
MSE
A)
,
“c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
”
(
C
FI)
,
“g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
i
n
d
ex
”
(
GFI
)
,
an
d
“n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
”
(
NFI
)
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
ex
am
p
l
es
o
f
t
h
ese
in
d
ices [
6
5
]
.
Af
ter
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
was
im
p
r
o
v
ed
,
T
ab
le
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
a
cc
ep
tin
g
f
it
an
d
th
e
f
it
in
d
ices
f
o
r
o
u
r
s
am
p
le
o
n
th
e
“m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el”.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
f
it
in
d
ices
ar
e
m
et
s
in
ce
th
e
tr
u
ck
er
-
L
e
wis
in
d
ex
(
TLI
)
,
GFI
,
a
n
d
C
FI
ar
e
all
ab
o
v
e
0
.
9
0
.
T
h
e
“n
o
r
m
ed
ch
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e”
(
χ²/
d
f
=
2
.
8
1
7
)
is
less
th
an
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
alu
e
o
f
3
,
a
n
d
th
e
“r
o
o
t
-
m
ea
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
”
(
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
7
8
)
is
less
th
an
th
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
in
ts
o
f
0
.
0
8
f
o
r
t
h
e
“stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els”.
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
d
el
f
it su
m
m
ar
y
f
o
r
f
in
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
F
i
t
I
n
d
e
x
R
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
V
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
su
r
e
me
n
t
M
o
d
e
l
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
χ
2/
df
<
5
,
p
r
e
f
e
r
a
b
l
e
<
3
2
.
0
5
6
2
.
8
1
7
G
o
o
d
n
e
ss
-
of
-
F
i
r
I
n
d
e
x
(
G
F
R
)
>
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
6
6
0
.
9
4
9
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
G
o
o
d
n
e
ss
-
of
-
F
i
t
I
n
d
e
x
>
0
.
8
0
0
.
8
57
0
.
8
1
9
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
F
i
t
I
n
d
e
x
(
C
F
I
)
>
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
7
1
0
.
9
4
9
R
o
o
t
M
e
a
n
S
q
u
a
r
e
Er
r
o
r
o
f
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
(
R
M
S
EA
)
>
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
5
9
0
.
0
7
8
Tr
u
c
k
e
r
-
Le
w
i
s I
n
d
e
x
(
TLI
)
>
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
7
1
0
.
9
4
1
P
a
r
si
mo
n
y
N
o
r
me
d
F
i
r
I
n
d
e
x
(
P
N
F
I
)
>
0
.
6
0
0
.
7
9
9
0
.
9
2
So
m
e
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
iab
les
ar
e
co
r
r
elate
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
(
See
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
T
h
e
ta
b
le
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ea
ch
f
it
in
d
ex
was
with
in
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
an
g
e
.
T
o
d
et
er
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t,
we
ca
n
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
o
v
e
o
n
to
a
n
aly
ze
“c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
”,
“d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
”,
a
n
d
“r
eliab
ilit
y
”.
As
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
Kim
a
n
i
an
d
Sco
tt
[
6
4
]
,
th
e
“r
e
liab
ilit
y
”,
“c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
”,
an
d
“d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
”
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
“c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
”
(
C
R
)
an
d
“a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
”
(
AVE
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kim
an
i
an
d
Sco
tt
[
6
4
]
,
th
e
C
R
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
AVE
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
,
th
e
C
R
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
AVE
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
“c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
”,
a
n
d
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
AVE
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
al
u
e
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
“d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
al
id
ity
”.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
w
th
at
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts h
ad
AVE
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
6
0
an
d
0
.
7
9
2
f
o
r
C
R
.
T
h
is
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
ad
s
u
f
f
icien
t
“r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
”.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
AVE
is
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
th
eir
“c
o
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
”,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
s
h
o
wn
h
av
e
ad
eq
u
ate
“d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
”.
T
h
e
tab
le
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
v
alu
es
o
f
C
R
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
v
al
u
es o
f
AVE
,
MSV,
an
d
ASV
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
6
)
.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
CR
AVE
M
S
V
A
S
V
I
N
T
S
Y
Q
I
F
Q
S
V
Q
TR
T
I
N
T
0
.
8
9
6
0
.
6
8
5
0
.
5
2
9
0
.
3
4
9
0
.
8
2
8
S
Y
Q
0
.
9
5
7
0
.
7
8
9
0
.
5
2
9
0
.
3
9
0
0
.
7
2
7
0
.
8
8
8
I
F
Q
0
.
7
9
3
0
.
5
6
0
0
.
1
5
5
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
3
9
4
0
.
3
8
5
0
.
7
4
9
S
V
Q
0
.
9
4
9
0
.
7
9
0
0
.
4
1
1
0
.
3
1
8
0
.
5
9
8
0
.
6
6
4
0
.
2
9
8
0
.
8
8
9
TR
T
0
.
9
7
2
0
.
8
7
3
0
.
4
1
1
0
.
3
1
1
0
.
5
9
4
0
.
6
6
4
0
.
2
6
1
0
.
6
1
9
0
.
9
3
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
F
a
cto
r
s
in
flu
en
cin
g
th
e
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
-
c
o
mme
r
ce
a
mo
n
g
M
a
la
ysia
n
co
n
s
u
mers
:
…
(
Mo
u
s
s
a
B
a
r
r
y
)
967
3
.
6
.
H
y
po
t
hes
es t
esting
Af
ter
s
h
o
win
g
s
tr
o
n
g
“c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
”,
th
e
“stru
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el”
was
ev
alu
ated
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
T
ab
le
7
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
al
ity
”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t”;
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
8
2
.
9
5
%
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
in
“in
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
ll h
y
p
o
th
eses
test
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
H1
,
H2
,
H3
,
an
d
H4
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
7
)
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Hy
p
o
th
eses
test
in
g
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
e
s
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
R
e
s
u
l
t
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
H1
I
F
Q
→
I
N
T
0
.
1
4
1
*
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H2
S
Y
Q
→
I
N
T
0
.
5
0
7
*
*
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H3
S
V
Q
→
I
N
T
0
.
1
6
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H4
TR
T
→
I
N
T
0
.
1
9
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
N
o
t
e
:
*
p
<
0
.
0
5
;
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
Fro
m
T
ab
le
7
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
eses
test
in
g
r
e
v
ea
l
th
at
H1
,
wh
ic
h
s
tates
th
at
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”,
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
ased
o
n
β
=0
.
1
4
1
;
p
=
0
.
0
1
9
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
T
ar
h
i
n
i
et
a
l
.
[
6
5
]
an
d
Xin
et
a
l.
[
6
6
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
C
h
u
n
g
an
d
L
ee
[
6
7
]
an
d
Gao
et
a
l.
[
6
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”.
Xin
et
a
l.
[
6
6
]
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
a
v
o
r
s
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ch
an
n
el
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
p
u
r
ch
ase.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
im
p
ly
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
m
ay
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”,
it
m
ay
im
p
ac
t
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
o
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
ica
te
th
at
b
etter
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
“in
ten
tio
n
”
.
Hen
ce
,
b
etter
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
m
a
y
h
av
e
a
b
ig
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
”.
Similar
ly
,
H2
s
tate
s
th
at
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
ased
o
n
β
=0
.
5
0
7
;
p
<0
.
0
0
1
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
[
6
9
]
–
[
7
1
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
also
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
”
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
e
[
7
2
]
,
[
7
3
]
.
T
h
es
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
m
a
y
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
a
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
“in
t
en
tio
n
”
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
,
it
m
ay
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
o
th
er
v
a
r
iab
les
th
a
t
d
o
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
b
etter
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
b
etter
s
y
s
tem
q
u
al
ity
m
ay
h
av
e
a
b
ig
ef
f
ec
t o
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
“i
n
ten
tio
n
”
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
H3
s
tates
th
at
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
”,
wh
ich
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
ased
o
n
β
=0
.
1
6
1
;
p
=
0
.
0
1
3
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
[
7
4
]
–
[
7
6
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
[
7
7
]
an
d
[
7
8
]
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“c
u
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
”,
an
d
“
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
in
ten
tio
n
”
.
Hen
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
[
7
9
]
,
[
8
0
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
m
o
r
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
“
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
a
n
d
“sy
s
tem
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
”
im
p
ac
t
cu
s
to
m
er
“tr
u
s
t”
an
d
“satis
f
ac
tio
n
”.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
tu
r
n
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
tili
z
e
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices”.
Sh
ar
m
a
an
d
Ma
d
an
[
8
1
]
an
d
Dh
in
g
r
a
et
a
l.
[
8
2
]
h
a
v
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
d
is
tin
ct
asp
ec
ts
o
f
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
p
ee
d
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
,
th
at
f
av
o
r
a
b
ly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
an
d
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
”
to
m
ak
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
[
8
3
]
,
[
8
4
]
ex
ten
d
ed
t
h
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
t
o
en
co
m
p
ass
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
b
u
t
also
th
e
tan
g
ib
le
an
d
i
n
tan
g
ib
le
elem
e
n
ts
in
s
id
e
an
o
n
lin
e
-
to
-
o
f
f
lin
e
c
o
m
m
er
ce
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
icate
th
at
b
etter
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
i
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”.
Hen
ce
,
b
etter
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
m
ay
h
av
e
a
b
ig
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
”.
Fin
ally
,
H4
s
tated
th
at
tr
u
s
t
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”
,
wh
ich
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
ased
o
n
β
=0
.
1
9
0
;
p
=0
.
0
0
4
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
[
8
5
]
–
[
8
7
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
[
8
7
]
–
[
8
9
]
h
av
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
tr
u
s
t h
as a
m
ajo
r
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
with
Mu
n
ik
r
is
h
n
an
et
a
l.
[
8
9
]
s
p
ec
if
ically
em
p
h
asi
z
in
g
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
“secu
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
”.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
s
tu
d
ies
[
9
0
]
,
[
9
1
]
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
n
o
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
tr
u
s
t
o
n
th
e
“in
te
n
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
T
r
o
jan
o
wsk
i
an
d
Ku
łak
[
9
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
alter
n
ati
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ice
v
alu
e
an
d
h
ab
it,
h
o
ld
g
r
ea
ter
s
way
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
Z
h
o
u
[
9
1
]
ha
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
o
t
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
t
r
u
s
t
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
r
e
in
tr
icate
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
Stu
d
ies
[
9
2
]
,
[
9
3
]
d
is
co
v
e
r
e
d
th
at
“tr
u
s
t”,
“
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
”
an
d
“u
tili
ty
”
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tially
im
p
ac
t
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
t”.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
b
u
ild
in
g
tr
u
s
t is ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
“i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
i
le
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”.
Hen
ce
,
tr
u
s
t m
ay
h
a
v
e
a
b
ig
ef
f
ec
t o
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
“i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
a
n
d
“tr
u
s
t”
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
“in
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
all
f
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
eses
test
ed
in
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
t stu
d
y
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
961
-
9
73
968
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Hy
p
o
th
esized
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
3
.
7
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
tu
d
y
was
to
g
ain
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
elem
en
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
Mo
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
co
u
l
d
aid
p
r
ac
tit
io
n
er
s
in
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
k
ey
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
wh
ic
h
wo
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
cu
s
to
m
er
“in
ten
tio
n
”
an
d
h
asten
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
m
et
th
e
cr
iter
i
a
f
o
r
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
v
alid
ity
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
ec
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
an
ticip
ated
th
at
8
2
.
9
5
%
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
wo
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
.
I
t
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
elem
en
ts
(
I
FQ,
S
VQ,
SYQ,
an
d
T
R
T
)
co
n
s
id
e
r
ab
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
R
em
ar
k
ab
ly
,
SYQ
f
o
r
esaw
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
[
9
4
]
,
[
9
5
]
,
wh
o
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
SYQ
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
“a
d
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
s
ev
e
r
al
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ap
p
ea
r
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
ed
in
s
u
c
h
a
s
y
s
tem
'
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
d
ata,
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
a
n
d
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
t
h
at
th
i
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
“u
s
ef
u
l”,
“c
r
ed
ib
le”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
”
if
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
clea
r
ly
an
d
i
s
s
im
p
le
to
u
s
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
u
s
er
s
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
will b
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
ed
to
d
o
s
o
.
An
o
th
er
c
r
u
cial
elem
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
“I
S
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el”,
SVQ,
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
ac
ted
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
Ou
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
Al
-
Ok
aily
et
a
l.
[
9
5
]
an
d
Fer
r
eir
a
et
a
l.
[
9
6
]
,
wh
o
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
SVQ
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
m
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
ad
o
p
t
io
n
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
aily
a
ctiv
ities
(
s
u
ch
as
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
,
b
ill
p
ay
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
b
an
k
in
g
)
if
th
ey
b
e
liev
e
it
to
b
e
an
ea
s
y
an
d
q
u
ick
way
to
f
in
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
e
y
wan
t.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
an
d
in
tu
itiv
e
s
y
s
tem
l
ay
o
u
t
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
a
n
d
en
g
ag
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
clien
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
T
h
is
is
wh
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
m
o
tiv
ates M
alay
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
o
ws
th
at
I
FQ
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
“in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
a
m
o
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
9
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
m
u
s
t
cr
ea
te
“u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
”
web
s
ites
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
i
n
g
th
eir
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
g
i
v
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
q
u
ality
s
er
v
ices
to
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
a
m
o
d
el
t
o
ass
ess
t
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
.
M
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
r
ec
en
t r
es
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
T
R
T
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
a
m
o
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
[
9
8
]
,
[
9
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
c
e”
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
u
ild
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
a
t
ar
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
in
th
e
ey
es
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
u
s
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
war
d
s
“
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
tr
u
s
t m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
,
th
ey
will su
r
ely
u
s
e
a
n
d
ad
o
p
t it.
3
.
8
.
M
a
na
g
er
ia
l
im
pli
ca
t
io
n
s
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
a
d
v
an
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
with
an
in
ter
e
s
t in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
M
alay
s
ia.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
b
e
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
elev
an
t
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
is
a
ttem
p
t
m
ay
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
ad
v
a
n
ce
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
“f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
”
Ma
lay
s
ian
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
“in
t
en
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
c
e”
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
a
p
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
in
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
f
ield
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
f
ir
s
t
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
a
s
tr
o
n
g
th
eo
r
etica
l u
n
d
e
r
p
in
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
was a
ch
iev
ed
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
t
h
e
I
SS
M.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
F
a
cto
r
s
in
flu
en
cin
g
th
e
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
-
c
o
mme
r
ce
a
mo
n
g
M
a
la
ysia
n
co
n
s
u
mers
:
…
(
Mo
u
s
s
a
B
a
r
r
y
)
969
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
'
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
a
ctiv
ities
”,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
u
ild
g
o
o
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
web
s
ites
th
at
ar
e
“tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
”
an
d
“u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
”
an
d
r
eg
u
lar
ly
u
p
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices.
Desig
n
er
s
m
u
s
t
also
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
”
ca
n
ass
is
t
an
d
s
er
v
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
tly
with
o
u
t
f
laws
o
r
f
au
lts
.
Pu
ttin
g
f
o
r
th
a
“c
o
n
c
ep
tu
al
m
o
d
el”
b
u
ilt
on
a
s
tr
o
n
g
“th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
”,
m
ay
b
e
s
u
m
m
e
d
u
p
as
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
“a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
in
th
e
ey
es
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
Desig
n
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
s
er
v
ices a
n
d
g
r
o
win
g
th
e
c
o
m
m
er
cial
ac
tiv
ities
estab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
th
ese
“a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
o
r
web
s
ites
”.
Hen
ce
,
m
ar
k
eter
s
n
ee
d
to
s
p
r
e
ad
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
u
s
in
g
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
is
a
n
atu
r
al
ex
t
en
s
io
n
o
f
u
s
in
g
o
th
er
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
o
r
p
h
o
n
e
ca
lls
o
n
“sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
es”.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
al
ity
”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
a
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e,
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
in
ter
f
ac
e
c
r
ea
ted
to
th
e
u
s
er
s
'
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
will
en
h
an
ce
all
ar
ea
s
o
f
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ali
ty
”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
”
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lete,
ac
cu
r
ate,
an
d
o
f
ten
u
p
d
ated
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
r
eso
lv
e
an
y
is
s
u
es
th
at
m
ay
ar
is
e
wh
en
u
s
in
g
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
by
U
m
et
a
l.
[
1
0
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
ar
m
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
with
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
en
a
b
le
th
em
to
s
o
lv
e
an
y
is
s
u
es
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
a
n
y
r
is
k
s
.
I
f
th
er
e
is
an
is
s
u
e,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
er
v
ice
m
u
s
t
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
wh
en
ev
er
it
ar
is
es.
Ma
r
k
eter
s
s
h
o
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
th
e
“c
lar
ity
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
”,
“
g
r
a
p
h
ics”,
an
d
“lay
o
u
t”;
f
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
all
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
m
u
s
t
b
e
clea
r
an
d
ea
s
y
to
r
ea
d
b
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
as su
g
g
ested
b
y
Al‐
Nab
h
an
i
et
a
l.
[
1
0
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
th
e
“
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
”
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”
,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t”
wh
e
n
b
u
ild
in
g
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
c
e”
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
web
s
ites
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
am
o
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
Ho
q
u
e
et
a
l.
[
1
0
2
]
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
“e
-
s
er
v
ice
q
u
alit
y
”
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
u
s
,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t”
ar
e
p
r
e
-
r
e
q
u
is
ite
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
s
'
“in
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
”
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
e
r
ce
u
s
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
a
lity
”,
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“sy
s
te
m
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t
”.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
an
d
em
p
ir
ica
l
test
in
g
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
”
to
u
s
e
“m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
”
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
'
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
”,
“sy
s
tem
s
”,
an
d
“ser
v
ices”.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
lim
itat
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
its
q
u
an
titativ
e
n
atu
r
e
an
d
lack
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
it
s
ass
er
tio
n
s
.
Oth
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
asp
ec
t
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
“p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
”,
“p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e”
,
“
p
r
iv
ac
y
”,
“secu
r
ity
”
an
d
“c
o
s
t”
m
ay
also
im
p
ac
t
co
n
s
u
m
er
“in
ten
tio
n
”.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
em
p
lo
y
a
m
o
r
e
“q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
”,
s
u
ch
as
“in
ter
v
iews”
o
r
“o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
”,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
f
av
o
r
ab
le
in
ten
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
in
t
h
e
“Kla
n
g
Valley
”
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
all
o
f
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
ay
i
n
clu
d
e
o
th
er
s
tates
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
b
etwe
en
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
o
th
er
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
m
ay
also
b
e
ap
p
lie
d
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
te
x
ts
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
.
An
o
th
er
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
im
p
ac
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
th
at
th
e
d
at
a
is
co
llected
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
ted
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
1
8
y
ea
r
s
an
d
a
b
o
v
e
,
an
d
li
v
in
g
in
Klan
g
Valley
as
th
o
s
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
f
am
iliar
with
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
m
er
ce
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
eir
d
a
y
-
to
-
d
ay
liv
es,
h
o
wev
er
,
co
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tates
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
t
o
in
clu
d
e
o
th
er
s
tates o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
ec
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
's
“u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
”
an
d
“e
ase
o
f
u
s
e
”
m
ay
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
“in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
in
Ma
lay
s
ia”.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
s
er
v
ice
asp
ec
ts
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
s
t
h
at
“ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
”,
“sy
s
tem
q
u
ality
”,
“in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
”,
an
d
“tr
u
s
t”
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
“i
n
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
”.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
E.
M
.
G
h
a
z
a
l
i
,
D
.
S
.
M
u
t
u
m,
J
.
H
.
C
h
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
B
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
“
D
o
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
w
a
n
t
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
?
a
c
l
o
ser
l
o
o
k
a
t
m
-
sh
o
p
p
i
n
g
an
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
”
Asi
a
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
J
.
M
a
rk
.
L
o
g
i
s
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
4
–
1
0
8
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
A
P
J
M
L
-
05
-
2
0
1
7
-
0
0
9
3
.
[
2
]
S
.
O
’
D
e
a
,
“
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
sm
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
u
sers
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
6
t
o
2
0
2
1
(
i
n
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
s)
,
”
S
t
a
t
i
st
s
a
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
st
a
t
i
st
a
.
c
o
m
/
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s/
3
3
0
6
9
5
/
n
u
mb
e
r
-
of
-
smar
t
p
h
o
n
e
-
u
sers
-
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
/
[
3
]
I
.
A
samp
a
n
a
,
A
.
A
.
A
k
a
n
f
e
r
i
,
A
.
H
.
M
a
t
e
y
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
.
T
a
n
y
e
,
“
A
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
a
mo
n
g
a
r
t
i
s
a
n
s
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
d
i
s
c
i
p
.
J
.
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
,
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
–
1
2
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
8
9
4
5
/
4
9
2
1
.
[
4
]
V
.
S
a
p
r
i
k
i
s,
A
.
M
a
r
k
o
s,
T.
Za
r
m
p
o
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
l
a
c
h
o
p
o
u
l
o
u
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s’
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
:
a
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
J
.
T
h
e
o
r
.
A
p
p
l
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
.
C
o
m
m
e
r.
R
e
s.
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
–
9
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
0
6
7
/
S
0
7
1
8
-
1
8
7
6
2
0
1
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
5
.
[
5
]
N
.
K
.
J
a
i
n
,
D
.
K
a
u
l
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
a
n
y
a
l
,
“
W
h
a
t
d
r
i
v
e
s
c
u
st
o
m
e
r
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
m
o
b
i
l
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
?
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
Asi
a
Pa
c
i
f
i
c
J
.
M
a
rk.
L
o
g
i
st
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
2
2
–
9
4
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
A
P
JM
L
-
02
-
2
0
2
1
-
0
1
3
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
961
-
9
73
970
[
6
]
S
.
S
a
r
k
a
r
,
S
.
C
h
a
u
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
h
a
r
e
,
“
A
met
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s o
f
a
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
mo
b
i
l
e
c
o
m
merce
,
”
I
n
t
.
J
.
I
n
f
.
Ma
n
a
g
e
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
p
p
.
2
8
6
–
3
0
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
f
o
m
g
t
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
[
7
]
M
.
B
a
r
r
y
a
n
d
M
.
Ta
h
i
r
J
a
n
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
m
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
:
a
n
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
.
J
.
Ec
o
n
.
Ma
n
a
g
.
A
c
c
o
u
n
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
8
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
8
]
S
t
a
t
i
st
a
,
“
W
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
r
i
l
2
0
2
2
,
”
S
t
a
t
i
st
a
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
A
u
g
.
2
4
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
st
a
t
i
st
a
.
c
o
m
/
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s/
6
1
7
1
3
6
/
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
/
[
9
]
S
.
Y
a
h
a
y
a
,
S
.
N
.
.
H
a
mi
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
N
.
N
a
f
i
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
f
o
r
m
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
A
LA
Y
S
I
A
N
S
M
ES:
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
.
J
.
B
u
s.
Ec
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
–
1
4
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
ht
t
p
s
:
/
/
m
y
j
ms
.
mo
h
e
.
g
o
v
.
m
y
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
h
p
/
i
j
b
e
c
/
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
/
v
i
e
w
/
1
7
6
5
5
[
1
0
]
P
.
Y
e
n
d
a
m
u
r
i
,
G
.
Li
m
,
a
n
d
D
.
K
e
sw
a
k
a
r
o
o
n
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
s
u
mers
o
f
t
o
mo
r
r
o
w
,
h
e
r
e
t
o
d
a
y
,
”
2
0
2
0
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
b
a
i
n
.
c
o
m
/
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
/
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
s
-
of
-
t
o
m
o
r
r
o
w
-
h
e
r
e
-
t
o
d
a
y
/
[
1
1
]
C
o
mm
i
ss
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
y
,
“
K
e
y
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
f
o
r
mal
a
y
si
a
2
0
2
2
,
”
C
o
mm
i
ss
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
y
P
t
y
Lt
d
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
A
u
g
.
2
4
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
b
l
o
g
.
c
o
mm
i
ssi
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
y
.
c
o
m/
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
-
mark
e
t
i
n
g
/
k
e
y
-
o
n
l
i
n
e
-
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
-
f
o
r
-
ma
l
a
y
si
a
-
2
0
2
2
-
c
o
mm
i
ss
i
o
n
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
y
[
1
2
]
M
o
r
d
o
r
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
“
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
e
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
mark
e
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
t
r
e
n
d
s,
C
O
V
I
D
E
-
1
9
i
mp
a
c
t
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
s
(
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
7
)
,
”
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
o
r
d
o
r
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
.
c
o
m/
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
/
mal
a
y
s
i
a
-
e
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
-
m
a
r
k
e
t
[
1
3
]
S
.
G
a
n
b
o
l
d
,
“
M
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
a
c
2
0
2
0
b
y
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
o
r
r
e
g
i
o
n
,
”
S
t
a
t
i
st
a
.
A
c
c
e
sse
d
:
A
u
g
.
2
4
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
st
a
t
i
st
a
.
c
o
m
/
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s/
2
5
5
2
1
4
/
m
o
b
i
l
e
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
-
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
-
in
-
a
si
a
-
p
a
c
i
f
i
c
-
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s/
[
1
4
]
X
.
Y
.
C
h
a
n
,
M
.
K
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
A
.
A
l
M
a
mu
n
,
A
.
A
.
S
a
l
a
m
e
h
,
W
.
M
.
H
.
W
a
n
H
u
ssa
i
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
A
l
a
m,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
l
o
c
k
d
o
w
n
i
n
M
A
LA
Y
S
I
A
,
”
S
AG
E
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
2
2
1
0
9
5
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
2
2
1
0
9
5
0
1
2
.
[
1
5
]
B
.
T
a
n
e
j
a
,
“
Th
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
d
g
e
f
o
r
m
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
t
o
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
e
-
c
o
m
merc
e
,
”
i
n
E
m
e
rg
i
n
g
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s,
a
n
d
B
e
st
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s f
o
r
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
En
t
e
r
p
ri
se
T
r
a
n
sf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
,
I
G
I
G
l
o
b
a
l
,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
–
3
1
8
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
0
1
8
/
9
7
8
-
1
-
7
9
9
8
-
8
5
8
7
-
0
.
c
h
0
1
6
.
[
1
6
]
J.
L
i
u
,
B
.
P
a
n
,
X
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
D
.
L
i
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
e
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
e
d
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
”
Mo
b
.
I
n
f
.
S
y
s
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
1
/
7
9
3
0
7
9
9
.
[
1
7
]
E.
N
o
v
i
t
a
S
a
r
i
a
n
d
A
.
P
r
i
b
a
d
i
S
u
b
r
i
a
d
i
,
“
C
o
n
su
mer
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
:
a
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
2
2
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
C
I
T
&E)
,
I
EEE,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
–
2
9
2
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
I
TE5
4
4
6
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
7
5
9
5
4
3
.
[
1
8
]
S
.
P
u
i
u
,
S
.
D
e
m
y
e
n
,
A
.
-
C
.
T
ă
n
a
se
,
A
.
A
.
V
ă
r
z
a
r
u
,
a
n
d
C
.
G
.
B
o
c
e
a
n
,
“
A
sse
ssi
n
g
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
b
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
z
,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
8
6
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
1
0
6
0
8
6
6
.
[
1
9
]
C
.
B
a
l
a
g
u
e
a
n
d
Z.
Z
h
a
o
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
merc
e
,
”
A
p
p
s
M
a
n
a
g
.
E
-
C
o
m
m
e
rc
e
T
r
a
n
s.
R
e
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
1
7
5
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
0
1
8
/
9
7
8
-
1
-
5
2
2
5
-
2
4
4
9
-
6
.
c
h
0
0
7
.
[
2
0
]
A
.
A
.
V
ă
r
z
a
r
u
a
n
d
C
.
G
.
B
o
c
e
a
n
,
“
A
t
w
o
-
st
a
g
e
s
e
m
–
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
m
merc
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
d
r
i
v
e
r
s,”
J.
T
h
e
o
r.
Ap
p
l
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
.
C
o
m
m
e
r.
Re
s.
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
3
0
4
–
2
3
1
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
t
a
e
r
1
6
0
6
0
1
2
7
.
[
2
1
]
W
.
H
.
D
e
L
o
n
e
a
n
d
E.
R
.
M
c
Le
a
n
,
“
I
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms
su
c
c
e
ss:
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
,
”
I
n
f
.
S
y
s
t
.
R
e
s.
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
0
–
9
5
,
M
a
r
.
1
9
9
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
8
7
/
i
sr
e
.
3
.
1
.
6
0
.
[
2
2
]
A
.
I
v
a
n
o
v
a
a
n
d
G
.
N
o
h
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
ser
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
l
o
y
a
l
t
y
o
n
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
u
se
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
se
r
v
i
c
e
s:
e
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
a
si
a
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
J
.
As
i
a
n
Fi
n
a
n
c
.
Ec
o
n
.
B
u
s.
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
0
0
7
5
–
0
0
8
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
1
0
6
/
j
a
f
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
v
o
l
9
.
n
o
5
.
0
0
7
5
.
[
2
3
]
D
.
A
.
N
a
n
i
a
n
d
L
.
F
.
L
i
n
a
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
a
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
se
mo
b
i
l
e
c
o
m
merc
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
mer
g
e
n
c
e
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
D
e
L
o
n
e
a
n
d
M
c
L
e
a
n
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
S
ri
w
i
j
.
I
n
t
.
J
.
D
y
n
.
E
c
o
n
.
B
u
s.
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
–
2
7
2
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
2
5
9
/
si
j
d
e
b
.
v
5
i
3
.
2
6
1
-
2
7
2
.
[
2
4
]
J.
Y
o
o
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
—
a
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms
su
c
c
e
ss
mo
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
1
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
c
s
7
0
2
0
0
1
4
.
[
2
5
]
A
.
M
.
A
l
-
N
a
i
ma
t
,
M
.
A
.
A
l
n
u
a
i
m
i
,
A
.
M
.
A
b
d
u
l
a
a
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
Z
.
A
l
m
u
i
e
t
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
m
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
u
s
a
g
e
i
n
J
o
r
d
a
n
i
a
n
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
,
”
J
.
T
h
e
o
r.
A
p
p
l
.
I
n
f
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
9
8
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
8
3
4
–
3
8
4
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
6
]
M
.
A
l
i
a
n
d
X
.
F
.
J
u
,
“
T
h
e
a
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
m
s
u
c
c
e
ss
i
n
t
h
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
,
”
I
n
t
.
J
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
S
c
i
.
B
u
s.
A
d
m
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
3
–
5
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
7
7
5
/
i
j
ms
b
a
.
1
8
4
9
-
5
6
6
4
-
5
4
1
9
.
2
0
1
4
.
5
5
.
1
0
0
5
.
[
2
7
]
F
.
D
.
D
a
v
i
s,
“
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
u
sef
u
l
n
e
ss
,
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
a
se
o
f
u
s
e
,
a
n
d
u
ser
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
MI
S
Q
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
3
1
9
,
S
e
p
.
1
9
8
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
/
2
4
9
0
0
8
.
[
2
8
]
V
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
s
h
,
J.
Y
.
L.
T
h
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
X
.
X
u
,
“
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
e
x
t
e
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
se
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
MIS
Q.
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
7
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
2
9
]
W
.
W
.
La
M
o
r
t
e
,
“
B
e
h
a
v
i
v
e
r
b
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
:
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
”
2
0
1
9
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
sp
h
w
e
b
.
b
u
mc
.
b
u
.
e
d
u
/
o
t
l
t
/
M
P
H
-
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
/
S
B
/
B
e
h
a
v
i
v
e
r
b
a
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
T
h
e
o
r
i
e
s/
B
e
h
a
v
i
v
e
r
b
a
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
T
h
e
o
r
i
e
s
3
.
h
t
m
l
[
30]
S
.
V
i
n
e
r
e
a
n
,
C
.
B
u
d
a
c
,
L.
A
.
B
a
l
t
a
d
o
r
,
a
n
d
D
.
-
C
.
D
a
b
i
j
a
,
“
A
ssess
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
o
n
m
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
u
t
a
u
t
2
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
.
1
2
6
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
1
0
8
1
2
6
9
.
[
3
1
]
J.
H
.
W
u
a
n
d
S
.
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
W
h
a
t
d
r
i
v
e
s
mo
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
?
a
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
se
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
mo
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
f
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
9
–
7
2
9
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
m.
2
0
0
4
.
0
7
.
0
0
1
.
[
3
2
]
M
.
K
i
t
j
a
r
o
e
n
c
h
a
i
a
n
d
S
.
C
h
a
i
p
o
o
p
i
r
a
t
a
n
a
,
“
M
i
x
e
d
me
t
h
o
d
:
a
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
e
p
u
r
c
h
a
se
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
y
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
a
p
p
a
r
e
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
o
n
e
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
i
n
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
,
”
AB
AC
J
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
–
9
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
4
5
6
/
a
b
a
c
j
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
7
.
[
3
3
]
W
.
H
.
D
e
L
o
n
e
a
n
d
E
.
R
.
M
c
Le
a
n
,
“
Th
e
D
e
L
o
n
e
a
n
d
M
c
Le
a
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms
su
c
c
e
ss:
a
t
e
n
-
y
e
a
r
u
p
d
a
t
e
,
”
J.
Ma
n
a
g
.
I
n
f
.
S
y
st
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
–
3
0
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
7
4
2
1
2
2
2
.
2
0
0
3
.
1
1
0
4
5
7
4
8
.
[
3
4
]
S
.
P
e
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
E.
R
.
M
c
L
e
a
n
,
“
A
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
D
e
L
o
n
e
a
n
d
M
c
Le
a
n
i
s
su
c
c
e
ss
m
o
d
e
l
:
a
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
s
su
c
c
e
ss
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
,
”
I
n
f
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
1
6
6
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
m.
2
0
0
8
.
1
2
.
0
0
6
.
[
3
5
]
M
.
O
.
G
a
n
i
,
A
.
R
.
F
a
r
o
q
u
e
,
A
.
M
.
M
u
z
a
r
e
b
a
,
S
.
A
mi
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
“
A
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
mo
d
e
l
t
o
d
e
c
i
p
h
e
r
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
o
o
d
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
a
p
p
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
,
”
J
.
Fo
o
d
ser
v
.
B
u
s.
Re
s.
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
–
1
6
3
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
3
7
8
0
2
0
.
2
0
2
1
.
2
0
0
6
0
4
0
.
[
3
6
]
H
.
L.
W
a
l
k
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
med
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
c
h
a
t
g
p
t
:
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
,
”
J
.
M
e
d
.
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
R
e
s.
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
p
.
e
4
7
4
7
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
4
7
4
7
9
.
[
3
7
]
X
.
G
a
o
,
X
.
S
h
i
,
H
.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
Y
.
L
i
u
,
“
To
b
u
y
o
r
n
o
t
b
u
y
f
o
o
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
:
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
e
p
i
d
e
m
i
c
o
n
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
PL
o
S
O
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
.
e
0
2
3
7
9
0
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
3
7
9
0
0
.
[
3
8
]
L.
E
g
e
r
,
L.
K
o
m
á
r
k
o
v
á
,
D
.
Eg
e
r
o
v
á
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
i
č
í
k
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
o
n
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
:
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
h
o
r
t
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
J
.
Re
t
a
i
l
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
.
S
e
rv.
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
p
.
1
0
2
5
4
2
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
r
e
t
c
o
n
ser.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
2
5
4
2
.
[
3
9
]
M.
-
J.
K
a
n
g
,
Z.
W
u
,
a
n
d
H
.
-
J.
H
w
a
n
g
,
“
A
st
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
c
u
st
o
mer
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
o
2
o
se
r
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.