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3
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T
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o
r
ies
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
an
d
i
m
p
u
ls
e
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
f
ten
co
m
e
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
n
s
ta
n
t
r
ad
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
o
r
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
eith
er
m
an
-
m
ad
e
o
r
t
h
e
r
esu
l
t
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
,
w
h
ile
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
i
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
b
u
r
s
t
o
f
i
n
te
n
s
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
h
a
p
p
en
in
g
i
n
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e.
I
t c
an
b
e
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
ev
e
n
t
s
s
u
ch
as l
ig
h
t
n
i
n
g
,
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
E
SD
)
,
o
r
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
tic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
n
a
m
el
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
en
s
i
t
y
,
J
w
h
ile
cu
r
r
en
t
in
te
n
s
it
y
H
a
n
d
f
l
u
x
B
is
d
o
n
e
to
s
ee
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
(
E
M)
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
th
a
t
ex
i
s
t
at
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
at
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
p
ar
ts
w
h
ich
ar
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
n
e
to
EM
w
a
v
es,
w
h
i
ch
m
a
y
r
es
u
lt
in
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
r
ev
en
o
p
er
atio
n
f
ai
lu
r
e.
I
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
GC
P
V)
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
b
e
in
s
tal
led
w
it
h
i
n
a
li
g
h
tn
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
L
P
S)
th
at
f
o
llo
w
s
th
e
I
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
E
lectr
o
tech
n
ica
l
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
I
E
C
6
2
5
0
5
)
lig
h
tn
i
n
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
I
n
th
e
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
i
n
s
tal
led
w
h
er
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
ex
i
s
tin
g
L
P
S,
th
e
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
s
ta
lled
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
3
]
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
T
H
E
O
RY
2
.
1
.
E
lect
ro
m
a
g
net
ic
co
m
pa
t
ibi
lity
a
nd
inte
rf
er
ence
E
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
EMC
)
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
o
p
er
ate
ef
f
i
cien
tl
y
i
n
an
EM
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
y
li
m
iti
n
g
an
y
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ices.
EMI
is
th
e
u
n
w
an
ted
r
ad
iatio
n
in
te
r
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
lectr
o
n
ic
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
its
e
lf
to
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
lead
s
to
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
to
E
MI
i
f
t
h
e
lev
el
s
o
f
EM
en
er
g
y
in
i
ts
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ex
ce
ed
th
e
EM
im
m
u
n
it
y
th
at
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
d
test
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
1
4
]
.
E
MC
ca
n
also
o
cc
u
r
f
r
o
m
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
li
k
e
lig
h
t
n
i
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
E
MC
th
at
ca
n
d
a
m
a
g
e
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
e
x
tr
e
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
lig
h
tn
i
n
g
s
tr
ik
e
can
d
a
m
ag
e
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els,
g
en
er
ato
r
,
in
v
er
ter
,
D
C
lin
e
s
,
u
n
d
er
lin
e
c
ab
les,
an
d
o
th
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
s
[
9
]
.
I
E
C
6
1
0
0
0
is
th
e
g
o
ld
en
s
tan
d
ar
d
in
t
h
e
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
te
s
ti
n
g
an
d
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
test
le
v
els
f
o
r
th
e
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
t
o
b
e
test
ed
w
it
h
m
a
g
n
e
tic
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
th
at
is
m
ain
l
y
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l,
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
,
r
ail
w
a
y
s
in
s
talla
tio
n
,
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
s
u
b
-
s
tat
io
n
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
in
th
is
I
E
C
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
is
to
e
s
tab
lis
h
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
a
n
d
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
s
to
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
test
h
ad
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
e
th
o
d
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ices
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
g
ai
n
s
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
te
s
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
t
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
tas
k
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
to
i
m
p
u
ls
e
m
ag
n
et
ic
f
ield
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
w
itc
h
in
g
a
n
d
li
g
h
tn
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
s
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
t
h
te
s
t
le
v
el
to
w
ar
d
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
i
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
l
ev
e
ls
3
to
5
w
it
h
th
e
p
e
a
k
p
u
l
s
e
m
ag
n
i
tu
d
e
f
i
el
d
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
1
0
0
A
/m
,
3
0
0
A
/m
,
an
d
1
,
0
0
0
A
/m
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
te
s
t
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
w
it
h
1
A
/
m
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
m
ag
n
et
ic
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
1
.
2
6
µ
T
.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
u
s
ed
in
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
2
.
2
.
Curre
nt
dens
it
y
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
en
z
’
s
la
w
,
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
ce
th
at
cr
ea
tes
a
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
a
g
ain
s
t
t
h
e
m
ag
n
eti
c
f
ield
t
h
at
is
cr
ea
ted
is
ca
lled
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
,
an
d
th
e
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
r
ea
ct
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
T
h
e
ed
d
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ar
e
t
h
e
AC
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
AC
m
ac
h
in
er
y
ite
m
s
li
k
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
.
E
d
d
y
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
cr
ac
k
s
an
d
f
la
w
s
i
n
th
e
m
eta
l
p
ar
ts
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
test
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
an
d
u
s
e
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
o
b
j
ec
t h
ea
t.
B
ased
o
n
Far
ad
a
y
’
s
la
w
o
f
i
n
d
u
ct
io
n
s
tated
t
h
at
ed
d
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
elec
tr
ical
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
i
n
d
u
ce
d
w
it
h
i
n
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
b
y
a
ch
a
n
g
in
g
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ie
ld
in
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
t
h
e
r
ate
at
w
h
ic
h
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
u
e
to
th
at
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
w
ill
b
e
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
co
n
d
u
cto
r
as in
(
1
)
:
=
∆
∆
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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t d
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3
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L
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htning
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a
ults
L
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ield
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d
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el
y
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e
P
V
p
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DC
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v
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ter
,
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n
d
er
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les
,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
eq
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ip
m
en
t
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
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al
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s
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d
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o
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ir
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t
[
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e
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f
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d
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n
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T
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ies also
s
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ip
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er
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itt
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y
[
2
0
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A
cc
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d
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g
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p
r
ev
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c
h
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s
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o
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ag
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c
f
ield
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ei
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Mo
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h
e
P
V
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r
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m
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C
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ter
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T
h
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ar
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ch
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h
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d
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ce
d
v
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es
u
lt
[
2
1
]
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
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a
G
C
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V
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te
m
ar
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ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
E
s
s
en
tia
ll
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
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p
r
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s
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P
V
m
o
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ate
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n
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er
ts
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h
e
g
e
n
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ated
p
o
w
er
in
to
AC
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
o
ar
d
s
er
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as
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in
ter
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at
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p
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l lo
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ir
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t b
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r
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est o
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n
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er
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el
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m
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s
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as sh
o
w
n
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n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
a
;
(
a)
b
asic G
C
P
V
s
y
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te
m
an
d
(
b
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3
-
D
m
o
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P
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te
m
Me
an
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ir
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t
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cted
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m
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ased
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it
h
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to
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s
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h
ap
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p
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co
il
[
1
0
]
.
A
cu
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ex
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f
1
0
0
A
is
as
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ield
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as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
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2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
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n
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p
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t E
l
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Vo
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2
2
,
No
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6
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Dec
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b
er
20
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4
:
1
5
8
1
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1
589
1584
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
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ir
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h
tn
i
n
g
s
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m
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m
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T
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in
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e
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as
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ta
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g
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l
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r
3
-
D
b
o
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n
d
e
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
,
w
h
e
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e
i
t
i
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l
o
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a
te
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a
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f
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C
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as
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r
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.
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h
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t w
as
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a
t
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t
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a
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m
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en
t
s
r
e
a
c
t
w
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if
o
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m
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H
f
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r
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d
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t
.
T
h
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s
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c
o
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es
t
is
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o
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r
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a
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a
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v
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o
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m
en
t
o
f
a
l
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h
tn
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h
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m
en
o
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th
e
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im
u
la
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o
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t
d
at
a
o
f
E
MC
w
ith
th
e
PV
s
y
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t
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in
t
h
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s
im
u
l
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[
6
]
.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
a
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s
h
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h
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b
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d
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(
A
t
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ly
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t
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c
a
n
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d
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t
a
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l
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M
e
an
w
h
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le
,
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
b
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s
h
o
w
s
th
e
in
t
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n
s
ity
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h
tn
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ik
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E
M
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b
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th
e
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eg
i
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t
e
r
th
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
ev
en
t
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
th
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r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
f
o
r
t
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n
d
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d
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e
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i
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t
t
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w
i
th
in
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an
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f
1
0
0
t
o
1
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0
A
/m
2
.
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h
u
s
,
a
f
a
i
r
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o
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e
f
o
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d
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l
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in
g
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en
t
c
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b
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m
a
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d
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o
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r
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aly
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is
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
o
u
n
d
ar
y
;
(
a)
r
eg
io
n
s
u
b
d
iv
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s
io
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
af
ter
lig
h
t
n
in
g
e
v
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
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elec
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(
A
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R
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)
1585
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
cu
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is
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d
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
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t
ca
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e
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at
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Ho
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6
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4
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To
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T
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I
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6930
T
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6
,
Dec
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b
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20
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4
:
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8
1
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589
1588
5.
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ate
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ltip
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elate
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ir
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iatio
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est
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ata
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o
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er
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(
UT
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an
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t th
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t c
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t
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y
.
RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
S
h
a
r
ma
e
t
a
l
.
,
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se
q
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0
7
4
8
4
.
[
2
]
N
.
H
o
l
l
a
n
d
,
X
.
P
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n
g
,
W
.
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e
r
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,
S
.
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a
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l
u
s,
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B
o
r
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a
n
d
E.
L
o
r
e
n
z
,
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o
l
a
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d
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g
f
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s
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me
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f
.
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e
c
.
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o
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2
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9
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0
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9
6
.
[
3
]
R
.
A
r
a
n
e
o
,
S
.
L
a
mm
e
n
s,
M
.
G
r
o
ssi
,
a
n
d
S
.
B
e
r
t
o
n
e
,
“
EM
C
i
ss
u
e
s i
n
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
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n
e
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t
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d
p
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t
o
v
o
l
t
a
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l
a
n
t
s
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s
.
El
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
.
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o
m
p
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t
.
,
v
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.
5
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o
.
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/
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EM
C
.
2
0
0
9
.
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0
2
6
0
5
5
.
[
4
]
M
.
K
e
r
mad
i
,
Z
.
S
a
l
a
m,
a
n
d
E.
M
.
B
e
r
k
o
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k
,
“
A
r
u
l
e
-
b
a
se
d
p
o
w
e
r
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
c
o
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t
r
o
l
l
e
r
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si
n
g
st
a
t
e
f
l
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w
f
o
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r
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d
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c
o
n
n
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c
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d
P
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a
t
t
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r
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n
e
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y
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m
su
p
p
l
y
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n
g
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
l
o
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d
,
”
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0
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t
h
I
EEE
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t
.
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y
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p
.
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o
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8
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G
.
2
0
1
8
.
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4
4
7
5
6
6
.
[
5
]
A
.
I
.
T
a
r
mi
z
i
,
R
.
H
.
R
a
ml
e
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
D
.
R
o
t
a
r
u
,
“
El
e
c
t
r
o
mag
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
mp
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
su
b
st
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
v
i
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n
me
n
t
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si
n
g
f
i
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t
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d
i
f
f
e
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e
n
c
e
me
t
h
o
d
,”
I
n
t
.
J
.
I
n
n
o
v
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
Ex
p
l
o
r.
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g
.
,
v
o
l
.
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,
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o
.
1
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,
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p
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1
–
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0
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e
.
l
1
0
9
7
.
1
0
8
1
2
s2
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9
.
[
6
]
S
.
A
.
G
h
a
n
i
,
M
.
S
.
A
h
mad
K
h
i
a
r
,
I
.
S
.
C
h
a
i
r
u
l
,
M
.
Y
.
L
a
d
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
R
a
h
i
m,
“
L
i
n
e
t
o
w
e
r
u
si
n
g
f
i
n
i
t
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
me
t
h
o
d
(
F
EM
)
,
”
2
0
1
4
2
n
d
I
n
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s,
M
a
n
a
g
.
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g
.
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n
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ro
n
.
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n
d
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g
,
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n
d
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s.
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
4
–
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8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
7
]
A
.
E.
S
h
a
d
a
r
e
,
M
.
N
.
O
.
S
a
d
i
k
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
M
u
s
a
,
“
El
e
c
t
r
o
mag
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
m
p
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
ss
u
e
s i
n
c
r
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t
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c
a
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s
mart
g
r
i
d
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
”
I
EEE
El
e
c
t
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o
m
a
g
n
.
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o
m
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t
.
M
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g
.
,
v
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l
.
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,
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o
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p
.
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–
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0
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7
,
d
o
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:
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0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
EM
C
.
0
.
8
2
7
2
2
8
3
.
[
8
]
Z
.
H
u
,
W
.
D
i
n
g
,
T
.
Y
a
n
g
,
X
.
L
u
o
,
Y
.
T
a
o
,
a
n
d
Z
.
S
h
e
n
,
“
El
e
c
t
r
o
mag
n
e
t
i
c
safe
t
y
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
l
o
w
-
v
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t
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g
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d
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s
t
r
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b
u
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
m
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s i
n
t
h
e
r
mal
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
s i
n
c
a
se
o
f
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
st
r
i
k
e
,”
2
0
1
9
I
E
EE
I
n
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
Po
w
e
r
,
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n
t
e
l
l
.
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o
m
p
u
t
.
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y
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.
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2
0
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9
,
p
p
.
6
8
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–
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,
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0
1
9
,
d
o
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:
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1
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0
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C
P
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S
4
7
7
3
1
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
9
4
2
5
3
4
.
[
9
]
B
.
Z
h
u
,
D
.
L
e
sk
a
r
a
c
,
J
.
L
u
a
n
d
M
.
W
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