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[
8
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th
e
Gilb
er
t
m
ix
er
.
T
h
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
of
a
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
m
i
x
er
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
o
m
60
to
113
GHz
in
90
nm
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
6
]
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
T
h
e
d
esig
n
of
a
w
id
eb
an
d
in
ter
m
ed
iate
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
I
F)
r
ec
eiv
e
r
o
p
er
atin
g
b
et
w
ee
n
110
an
d
1
4
0
GHz,
u
s
ed
in
65
nm
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
T
Hz
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
lie
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
of
mo
d
u
l
atio
n
an
d
d
em
o
d
u
latio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
as
w
el
l
as
in
th
e
h
ig
h
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
e
x
ti
n
ctio
n
.
In
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
of
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
m
i
x
er
o
v
er
100
GHz
is
co
m
p
le
x
d
u
e
to
cr
iter
ia
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ain
,
p
ass
b
an
d
,
n
o
i
s
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
(
NF)
an
d
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
we
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
Gilb
er
t
ce
ll
-
b
ased
d
o
w
n
co
n
v
er
tin
g
m
ix
er
,
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
t
w
o
p
o
w
er
d
iv
id
er
s
,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
t
h
e
140
GHz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
f
o
r
a
s
u
p
er
h
eter
o
d
y
n
e
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
ch
ain
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
T
h
e
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
R
F)
r
ec
eiv
er
g
en
er
all
y
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
of
an
an
ten
n
a
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
[
1
8
]
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
th
i
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(
L
N
A
)
t
h
at
a
m
p
li
f
ies
t
h
e
RF
-
f
ilter
ed
s
i
g
n
al.
L
as
tl
y
,
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
m
i
x
er
p
la
y
s
an
es
s
en
tia
l
r
o
le
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
RF
r
ec
eiv
er
by
en
ab
li
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
of
t
h
e
RF
to
a
lo
w
er
I
F,
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
a
lo
ca
l
o
s
cillato
r
(
L
O)
s
ig
n
al
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
of
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
u
tlin
ed
as:
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
h
a
v
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
i
x
er
cir
cu
it
an
d
th
e
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
of
t
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
b
alu
n
s
.
In
t
h
e
t
h
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
an
al
y
ze
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
s
of
th
e
G
ilb
er
t
m
i
x
er
w
it
h
i
n
te
g
r
ated
b
alu
n
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
la
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
la
y
o
u
t
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
of
a
s
u
p
er
h
eter
o
d
y
n
e
r
ec
eiv
er
2.
CIRCU
I
T
D
E
S
I
G
N
2
.
1
.
E
lect
rica
l
circ
uit
dia
g
ra
m
T
h
e
m
i
x
er
s
u
g
g
ested
in
th
i
s
a
r
ticle
is
ess
e
n
tiall
y
f
o
u
n
d
ed
on
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
alan
ce
d
Gilb
er
t
ce
ll.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
e
v
en
-
o
r
d
er
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
g
o
o
d
is
o
l
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
r
ts
.
It
is
an
ac
tiv
e
m
i
x
er
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
of
a
s
u
p
er
h
ete
r
o
d
y
n
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
It
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
RF
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
of
0
.
1
4
T
Hz
to
th
e
IF
of
1
GHz
u
s
i
n
g
a
LO
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
i
x
ed
at
0
.
1
3
9
T
Hz.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
0
.
1
5
μm
p
HE
MT
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
of
th
e
PH15
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
m
o
n
o
lith
ic
m
icr
o
wav
e
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
it
(
MM
I
C
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2,
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
of
th
r
ee
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ta
g
es.
Fir
s
tl
y
,
th
er
e
is
a
d
if
f
er
en
tial
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
ta
g
e
th
a
t
in
cl
u
d
es
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
p
air
co
m
p
o
s
ed
of
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M1
an
d
M2
,
each
h
av
in
g
a
w
id
th
of
54
μ
m
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
o
p
er
ate
in
s
atu
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e,
f
ac
ilit
ati
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
RF
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
to
a
d
if
f
er
en
tial
c
u
r
r
en
t.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
s
ta
ge
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
r
e
of
th
e
cir
cu
it.
It
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
t
w
o
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
p
air
s
co
n
s
is
t
in
g
of
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M3
-
M6
,
w
h
ic
h
o
p
er
ate
clo
s
e
to
th
e
p
in
ch
-
o
f
f
r
e
g
io
n
w
it
h
a
w
id
th
of
43
μ
m
.
T
h
is
e
n
ab
les
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
li
ca
tio
n
of
th
e
RF
s
ig
n
al
w
it
h
t
h
e
LO
s
ig
n
al.
An
d
a
lo
ad
s
tag
e
co
n
s
is
ts
of
t
w
o
880
Ω
r
esis
to
r
s
(
R
1
a
n
d
R
2
)
.
I
ts
r
o
le
is
to
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
tag
e
i
n
to
th
e
IF
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
We
u
s
e
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e,
b
ased
on
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
o
is
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
w
id
t
h
of
th
e
RF
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
of
t
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
RF
s
ta
g
e
by
in
s
er
tin
g
t
w
o
143
Ω
r
esis
to
r
s
(
R
3
a
n
d
R
4
)
to
in
j
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
to
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
M1
an
d
M2
.
T
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ai
m
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
,
w
h
ic
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
by
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
(
1
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
2
2
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
1
5
5
4
-
1
563
1556
=
2
×
×
(
1
)
is
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
,
wh
ile
d
en
o
tes
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
of
th
e
cir
cu
it
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
i
x
er
We
in
teg
r
ate
t
w
o
b
u
f
f
er
s
ta
g
e
s
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
of
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
cir
cu
it,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
of
co
m
m
o
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
M7
an
d
M8
,
each
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
f
in
g
er
s
(
=4
)
an
d
a
to
tal
w
id
t
h
of
40
μm
(
4
×4
0
μ
m
)
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
atc
h
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it.
An
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
of
t
w
o
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
,
M9
an
d
M1
0
,
w
it
h
a
w
id
t
h
of
70
μm
an
d
42
μ
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
ad
d
itio
n
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
’
s
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
tag
e.
So
,
to
g
et
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
es
u
lt,
it
’
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
s
tr
i
k
e
an
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
:
is
o
latio
n
,
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
,
LO
p
o
w
er
,
li
n
ea
r
it
y
,
a
n
d
NF
.
2
.
2
.
B
a
lun
s
2
.
2
.
1
.
B
a
lun
ra
dio
f
re
qu
ency
/
lo
ca
l o
s
cilla
t
o
r
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
of
t
h
e
p
as
s
iv
e
R
F
/LO
,
b
alu
n
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
s
an
d
th
e
r
esis
ti
v
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
ited
m
o
n
o
lit
h
ic
s
e
m
i
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
(
UM
S)
f
o
u
n
d
r
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
b
alu
n
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
of
a
s
i
n
g
le
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
an
d
t
w
o
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
,
an
d
it
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
R
F
/LO
s
i
g
n
al
in
to
t
w
o
s
i
g
n
a
ls
of
id
e
n
tica
l
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e,
p
h
ased
180
d
eg
r
ee
s
ap
ar
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
RF
b
alu
n
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
.
We
can
s
ee
th
at
th
e
cir
cu
it
’
s
t
w
o
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
h
av
e
a
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
of
180
d
eg
r
ee
s
at
1
4
0
GHz.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
d
v
a
n
ce
d
d
esig
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
A
D
S)
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
p
ass
iv
e
b
al
u
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
p
h
a
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
at
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
4
0
GHz
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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ll d
o
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co
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ve
r
s
io
n
mixe
r
fo
r
TH
z
w
i
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mmu
n
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tio
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ith
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a
s
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ive
…
(
A
b
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d
im
E
l Kr
o
u
k
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1557
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
S2
1
an
d
S
3
1
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
v
al
u
e
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-
3
.
0
2
0
d
B
)
at
1
4
0
GHz
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
p
o
w
e
r
d
iv
is
io
n
in
p
o
r
ts
2
an
d
3
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
b
alu
n
's
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
w
h
er
e
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
am
p
lit
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
t
w
o
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
ze
r
o
(
0
.
0
1
3
d
B
)
w
h
i
c
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
l
y
to
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
am
p
lit
u
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
S2
1
an
d
S3
1
p
lo
tted
ag
ain
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
GHz
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Am
p
lit
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
GHz
2
.
2
.
2
.
B
a
lun
IF
We
o
p
e
r
ate
th
e
b
alu
n
cir
cu
it
(
R
F/
L
O)
in
co
u
p
ler
m
o
d
e
on
th
e
m
i
x
er
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
(
I
F1
,
I
F2
)
.
T
h
e
co
u
p
ler
co
n
s
is
ts
of
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
ts
,
I
F1
,
I
F2
,
1
8
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
u
t
of
p
h
ase,
an
d
an
IF
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
t
of
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
1
GHz
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
7
an
d
8,
p
ar
am
eter
s
S2
1
an
d
S3
1
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
h
ase
an
d
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
of
th
e
b
alu
n
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
a
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
i
f
t
of
180
d
eg
r
ee
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
r
ts
(
I
F1
,
I
F)
an
d
(
I
F1
,
I
F2
)
at
1
GHz.
A
n
d
an
a
m
p
litu
d
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
p
o
r
ts
of
0
.
3
8
d
B
,
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
ze
r
o
.
So
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
g
i
v
e
g
o
o
d
b
alu
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
1
GHz.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Var
iatio
n
in
t
h
e
p
h
as
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
r
ts
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
GHz
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
am
p
lit
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
r
ts
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
3.
M
I
XE
R
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
SUL
T
S
3
.
1
.
Ra
dio
f
re
qu
ency
a
nd
lo
ca
l o
s
cilla
t
o
r
po
w
er
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
is
p
la
y
s
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
r
elati
v
e
to
th
e
LO
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
p
ea
k
s
at
1
5
.
2
4
9
dB
w
i
th
t
h
e
LO
i
n
j
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
s
et
to
0
d
B
m
.
NF
in
d
o
u
b
le
s
id
eb
an
d
(
DSB
)
o
b
s
er
v
ed
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
7
.
1
5
dB
at
an
LO
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
of
0
d
B
m
,
as
il
l
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
10.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
g
ai
n
v
er
s
u
s
R
F
p
o
w
er
in
j
ec
ted
cu
r
v
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
C
_
G
ac
h
iev
e
s
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
5
.
2
4
9
d
B
f
o
r
th
e
R
F
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
-
2
5
d
B
m
.
So
,
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
L
O
a
n
d
R
F
p
o
w
er
s
ar
e
0
d
B
m
an
d
-
2
5
d
B
m
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
ese
o
p
ti
m
u
m
v
al
u
es
en
s
u
r
e
an
ex
ce
lle
n
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ain
a
n
d
a
lo
w
NF
.
So
,
w
e
u
s
e
th
ese
o
p
ti
m
u
m
L
O
an
d
R
F p
o
w
er
v
a
lu
e
s
f
o
r
all
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
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m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
2
2
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
1
5
5
4
-
1
563
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
C
_
G
in
d
B
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
L
O_
i
n
p
u
t_
p
w
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
DSB
NF
o
f
th
e
m
ix
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
cu
r
v
e
o
f
C
_
G
v
er
s
u
s
R
F_
in
p
u
t_
p
o
w
er
_
d
B
m
3
.
2
.
M
ix
er
lin
ea
rit
y
T
h
e
P
1
d
B
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
-
o
r
d
er
in
ter
ce
p
t
p
o
in
t
(
I
I
P
3
)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
it
y
of
th
e
m
i
x
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
12
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
of
IF
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
v
er
s
u
s
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
o
w
er
i
n
j
ec
ted
at
in
p
u
t.
We
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
t
h
e
v
alu
e
of
th
e
1
dB
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
p
o
in
t,
at
w
h
ic
h
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
by
1
d
B
,
is
-
16
d
B
m
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
I
I
P
3
w
as
ac
h
i
ev
ed
w
h
e
n
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
w
o
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
i
g
n
als,
F_
R
F1
an
d
F_
R
F2
,
to
th
e
RF
ac
ce
s
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
1
4
0
.
0
0
2
GHz
an
d
1
3
9
.
9
9
8
GHz,
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
13
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
an
d
th
ir
d
-
o
r
d
er
in
ter
m
o
d
u
latio
n
v
er
s
u
s
i
n
j
ec
ted
p
o
w
e
r
RF
.
We
can
d
ed
u
ce
th
at
t
h
e
I
I
P
3
is
-
6
.
0
4
d
B
m
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
a
t
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
i
x
er
h
a
s
g
o
o
d
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
P
1
d
B
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
m
ix
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
T
h
e
I
I
P3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Gilb
ert ce
ll d
o
w
n
-
co
n
ve
r
s
io
n
mixe
r
fo
r
TH
z
w
i
r
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s
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
w
ith
p
a
s
s
ive
…
(
A
b
d
e
la
d
im
E
l Kr
o
u
k
)
1559
3
.
3
.
P
o
rt
-
to
-
po
rt
i
s
o
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
cu
r
v
e
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
14
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
of
i
s
o
latio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
o
r
ts
of
th
e
cir
cu
it
ch
an
g
es
w
it
h
v
ar
y
in
g
LO
p
o
w
er
.
In
th
e
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
m
i
x
er
,
is
o
latio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
L
O_
R
F
p
o
r
ts
is
e
s
s
e
n
tial,
r
ef
lecti
n
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
av
o
id
LO
s
ig
n
al
leak
a
g
e
on
th
e
RF
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
i
s
m
ix
e
r
a
c
h
i
ev
es
g
o
o
d
L
O
_
R
F
is
o
l
a
ti
o
n
of
6
3
.
2
1
dB
at
LO
p
o
w
e
r
l
ev
el
s
of
0
d
B
m
.
T
h
e
i
s
o
la
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
tw
ee
n
R
F
_
I
F
a
n
d
L
O
_
I
F
p
o
r
t
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
100
d
B
.
Fig
u
r
e
14.
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
of
is
o
latio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
L
O_
R
F,
R
F_
I
F
,
an
d
L
O_
I
F
p
o
r
ts
as
a
v
er
s
u
s
LO
p
o
w
er
4.
L
AYO
U
T
DE
SI
G
N
OF
T
H
E
CIRC
UI
T
T
h
e
lay
o
u
t
s
c
h
e
m
atic
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Gilb
er
t
ce
ll
m
ix
er
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
15.
T
h
e
la
y
o
u
t
co
n
s
is
t
s
of
th
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
th
e
m
i
x
er
its
e
lf
,
alo
n
g
w
i
th
th
r
ee
ac
ce
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.
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
S.
R
a
p
p
a
p
o
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t
et
al
.,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
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C
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mm
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p
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100
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[
2
]
I.
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A
k
y
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l
d
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,
J.
M.
Jo
r
n
e
t
,
a
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n
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.
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o
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.
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.
[
3
]
P.
R
.
V
a
z
q
u
e
z
,
“
6G
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
C
o
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t
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s
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c
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s
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d
200
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z
:
an
A
n
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r
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man
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M
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.
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El
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[
4
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A.
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A.
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[
5
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T.
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R.
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[
6
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d
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[
7
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J.
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et
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l
.
,
“
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me
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[
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d
J.
-
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R
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h
,
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O
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,
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A
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,
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S
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,
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M
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ma
n
,
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1
1
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me
d
,
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1
2
]
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S
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,
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R
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K
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p
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L
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n
d
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A
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[
1
3
]
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K
h
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d
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r
,
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[
1
4
]
M.
R
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v
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k
u
m
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r
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d
U.
Er
a
n
n
a
,
“
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EEE
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[
1
5
]
J.
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a
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r
man
,
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P
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t
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,
a
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V
a
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,
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n
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on
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o
m
m
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n
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c
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t
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o
n
and
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l
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t
ro
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s
S
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s
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[
1
6
]
Y.
-
S.
L
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n
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n
d
K.
-
S.
L
a
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
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m
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me
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t
a
t
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of
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60
–
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H
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o
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o
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n
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x
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nm
C
M
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S
,
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n
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d
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Pro
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[
1
7
]
Y.
C
h
e
n
et
al
.,
“
110
–
1
4
0
-
G
H
z
W
i
d
e
-
IF
-
B
a
n
d
65
-
nm
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f
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l
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sma
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i
c
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”
in
I
EEE
Mi
c
ro
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
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r
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l
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.
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.
[
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:
a
b
d
e
lh
a
f
id
.
e
ss
a
q
y
@u
s
m
b
a
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
F
a
tta
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
CE
M
at
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
of
S
id
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Be
n
A
b
d
e
ll
a
h
(USM
BA
)
F
e
z
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
2
0
1
1
.
He
is
a
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
of
th
e
Hig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
of
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
at
th
e
M
o
u
lay
Is
m
a
il
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(UMI
),
M
e
k
n
e
s,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
a
n
d
he
is
a
re
sp
o
n
si
b
le
of
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
tea
m
‘In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s,
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s’,
IM
A
G
E
lab
o
ra
to
ry
,
UMI.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
m
.
f
a
tt
a
h
@
u
m
i.
a
c
.
m
a
.
S
a
id
M
a
z
e
r
b
o
rn
i
n
1
9
7
8
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
rn
e
-
La
-
V
a
ll
é
e
,
Ch
a
m
p
s
-
s
u
rM
a
rn
e
,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
F
u
ll
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
w
it
h
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
F
e
z
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
He
is
m
e
m
b
re
o
f
I
A
S
S
E
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
id
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Be
n
A
b
d
e
ll
a
h
F
e
z
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
icro
w
a
v
e
-
p
h
o
to
n
i
c
s
d
e
v
ice
s
f
o
r
ra
d
io
-
o
v
e
r
f
ib
re
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
h
e
is
a
lso
in
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
n
e
two
rk
se
c
u
rit
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
id
.
m
a
z
e
r@u
s
m
b
a
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
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p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Gilb
ert ce
ll d
o
w
n
-
co
n
ve
r
s
io
n
mixe
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fo
r
TH
z
w
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eles
s
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mmu
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tio
n
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ith
p
a
s
s
ive
…
(
A
b
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la
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im
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l Kr
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u
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)
1563
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
M
e
h
d
i
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Be
iru
t,
L
e
b
a
n
o
n
,
in
1
9
7
4
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
H
ig
h
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
f
ro
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
of
P
a
ris
M
a
rn
e
la
V
a
ll
é
e
,
F
ra
n
c
e
2
0
0
5
.
He
is
an
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
P
h
y
sic
s
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
of
th
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
of
sc
ien
c
e
s
at
th
e
L
e
b
a
n
e
se
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
,
Be
iru
t,
L
e
b
a
n
o
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
M
M
IC
,
m
icro
-
e
le
c
tro
-
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
s
y
st
e
m
s
(M
EM
S
),
ra
d
i
o
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
d
o
u
b
le
b
a
lan
c
e
d
a
n
d
d
istr
ib
u
ted
m
i
x
e
rs,
lo
c
a
l
o
sc
i
ll
a
to
r,
TW
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
o
p
to
e
lec
tro
n
ic
m
ix
e
r
f
o
r
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ID
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R
s
y
ste
m
,
o
p
ti
c
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
-
d
e
tec
to
rs.
He
is
c
o
u
rse
lea
d
e
r
in
m
icro
w
a
v
e
d
e
v
ice
s
f
o
r
th
e
M
a
ste
rs
p
ro
g
ra
m
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
h
m
o
u
d
.
m
e
h
d
i@u
l.
e
d
u
.
l
b
.
M
o
u
lh
i
m
e
El
B
e
k
k
a
li
h
o
ld
e
r
of
a
d
o
c
to
ra
te
in
1
9
9
1
f
ro
m
th
e
U
S
T
L
Un
iv
e
rsi
t
y
L
il
le
1
F
ra
n
c
e
,
he
w
o
rk
e
d
on
a
n
ten
n
a
s
p
ri
n
ted
in
X
-
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
m
icro
w
a
v
e
ra
d
a
r.
S
i
n
c
e
1
9
9
2
,
he
w
a
s
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
at
t
h
e
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
of
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
F
e
z
(ES
T
F
)
a
n
d
he
w
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
of
th
e
T
ra
n
s
m
i
ss
io
n
a
n
d
Da
ta
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
(
L
TT
I).
In
1
9
9
9
,
he
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
s
e
c
o
n
d
D
o
c
to
ra
te
in
E
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
C
o
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
f
r
o
m
S
id
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Be
n
A
b
d
e
ll
a
h
Un
iv
e
rsity
(USM
BA
).
S
in
c
e
2
0
0
9
,
he
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
V
ice
-
P
r
e
sid
e
n
t
of
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
at
t
h
e
S
id
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Be
n
A
b
d
e
ll
a
h
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(USM
BA
)
in
F
e
z
-
M
o
ro
c
c
o
u
n
t
il
2
0
1
8
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
he
is
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
at
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
of
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(ENS
A
F
)
a
n
d
m
e
m
b
e
r
of
th
e
L
I
A
S
S
E
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
at
S
id
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Be
n
A
b
d
e
ll
a
h
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
u
lh
im
e
.
e
lb
e
k
k
a
li
@u
sm
b
a
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
Ca
th
e
r
in
e
Alg
a
n
i
b
o
r
n
in
1
9
6
3
.
Ph
.
D
.
in
E
lec
tro
n
ics
at
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
P
ierre
a
n
d
M
a
rie
Cu
rie
(
P
a
ris
V
I).
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
at
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
se
rv
a
to
ry
of
A
rts
a
n
d
Cra
f
ts,
CN
A
M
-
P
a
ris.
S
h
e
is
th
e
re
sp
o
n
sib
le
of
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
tea
m
“
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
”
at
ES
YCO
M
lab
o
ra
to
ry
.
S
h
e
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
c
a
th
e
rin
e
.
a
l
g
a
n
i@lec
n
a
m
.
n
e
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.