Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
and
Dri
v
e
System
(IJPEDS)
V
ol.
15,
No.
4,
December
2024,
pp.
2526
∼
2534
ISSN:
2088-8694,
DOI:
10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i4.pp2526-2534
❒
2526
Optimal
sizing
and
economic
assessment
of
diesel
and
solar
mills
f
or
cer
eal
milling
in
rural
ar
eas
of
Senegal
Moustapha
Diop
1,2
,
Mouhamadou
F
alilou
Ndiay
e
2,3
,
Ibrahima
Guey
e
1,2
,
Abdoulay
e
K
ebe
1,2
,
Omar
Dia
1,2
1
Department
STI,
Ecole
Normale
Sup
´
erieure
d’Enseignement
T
echnique
et
Professionnel,
Uni
v
ersite
Cheikh
Anta
Diop,
Dakar
,
Sene
g
al
2
Laboratoire
L3EPI,
Ecole
Sup
´
erieure
Polytechnique,
Uni
v
ersit
´
e
Cheikh
Anta
Diop,
Dakar
,
Sene
g
al
3
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Ecole
Sup
´
erieure
Polytechnique,
Uni
v
ersite
Cheikh
Anta
Diop,
Dakar
,
Sene
g
al
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Sep
25,
2023
Re
vised
Dec
25,
2023
Accepted
Apr
22,
2024
K
eyw
ords:
Diesel
mill
Economic
comparison
Life
c
ycle
cost
Solar
mill
V
illage
size
ABSTRA
CT
This
paper
aims
at
using
life
c
ycle
costing
(LCC)
to
assess
the
economic
via-
bility
of
solar
and
diesel
mills
for
cereal
milling,
adopting
se
v
eral
scenarios
of
village
sizes
in
Sene
g
al
and
time
perspecti
v
es.
This
w
ork
is
intended
to
pro-
vide
decision-mak
ers
and
stak
eholders
with
v
aluable
information
for
selecting
optimal
milling
systems,
taking
into
account
both
economic
and
village
size
considerations.
The
methodology
adopted
is
based
on
system
specications
and
daily
cereal
consumption
proles.
T
o
determ
ine
the
economic
performance
of
systems,
three
types
of
villages
are
e
v
aluated
a
nd
analyzed
in
detail
from
short,
medium,
and
long-term
perspec
ti
v
es.
The
results
indicate
that
solar
mills
are
the
most
economical
systems
for
milling
cereals
in
remote
villages
in
the
long
term,
with
a
potential
economic
g
ain
of
10%,
31%,
and
41%
for
small,
medium,
and
big
villages
respecti
v
ely
,
compared
to
diesel
mills.
Ho
we
v
er
,
solar
mills
are
less
promising
in
the
short
term.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Moustapha
Diop
Ecole
Normale
Sup
´
erieure
d’Enseignement
T
echnique
et
Professionnel,
Uni
v
ersite
Cheikh
Anta
Diop
Dakar
,
Sene
g
al
Email:
moustapha17.diop@ucad.edu.sn
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
Pearl
millet,
maize
and
sor
ghum,
are
the
staple
food
crops
of
rural
households
in
Sene
g
al,
with
an
annual
consumption
of
64.8
kg
per
capita
[1]-[3].
This
high
demand
mak
es
traditional
cereal
milling
inef
cient.
W
ith
this
trend,
the
mechanization
of
cereal
milling
with
the
use
of
hammer
mills
dri
v
en
by
induction
motors
due
to
their
adv
antages
has
become
a
reliable
alternati
v
e
[4]-[6].
In
this
paper
,
we
focus
on
cereal
mills
in
Sene
g
al’
s
rural
areas
because,
despite
the
ef
forts,
the
issue
of
cereal
milling
remains
unresolv
ed
and
needs
to
be
addressed.
On
the
one
hand,
man
y
villages
are
not
electried,
and
on
the
other
hand,
cereal
milling
in
Sene
g
al
mainly
serv
es
the
domest
ic
mark
et
and
making
an
essential
contrib
ution
to
food
security
in
rural
areas.
T
o
achie
v
e
this,
it
is
necessary
to
equip
rural
areas
with
mills
that
can
only
be
po
wered
by
diesel
or
solar
po
wer
.
Although
both
systems
meet
the
requirements
of
cereal
milling,
there
are
signicant
dif
ferences
in
terms
of
cost,
reliability
and
en
vironmental
impact.
Thus,
se
v
eral
w
orks
[7]-[9]
ha
v
e
been
carried
out
to
high-
light
solar
and
diesel
systems.
F
or
diesel
systems,
the
steady
diesel
supply
and
maintenance
are
problematic,
e
v
en
if
capital
costs
are
lo
w
.
In
contrast,
solar
systems
are
highly
appropriate
due
to
the
high
solar
potential
in
Sene
g
al.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
high
capital
costs
are
the
main
limits.
Based
on
classic
analyses,
the
high
capital
cost
of
solar
systems
is
often
daunting
to
donors
and
project
implementers
in
rural
areas
on
the
one
hand.
On
the
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijpeds.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
2527
other
hand,
with
diesel
systems,
beneciaries
are
often
f
aced
with
the
high
running
costs.
Thus,
it
has
become
ur
gent
to
propose
a
solution
through
a
detailed
study
,
allo
wing
them
to
select
the
most
appropriate
system.
Indeed,
in
pre
vious
studies
comparing
diesel
and
solar
systems,
the
time
and
size
criteria
of
the
vil
lage
are
almost
ne
v
er
tak
en
into
account
at
the
same
time.
But,
diesel
and
solar
systems
of
fer
adv
antages,
depending
on
specic
needs
of
each
village
and
go
v
ernment’
s
short
and
medium-term
rural
electrication
plans.
Based
on
the
analyses,
the
choice
of
systems
in
rural
areas
must
tak
e
into
account
economic
issues,
b
ut
also
the
conte
xt
and
prospects,
which
consider
the
time
and
size
of
villages
di
vided
into
small,
medium,
and
lar
ge
[10],
[11].
The
aim
of
this
w
ork
is
to
compare
solar
and
diesel
mills
through
optimal
sizing
and
economic
asses
s-
ments
based
on
the
life
c
ycle
costing
(LCC)
concept.
This
study
w
as
carried
out
on
the
basis
of
milling
unit
specications,
daily
cereal
requirements
and
economic
parameters
such
as
component
costs,
opera
ting
costs
and
economic
rates
for
three
scenarios
based
on
criteria
of
time
and
of
village
size,
which
is
set
at
500,
900,
and
1200
inhabitants
for
small,
medium,
and
big
villages.
W
ithin
the
conte
xt
of
the
study
,
the
short-term
means
a
period
shorter
than
7
years,
medium-term
co
v
ers
a
range
from
7
to
12
years
and
long-t
erm
is
a
period
longer
than
12
years.
The
rest
of
this
paper
is
or
g
anized
as
follo
ws:
The
section
2
deals
with
sizing
and
assessment
method-
ologies.
In
section
3,
the
results
are
presented
and
discussed.
The
conclusions
are
highlighted
in
section
4.
2.
MA
TERIALS
AND
METHOD
The
procedure
for
the
assessment
of
mills,
i
llustrated
in
Figure
1
and
Figure
2,
is
as
follo
ws.
By
considering
the
milling
unit
model
de
v
eloped
[5],
[6]
the
hourly
o
w
rate
is
calculated
on
the
basis
of
rated
po
wer
(
P
n
)
and
rotational
speed
(
ω
n
)
as
gi
v
en
in
(1).
Ener
gy
requirements
are
calculated
taking
into
account
input
parameters
such
as
the
dai
ly
quantity
of
cereal
required
(
M
c
),
the
number
of
inhabitants
per
village
(
n
p
),
the
daily
cereal
consumption
per
inhabitant
(
β
p
),
the
daily
operating
time
(
t
op
)
and
the
ef
cienc
y
of
the
milling
unit
(
η
mu
).
These
data,
along
with
the
po
wer
rating
of
the
milling
unit,
are
used
to
determine
the
size
of
solar
and
diesel
mills.
Once
the
systems
ha
v
e
been
sized,
the
economic
assessment
is
carried
out.
I
M
M
i
l
l
Batteries
PV panels
Three-phase
Inverter
Controller
Figure
1.
Schematic
diagram
of
the
solar
mill
I
M
M
i
l
l
Diesel
Generator
Figure
2.
Schematic
diagram
of
the
diesel
mill
The
relationship
between
load
torque
(
T
l
)
and
o
w
rate
(Q)
in
kg/min
is
gi
v
en
by
(1).
T
l
(Q)
=
0
.
578
·
Q
2
+
7
.
621
·
Q
+
0
.
047
(1)
Hourly
o
w
rate:
Assuming
that
the
l
oad
torque
is
equal
to
the
rated
motor
torque
at
the
operating
point,
the
o
w
rate
in
kg
per
hours
of
the
considered
milling
unit
can
be
calculated
from.
Q(P
n
,
ω
n
)
=
60
·
6
.
592
q
0
.
9981
+
0
.
0398
·
P
n
·
ω
−
1
n
−
1
(2)
Ener
gy
requirements:
The
v
ariables
t
op
,
M
c
and
the
ener
gy
requirement
(
E
l
)
are
calculated
as
(3).
t
op
=
M
c
Q
=
n
p
·
β
p
Q
(3)
E
l
(n
p
)
=
P
n
η
m
u
·
t
op
=
P
n
η
m
u
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
(4)
Optimal
sizing
and
economic
assessment
of
diesel
and
solar
mills
for
cer
eal
...
(Moustapha
Diop)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2528
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
2.1.
Sizing
of
solar
mill
PV
panels:
Based
on
[12]-[17],
and
according
to
(5),
the
po
wer
generated
by
PV
panels
(
P
p
v
)
can
be
estimated
based
on
solar
irradiation
I
r
(kW/m
2
)
and
radiation
G
(kWh/m
2
),
and
the
PV
system
ef
cienc
y
(
η
s
).
P
p
v
(n
p
)
=
I
r
·
E
l
G
·
η
s
=
I
r
G
·
P
n
η
m
u
·
η
s
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
(5)
Gi
v
en
the
inclusion
of
a
battery
,
PV
systems
incur
losses
during
the
char
ging
and
dischar
ging
processes.
In
[18]
and
[19],
the
performances
of
t
he
batteri
es
were
e
v
aluated.
Under
optimum
conditions,
Li-ion
bat-
teries
can
achie
v
e
ef
ciencies
of
99%
ef
cienc
y
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
reasonable
estimate
of
ef
cienc
y
is
95%.
The
char
ge
controller
and
in
v
erter
ha
v
e
ef
ciencies
of
95-97%.
Based
on
results,
system
ef
cienc
y
is
set
at
80%.
Battery
storage:
The
bat
tery
storage
capacity
is
estimated
according
to
the
the
daily
ener
gy
required,
the
num-
ber
of
autonomous
days
(N
d
)
and
the
depth
of
dischar
ge
of
the
battery
(DOD)
[20].
C
Wh
(n
p
)
=
E
l
·
N
d
DOD
·
η
s
=
N
d
DOD
·
P
n
η
m
u
·
η
s
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
(6)
In
v
erter
and
char
ge
controller:
Ideally
,
the
in
v
erter
size
should
be
slightly
lar
ger
than
the
peak
A
C
load,
and
the
char
ge
controller
should
be
sized
to
handle
the
maximum
PV
current
and
v
oltage,
b
ut
also
to
be
able
to
generate
the
required
char
ging
current.
Thus,
the
in
v
erter
po
wer
and
char
ge
controller
can
be
estimated
using
the
(7)
and
(8),
taking
into
account
safety
f
actors
of
10%
and
15%
respecti
v
ely
.
P
in
=
1
.
1
·
P
n
η
m
u
(7)
I
ct
=
1
.
15
·
max(
P
in
48
,
P
p
v
48
)
(8)
2.1.1.
Sizing
of
diesel
mill
The
DG
po
wer
should
be
equal
to
the
po
wer
required
by
the
milling
unit.
Therefore,
it
is
obtained
by:
P
G
=
P
m
η
m
u
(9)
pre
vious
studies
[21]-[23]
sho
w
that
the
diesel
consumption
D
c
(l/h)
can
be
calculated
using
(10).
D
c
=
k
1
·
P
G
+
k
2
·
P
Gt
(10)
k
1
and
k
2
are
coef
cients
of
fuel
consumption
curv
e
(l/kWh),
gi
v
en
by
0.246
and
0.08145,
respecti
v
ely
[24].
P
G
is
the
rated
po
wer
and
P
Gt
is
the
output
po
wer
.
F
or
our
case,
it
is
assume
d
that
the
system
operates
at
rated
po
wer
.
Therefore,
the
rated
and
the
output
po
wer
are
equal.
Thus,
the
daily
consumption
of
diesel
is:
V
d
=
(k
1
+
k
2
)
·
P
G
·
t
op
(11)
2.2.
Economic
assessment
The
LCC
method
can
be
found
in
pre
vious
related
w
orks
[25]-[28].
F
or
this
w
ork,
the
remaining
costs
called
are
ignored
b
ut
the
discount
f
actor
is
considered.
Therefore,
the
LCC
of
each
mi
lling
system
is
the
sum
of
the
capital
cost
(
C
c
),
the
operating
and
maintenance
costs
(
O&M
c
)
and
the
replacement
costs
(
R
c
).
The
LCC
can
be
calculated
using
(12).
LCC
=
C
c
+
O&M
c
+
R
c
(12)
According
to
[29],
[30]
the
discount
f
actor
(
γ
)
is
estimated
from
the
ination
(
i
)
and
discount
(
d
)
rates.
γ
=
1
+
i
1
+
d
(13)
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
15,
No.
4,
December
2024:
2526–2534
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
2529
2.2.1.
LCC
of
solar
mill
Capital
cost:
The
C
c
includes
the
component
costs
and
the
installation
cost
set
at
10
%
of
components
costs.
C
SM
c
=
1
.
1[C
p
v
+
C
ct
+
C
in
+
C
bt
+
C
m
u
]
(14)
C
m
u
is
the
milling
unit
cost.
C
p
v
,
C
bt
,
C
ct
and
C
in
are
total
acquisition
costs
of
PV
panels,
controller
,
in
v
erter
and
battery
,
which
can
be
described
by
the
follo
wing:
C
p
v
(n
p
,
α
p
v
)
=
I
r
G
·
P
n
η
m
u
·
η
s
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
·
α
p
v
(15)
C
bt
(n
p
,
α
bt
)
=
N
d
DOD
·
P
n
η
m
u
·
η
s
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
·
α
bt
(16)
C
ct
(
α
ct
)
=
1
.
15
·
max(
P
in
48
,
P
p
v
48
)
·
α
ct
(17)
C
in
(
α
in
)
=
P
in
·
α
in
(18)
where
α
p
v
($
/
W)
,
α
ct
($
/
A)
,
α
in
($
/
W)
and
α
bt
($
/
Wh)
denote
the
acquisition
cost
per
unit
po
wer
of
PV
panels,
controller
,
in
v
erter
and
battery
,
respecti
v
ely
.
Operating
and
Maintenance
cost:
It
is
the
sum
of
the
operating
and
maintenance
costs
associated
to
PV
panels
(
OM
p
v
c
),
controller
(
OM
ct
c
),
in
v
erter
(
OM
in
c
),
battery
(
OM
bt
c
)
and
milling
unit
(
OM
m
u
c
).
OM
p
v
c
=
N
y
X
y=1
I
r
G
·
P
n
η
m
u
·
η
s
·
β
p
Q
·
µ
p
v
·
n
p
·
γ
y
(19)
OM
bt
c
=
N
y
X
y=1
N
d
DOD
·
P
n
η
m
u
·
η
s
·
β
p
Q
·
µ
m
u
·
n
p
·
γ
y
(20)
OM
ct
c
=
N
y
X
y=1
1
.
15
·
max(
P
in
48
,
P
p
v
48
)
·
µ
ct
·
γ
y
(21)
OM
in
c
=
N
y
X
y=1
1
.
1
·
P
max
·
µ
in
·
γ
y
(22)
OM
m
u
c
=
N
y
X
y=1
C
m
u
·
µ
m
u
·
γ
y
(23)
µ
p
v
($
/
W)
,
µ
ct
($
/
A)
,
µ
in
($
/
W)
,
µ
bt
($
/
Wh)
and
µ
mu
(%)
are
the
annual
O&M
costs
of
components.
Replacement
cost:
The
replacement
cost
is
calculated
based
on
the
acquisition
cost,
the
lifetime
and
the
number
of
replacement
[31].
In
our
case,
no
replacement
is
needed
for
PV
panels.
Assuming
that
the
lifetime
of
other
components
ranges
between
10
and
15
years,
one
(1)
replacement
is
needed
for
each
of
them.
Thus,
the
replacement
costs
of
batteries,
in
v
erter
,
controller
and
milling
unit
are
calculated
using
the
follo
wing:
R
bt
c
=
C
Wh
·
n
p
·
α
bt
·
γ
N
bt
(24)
R
ct
c
=
I
ct
·
α
ct
·
γ
N
ct
(25)
R
in
c
=
P
in
·
α
in
·
γ
N
in
(26)
R
m
u
c
=
C
m
u
·
γ
N
m
u
(27)
N
ct
,
N
in
,
N
bt
,
and
N
m
u
denote
the
lifetime
of
controller
,
in
v
erter
,
battery
,
and
milling
unit.
Optimal
sizing
and
economic
assessment
of
diesel
and
solar
mills
for
cer
eal
...
(Moustapha
Diop)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2530
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
2.3.
LCC
of
diesel
mill
Capital
cost:
The
capital
cost
includes
the
milling
unit,
DG
and
installation
costs.
As
introduces,
the
installation
cost
is
set
at
10%
of
in
v
estment
cost.
Thus,
the
capital
cost
of
diesel
mills
can
be
calculated
as:
C
DM
c
=
1
.
1
·
[
α
gd
·
P
G
+
C
m
u
]
(28)
where
α
g
($
/
W)
is
the
cost
per
unit
po
wer
of
the
DG.
Operating
and
Maintenance:
The
O
&
M
cost
includes
the
cost
to
maintains
the
system
components
and
the
total
cost
associated
to
diesel
consumption
during
the
life
c
ycle
of
the
project.
The
O
&
M
can
be
obtained
by:
OM
DM
c
=
N
y
X
y=1
"
C
m
u
·
µ
m
u
+
365
X
i=1
µ
g
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
#
γ
y
+
N
y
X
y=1
"
365
X
i=1
C
d
·
(k
1
+
k
2
)P
m
η
m
u
·
β
p
Q
·
n
p
#
γ
y
(29)
µ
g
($
/
h)
is
the
hourly
cost
to
maintains
the
DG.
C
d
corresponds
to
diesel
cost
per
litter
.
Replacement
cost:
The
replacement
cost
for
the
DG
can
be
calculated
by:
R
g
c
=
N
rm
X
k=1
α
gd
·
P
G
·
γ
L
g
365
·
t
op
(30)
N
rm
is
the
number
of
replacement
needed
and
L
g
is
the
diesel
generator
lifetime
in
hours.
3.
SIMULA
TION
RESUL
TS
AND
DISCUSSIONS
3.1.
Simulation
pr
ogram
inputs
Economic
rate:
According
to
Centra
l
Bank
of
W
est
African
States
and
Media
Center
Statista,
the
ination
and
discount
rates
are
tak
en
as
1.5%
and
4.5%.
The
price
of
diesel
is
about
$1.12
per
litter
.
Cereal
consumption:
The
daily
cereal
consumption
per
hbts
is
estimated
at
0.18
kg.
Component
costs
and
descriptions:
Costs
and
descriptions
of
components
are
set
out
in
T
able
1.
T
able
1.
Input
parameters
for
economic
assessment
PV
panels
Controller
In
v
erter
Battery
Milling
Unit
DG
Acquisition
$
1.1/Wp
$
8/A
$
0.4/W
$
0.2/Wh
$
689.66
$
0.37/W
O&M
$
3/kW/year
$
0.1/A/year
$
10/kW/year
$
5/kWh/year
$
7/year
$
0.01/h
Lifetime
25
years
12
years
12
years
10
years
15
years
12000/h
3.2.
Results
3.2.1.
Sizing
r
esults
The
v
ariations
of
the
component
sizes
according
to
number
of
inhabitants
are
presented
in
Figure
3.
In
order
to
as
sess
the
economic
viability
of
solar
and
diesel
mills
the
follo
wing
cases
of
study
are
selected:
small
village
with
500
inhabitants,
medium
with
900
inhabitants,
and
big
village
with
1200
inhabitants
(T
able
2).
T
able
2.
Sizing
results
of
the
selected
cases
of
study
Daily
requirements
Component
sizes
V
illage
People
Cereal
T
ime
Ener
gy
Diesel
PV
panels
Battery
In
v
erter
Controller
Generator
Small
500
90
kg
1.7
h
5123.3
Wh
1.68
l
1184.6
Wp
11994.4
Wh
3315
W
79.42
3014
W
Medium
900
162
kg
3.1
h
9221.9
Wh
3.02
l
2132.3
Wp
21589.9
Wh
3315
W
79.42
3014
W
Big
1200
216
kg
4.1
h
12296
Wh
4.03
l
2843.1
Wp
28786.5
Wh
3315
W
79.42
3014
W
The
aim
of
the
results
is
to
v
alidate
the
siz
ing
model.
From
results,
it
is
apparent
that
the
sizes
of
DG,
in
v
erter
and
controller
are
independent
to
village
size.
In
contrast,
PV
panels
and
battery
sizes
v
ary
according
to
village
size.
Thus,
1184
Wp,
2132
Wp,
and
2843
Wp
with
storage
capacities
of
11994
Wh,
21590
Wh,
and
28786
Wh
are
required
for
small,
medium,
and
lar
ge
villages.
F
or
diesel
mills,
the
diesel
consumption
v
aries
according
to
the
size
of
the
village.
Thus,
1.68,
3.02,
and
4.03
liters
per
day
are
required
for
small,
medium,
and
lar
ge
villages.
These
results
v
alidate
the
sizing
model
and
enable
us
to
tackle
the
life
c
ycle
analysis.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
15,
No.
4,
December
2024:
2526–2534
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
2531
Figure
3.
V
ariations
of
the
component
sizes
v
ersus
number
of
inhabitants
3.2.2.
LCC
r
esults
This
section
presents
the
LCC
results
for
the
solar
and
diesel
mills.
T
able
3
and
Figure
4
sho
w
a
comparison
for
solar
and
diesel
mills
for
three
types
of
village.
Life-c
ycle
costs
(LCC)
were
calculated
o
v
er
a
20-year
period,
taking
into
account
capital
costs,
operating
costs,
maintenance
costs,
and
replacement
costs.
The
results
sho
w
that
solar
mills
are
much
cheaper
on
a
LCC
basis.
The
solar
mills
ha
v
e
a
high
capital
cost,
b
ut
v
ery
lo
w
operating
and
maintenance
cos
ts.
Comparati
v
ely
for
diesel
mills,
the
O&M
costs
required
for
small,
medium
and
lar
ge
villages
are
$11162,
$20008,
and
$26642
v
ersus
$6988,
$10246,
and
$12689.
T
able
3.
Life
c
ycle
costs
of
solar
and
diesel
mills
Solar
mill
Diesel
mill
Capital
($)
O&M
($)
Repl.($)
LCC
($)
Capital
($)
O&M
($)
Repl.($)
LCC
($)
Small
village
6988.3
1667.4
3621.1
12276.8
1985.2
11161.9
445.5
13592.6
Medium
village
10246.1
2426.6
5055.2
17727.8
1985.2
20007.7
1239.7
23232.6
Big
village
12689.3
2996.1
6130.8
21816.2
1985.2
26642.1
2174.5
30801.7
This
rat
io,
which
v
aries
from
6.69
to
9
depending
on
village
size,
e
xplains
the
protability
of
mills
on
life-c
ycle
costs.
Ho
we
v
er
,
although
the
solar
mill
is
the
most
adv
antageous
option
in
the
long
term
prespecti
v
e,
the
capital
costs
could
justify
the
use
of
diesel
mills
in
rural
areas.
But,
economic
lifetime
can
h
a
v
e
a
signicant
impact
on
the
choice
of
diesel
v
ersus
solar
mills.
This
aspect
is
in
v
estig
ated
by
graphically
comparing
the
LCC.
Figure
4
sho
ws
the
graphical
comparison
to
analyze
their
economic
viability
in
short,
medium
and
long-term
perspecti
v
es
according
to
village
sizes.
Results
sho
w
that
the
solar
mill
is
the
most
economical
option
only
in
medium
and
long
term,
and
diesel-po
wered
mills
are
lik
el
y
to
be
the
best
option
in
the
short
term
due
to
their
lo
w
capital
cost.
This
result
correlates
with
the
capital
costs,
which
are
$6988,
$10246,
and
$12689
compared
with
only
$1985
for
solar
mills.
Ho
we
v
er
,
for
the
medium
and
long-term
perspecti
v
es,
the
o
v
erall
comparison
sho
ws
that
solar
mills
are
more
competiti
v
e
than
diesel
mills,
e
v
en
if
some
correspondence
can
be
noted
for
small
villages
due
to
the
f
act
that
during
this
period
some
components
need
to
be
replaced.
3.3.
Discussion
This
paper
compares
solar
and
diesel
mills
for
dif
ferent
scenarios
relating
to
village
sizes
for
s
hort,
medium
and
long-term
perpecti
v
es.
The
results
are
discussed,
while
a
comparis
on
with
the
literature
cannot
be
made,
since
there
is
hardly
an
y
w
ork
in
the
recent
literature
that
pro
vides
a
comparable
i
n-depth
analysis
Optimal
sizing
and
economic
assessment
of
diesel
and
solar
mills
for
cer
eal
...
(Moustapha
Diop)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2532
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
of
milling
syste
ms.
Ho
we
v
er
,
there
are
some
closely
related
w
orks
that
talk
about
pumping
systems.
In
our
w
ork,
we
ha
v
e
come
to
same
conclusions,
b
ut
we
ha
v
e
indicated
that
the
choice
should
be
based
on
technical
and
economic
e
v
aluations
of
each
case.
In
f
act,
solar
mills
are
economically
viable
for
medium
and
long-term
prospects,
whate
v
er
the
size
of
the
village,
as
sho
wn
by
the
comparison
between
diesel
and
solar
systems.
These
results
can
be
e
xplained
by
the
considerable
nancial
ef
fort
required
to
set
up
these
systems,
in
contrast
to
diesel
systems,
which
do
not
require
as
much
nancial
ef
fort.
In
v
ersely
,
for
medium
and
long
term
prospects,
the
maintenance
and
operating
costs
of
diesel
systems
will
become
v
ery
high,
making
them
unprot
able.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
use
of
diesel
systems
may
be
a
viable
option
for
relati
v
ely
small
villages,
where
demand
is
lo
wer
,
making
the
payback
period
close
to
the
replacement
time
of
some
PV
components.
So,
choosing
the
diesel
system
in
this
case
will
not
be
absurd.
The
reliability
of
our
results
can
be
justied
by
the
use
of
consumption
and
mark
et
data,
b
ut
taking
into
account
size
and
time
parameters,
which
can
inuence
system
performances.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
limits
of
this
w
ork
lie
in
the
lack
of
comparati
v
e
w
ork
in
the
literature
that
w
ould
allo
w
us
to
highlight
results.
As
a
recommendation,
we
ha
v
e
pro
vided
e
vidence
that
solar
mill
is
the
most
reliable
and
cost
-ef
fecti
v
e
option
for
cereal
milling
in
remote
areas
of
de
v
eloping
countries,
where
access
to
ener
gy
is
often
problematic.
Indeed,
rising
diesel
prices
ob
viously
change
economic
calculations,
and
these
increases
ha
v
e
a
considerable
impact
on
LCC
and
a
reduction
in
the
number
of
years
it
tak
es
to
break
e
v
en
on
PV
systems
compared
with
diesel
systems.
Added
to
this
is
the
decline
price
in
PV
systems,
making
solar
systems
more
attracti
v
e.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
years
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
LCC ($)
Small village
Solar mill
Diesel mill
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
years
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
LCC ($)
Medium village
Solar mill
Diesel mill
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
years
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
LCC ($)
Big village
Solar mill
Diesel mill
Figure
4.
LCCs
of
solar
and
diesel
mills
according
the
village
cate
gories
4.
CONCLUSION
This
paper
comparati
v
ely
assesses
the
economic
aspects
of
solar
and
diesel
mills
for
three
di
f
ferent
village
sizes
using
the
LCC
concept.
Based
on
the
comparati
v
e
analysis
for
a
20-year
life
c
ycle,
the
solar
mill
is
more
economical.
But
for
a
shorter
life
c
ycle,
the
diesel
mill
becomes
more
af
fordable
due
to
the
v
ery
high
capital
cost
of
solar
mills.
In
the
medium
and
long
terms,
the
o
v
erall
comparison
sho
ws
that,
for
remote
villages,
the
solar
mill
seems
more
competiti
v
e
if
we
tak
e
into
account
the
decrease
in
the
price
of
PV
systems
and
the
uctuating
price
of
diesel.
The
nancial
results
determined
through
an
economic
analysis
can
help
decision-mak
ers
in
strate
gic
choices
aimed
at
supporting
the
de
v
elopment
of
the
milling
systems
in
rural
areas.
REFERENCES
[1]
M
.
Niang,
B.
Se
ydi,
and
H.
Ibrahima,
“Etude
de
la
consommation
des
cereales
de
base
au
Sene
g
al,
”
Feed
the
future
sene
g
al
naatal
mbay
,
2017,
[Online].
A
v
ailable:
https://www
.ipar
.sn/IMG/pdf/rapport-etudeconsommation
cereales
ipar
-juillet2017.pdf
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
15,
No.
4,
December
2024:
2526–2534
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
2533
[2]
N.
Junior
,
A.
J.
Carcedo,
D.
Min,
A.
Diatta,
A.
Araya,
P
.V
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Prasad,
A.
Diallo,
and
I.
Ciampitti,
“Management
adaptations
for
w
ater
-limited
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g
al,
”
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ater
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at.2023.108173.
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aye,
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w
art,
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“V
ariety
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g
al,
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ype
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fects
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wn
e
gg-laying
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w
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urki,
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l
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v
en
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oltaic
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oltaic,
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ater
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wer
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Mbo
w
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ankam,
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of
a
solar
w
ater
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system
for
K
o
yli
Alpha
V
illage,
Sene
g
al,
”
Int.
Journal
of
Po
wer
Electronics
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v
e
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F
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K
utt,
J.
Niezna
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and
F
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“
Adv
anced
Lithium-Ion
Battery
Model
for
Po
wer
System
Performance
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gies
,
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W
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,
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Mast,
L.
Meissner
,
and
V
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Quaschning,
“Ef
cienc
y
characterization
of
26
residential
photo
v
oltaic
battery
storage
systems,
”
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of
Ener
gy
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T
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Khatib,
A.
Mohamed,
K.
Sopian,
and
M.
Mahmoud,
“Optimal
sizing
of
b
uilding
inte
grated
h
ybrid
PV/diesel
generator
system
for
zero
load
rejection
for
Malaysia,
”
Ener
gy
and
Buildings
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v
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3430–3435,
2011,
doi:
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uild.2011.09.008.
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M
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Islam
et
al.
,
“Optimal
Sizing
and
T
echno-Economic
Analysis
of
Grid-Independent
Hybrid
Ener
gy
System
for
Sustained
Rural
Electrication
in
De
v
eloping
Countries:
A
Case
Study
in
Bangladesh,
”
Ener
gies
,
v
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no.
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doi:
10.3390/en15176381
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B.
K.
Das
and
F
.
Zaman,
“Performance
anal
ysis
of
a
PV/Diesel
h
ybrid
system
for
a
remote
area
in
Bangladesh:
Ef
fects
of
dispatch
strate
gies,
batteries,
and
generator
selection,
”
Ener
gy
,
v
ol.
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2019,
doi:
10.1016/j.ener
gy
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[23]
M.
Gokcek,
“Inte
gration
of
h
ybrid
po
wer
(wind-photo
v
oltaic-diesel-battery)
and
sea
w
ater
re
v
erse
osmosis
systems
for
small-scale
desalination
applications,
”
Desalination
,
v
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2018,
doi:
10.1016/j.desal.2017.07.006.
[24]
M.
Jamshidi
and
A.
Askarzadeh,
“T
echno-economic
analysis
and
size
optimization
of
an
of
f-grid
h
ybrid
photo
v
oltaic,
fuel
cell
and
diesel
generator
system,
”
Sustainable
Cities
and
Society
,
v
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pp.
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2019,
doi:
10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.021.
[25]
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Dadhich
and
V
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Shri
v
asta
v
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diesel
w
ater
pumping
system,
”
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International
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study
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solar
and
re
gular
irrig
ation
pumps:
Case
studies
in
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southern
iran,
”
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w
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Mohammadi,
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w
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v
oltaic
W
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Pumping
System
Using
Fuzzy
based
NSGAII
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”
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ent
of
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Design
for
Photo
v
oltaic
W
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for
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for
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andplacement
of
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and
batteries
in
of
f-grid
systems
fully
operated
by
diesel
generators:
An
Indonesian
case
study
,
”
Ener
gy
,
v
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gy
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and
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h
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po
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on
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arti-
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immune
system,
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echnologies
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Optimal
sizing
and
economic
assessment
of
diesel
and
solar
mills
for
cer
eal
...
(Moustapha
Diop)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2534
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
BIOGRAPHIES
OF
A
UTHORS
Moustapha
Diop
holds
a
Ph.D.
in
electrical
systems
and
rene
w
able
ener
gies.
He
is
cur
-
rently
Associate
Professor
in
the
Department
of
Science
and
Industrial
T
echnology
at
the
Higher
Normal
School
of
T
echnical
and
V
ocational
Education
(ENSETP)
at
Cheikh
Anta
Diop
Uni
v
er
-
sity
in
Dakar
,
Sene
g
al,
and
a
permanent
researcher
in
the
ener
gy
,
w
ater
,
en
vironment,
and
indus-
trial
processes
Laboratory
(L3EPI).
His
current
research
focuses
on
po
wer
con
v
erters
,
control
and
modeling
systems,
and
rene
w
able
ener
gies.
He
is
the
author
or
co-author
of
se
v
eral
papers,
pub-
lished
in
international
scientic
journals
and
conference
proceedings.
He
can
be
contacted
at
e-mail:
moustapha17.diop@ucad.edu.sn.
Mouhamadou
F
alilou
Ndiay
e
is
an
electrical
engineer
and
doctor
in
Elect
rical
systems
and
rene
w
able
ener
gies
of
Cheikh
Anta
Diop
uni
v
ersity
.
He
is
curre
ntly
professor
of
Po
wer
Elec-
tronics,
Electric
dri
v
es,
automation
in
the
Electrical
Engineering
department
at
ESP
,
UCAD,
and
a
permanent
rese
archer
at
the
Ener
gy
,
W
ater
,
En
vironment,
and
Industrial
Processes
Laboratory
of
ESP
of
Dakar
.
His
current
research
is
basically
focused
on
po
wer
con
v
erter
,
induction
machine
control
systems,
control
systems,
automation,
and
rene
w
able
ener
gies
(PV
and
wind
ener
gy).
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
f
alilou.ndiaye@esp.sn.
Ibrahima
Guey
e
hold
a
Ph.D.
in
Automation,
Production,
Signal
and
Image,
and
Cog-
niti
v
e
Engineering
from
the
Uni
v
ersity
of
Bordeaux.
Currently
,
He
is
an
associate
professor
at
the
Higher
National
School
of
T
echnical
and
V
ocational
Education.
In
additi
on
to
his
pedagogical
ac-
ti
vities,
He
is
af
liated
with
the
Ener
gy
,
W
ater
,
En
vironment,
and
Industrial
Processes
Laboratory
(L3EPI)
at
the
Polytechnic
Superior
School
of
Dakar
,
where
I
collaborate
with
a
team
of
researchers
on
the
design
of
electronic
s
ystems
in
v
olv
ed
in
the
ener
gy
chain
of
photo
v
oltaic
solar
systems.
Our
aim
is
to
optimize
the
transfer
of
electrical
ener
gy
produced
and
promote
the
local
manuf
acturing
of
electronic
systems.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
ibrahima64.gue
ye@ucad.edu.sn.
Abdoulay
e
K
ebe
is
professor
in
the
Department
of
Science
and
Industrial
T
echnology
at
the
Higher
Normal
School
of
T
echnical
and
V
ocational
Education
(ENSETP)
at
Cheikh
Anta
Diop
Uni
v
ersity
in
Dakar
,
Sene
g
al.
He
holds
a
Ph.D.
in
ph
ysics
from
the
Uni
v
ersity
of
P
aris
Sud
in
2013,
and
a
master’
s
de
gree
in
Analysis,
Design
and
Research
in
the
Field
of
Engineering
T
echnologies
in
Education
(A
CREDITE)
at
the
Uni
v
ersity
of
Cer
gy
Pontoise
in
2016.
Hi
s
research
is
mainly
oriented
to
w
ards
rene
w
able
ener
gies.
He
is
author
of
se
v
eral
publications
in
the
eld
of
ener
gy
con
v
ersion.
He
is
currently
Director
of
ENSETP
.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
abdoulaye.k
ebe@ucad.edu.sn.
Oumar
Dia
is
a
teacher
-researcher
in
the
Department
of
Industrial
Scienc
es
and
T
echnolo-
gies
(STI)
at
the
Higher
National
School
of
T
echnical
and
V
ocational
Education
of
Cheikh
Anta
Diop
Uni
v
ersity
in
Dakar
(ENSETP/UCAD).
He
holds
a
Doctorate
de
gree
from
Iba
Der
THIAM
Uni
v
ersity
of
Thi
`
es
in
Science
and
T
e
chnology
,
specializing
in
Photo
v
oltaic
Solar
Ener
gy
.
His
research
is
mainly
focused
on
rene
w
able
ener
gies,
po
wer
con
v
erters,
signal
processing,
and
intelligent
systems.
He
has
published
in
se
v
eral
international
journals.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
oumar12.dia@ucad.edu.sn.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
15,
No.
4,
December
2024:
2526–2534
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.