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I
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g
o
f
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll
h
ea
v
ily
r
elies
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
itry
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
-
ju
n
c
tio
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
r
ac
tical
s
im
ilar
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
J
-
V
o
f
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll
an
d
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
ce
ll.
T
h
is
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
s
u
ch
as
0
,
ℎ
,
n
,
,
ℎ
,
)
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
L
am
b
er
t
W
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
1
1
]
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
least
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
es
(
L
MS
)
m
eth
o
d
.
In
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
we
h
av
e
ev
alu
ated
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
au
g
m
en
ted
s
o
lar
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
0
0
s
u
n
s
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll,
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
in
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
ce
lls
is
elu
cid
ated
.
2.
T
H
E
O
RY
AN
D
M
O
D
E
L
I
n
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
j
u
n
ct
io
n
s
o
l
ar
ce
ll,
two
ca
s
es
a
r
is
e
f
o
r
th
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
.
F
o
r
a
n
a
r
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
g
ap
m
ate
r
ia
l
li
k
e
g
e
r
m
a
n
i
u
m
E
g
=
0
.
7
eV
,
th
e
c
e
ll
a
b
s
o
r
b
s
a
l
ar
g
e
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
an
d
d
e
li
v
e
r
s
a
h
i
g
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
at
l
o
w
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
,
p
o
wer
o
u
t
,
is
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
h
i
g
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
x
lo
w
v
o
l
ta
g
e
,
b
u
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
th
er
m
a
liz
ati
o
n
lo
s
s
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
m
a
ll
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
an
d
,
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
o
f
t
h
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
le
ct
r
ici
ty
at
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
ag
e.
I
n
th
is
c
ase
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
.
Po
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
ed
b
y
lo
w
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
u
lt
ip
lie
d
b
y
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
ag
e,
wi
th
t
h
e
l
o
w
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
e
in
g
a
r
es
u
l
t
o
f
lim
ite
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
in
g
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Sh
o
ck
ley
an
d
Qu
eiss
er
[
2
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
b
an
d
g
ap
f
o
r
a
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
'
Sem
i
-
E
m
p
ir
ical
L
im
it
'
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
'
B
es
t
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
E
f
f
icien
cy
to
Date
,
'
an
d
th
e
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Deta
iled
B
alan
ce
L
im
it'
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
Sh
o
ck
ley
a
n
d
Qu
eiss
er
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
Sh
o
c
k
ley
an
d
Qu
eiss
er
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
th
ese
m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
ce
lls
u
n
d
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
v
e
r
y
h
ig
h
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
Dim
r
o
th
an
d
Ku
r
tz
i
n
th
e
a
r
ticle
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
lly
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ju
n
ctio
n
s
,
e
f
f
icien
cies
h
ig
h
er
th
an
6
0
%
o
r
ev
e
n
7
0
%
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
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f
o
r
a
3
J
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
n
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ig
u
r
atio
n
,
ℎ
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5
4
.
2
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o
r
a
4J
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attice
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atch
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
ℎ
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6
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o
r
a
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atch
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n
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ig
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%.
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
I
I
I
-
V
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
c
o
n
ten
d
e
r
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
two
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
t
o
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
with
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
th
eir
wid
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
co
v
er
ag
e
with
o
f
ten
d
ir
ec
t
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
e
f
f
icie
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
attr
ib
u
tes
u
n
d
er
p
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
t
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
attain
ed
an
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
3
9
%
wit
h
GaI
n
P/GaI
n
As/
Ge
[
1
2
]
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
m
ar
k
in
g
it
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
a
m
o
n
g
all
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
d
e
v
ices
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
i
n
to
el
ec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
(
1
)
.
=
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
or
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
an
d
I
SC
= m
in
(
I
1
, I
2
,
I
3
).
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
)
,
th
e
two
c
r
u
cial
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
ar
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
al
to
m
i
n
(I
1
,
I
2
,
I
3
)
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
h
as
n
o
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
as
I
SC
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
lin
ea
r
ly
with
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
ts
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Po
p
t
ic
is
th
e
o
p
tical
p
o
wer
in
p
u
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
its
v
al
u
e
is
lim
ited
b
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ju
n
ctio
n
s
,
i.e
.
,
=∑
Vi
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ch
allen
g
e
in
th
ese
ty
p
es
o
f
m
o
n
o
lith
ically
s
tack
ed
m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
is
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
ce
ll,
an
d
f
in
ally
,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
ese
s
u
b
-
ce
lls
th
r
o
u
g
h
tu
n
n
el
d
io
d
es
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
b
o
t
h
ef
f
icien
t c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t.
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
elec
tr
ic
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
elec
tr
ic
air
cr
af
t
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
eir
weig
h
t a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
ese
cr
it
er
ia
[
1
6
]
.
T
o
tack
le
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
d
ev
is
ed
a
d
if
f
er
en
t c
la
s
s
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
Hig
h
VM
J
s
i
lico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
s
o
lar
in
ten
s
ities
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
1
0
0
0
s
u
n
s
AM
1
.
5
.
C
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
0
ju
n
ctio
n
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
t
h
ese
ce
lls
g
en
er
ate
3
1
.
8
watts
at
2
5
.
5
v
o
lts
an
d
o
p
er
ate
at
an
i
n
ten
s
ity
clo
s
e
to
2
5
0
0
s
u
n
s
AM
1
.
5
[
1
7
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
8
]
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
v
er
tical
ju
n
ctio
n
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ca
n
o
p
e
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ate
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ig
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n
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tr
atio
n
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
d
e
s
ig
n
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ilico
n
ve
r
tica
l m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
:
u
n
d
er c
o
n
ce
n
tr
a
ted
…
(
Mo
h
a
med
K
h
a
lis
)
2021
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
r
e
d
u
ce
l
o
s
s
es
r
elate
d
to
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
test
an
d
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
o
n
ly
m
o
d
est ef
f
icien
cies,
h
o
v
er
i
n
g
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
% [
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
v
er
tically
m
u
ltip
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
ce
ll
VM
J
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ad
e
p
t
at
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
m
ain
tain
in
g
lo
w
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
ev
els.
T
h
is
u
n
iq
u
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
m
ak
es
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll
h
i
g
h
ly
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
co
m
p
atib
le
wi
th
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
Sater
an
d
Sater
’
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
t
r
ig
u
i
n
g
q
u
alities
o
f
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
e
h
av
e
s
p
ar
k
e
d
o
u
r
cu
r
i
o
s
ity
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
in
-
d
ep
th
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
ce
ll ty
p
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
we
aim
to
g
ain
p
r
ec
is
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies o
f
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Ver
tical
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
al
s
o
k
n
o
wn
as late
r
al,
illu
m
in
ate
d
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
,
a
r
e
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ty
p
e
o
f
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
ℎ
at
a
g
iv
e
n
ex
citatio
n
wav
elen
g
t
h
λ
an
d
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
[
2
2
]
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
.
ℎ
=
ℎ
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
ex
ter
n
al
q
u
an
tu
m
ef
f
i
cien
cy
(
E
QE
)
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ex
ter
n
al
q
u
an
tu
m
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
h
th
e
Plan
ck
co
n
s
tan
t,
c
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
lig
h
t,
an
d
q
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
c
h
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
(
2
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
ℎ
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
th
e
in
ci
d
en
t
lig
h
t,
,
wh
ich
its
elf
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
s
u
n
s
.
h
is
th
e
Plan
ck
'
s
co
n
s
tan
t,
c
is
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
lig
h
t a
n
d
λ
is
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
li
g
h
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
in
(
2
)
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
3
)
.
ℎ
,
=
ℎ
,
1
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
k
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
n
s
,
an
d
1
s
u
n
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
at
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Sh
all
we
r
ev
is
it
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
in
(
1
)
an
d
s
u
b
s
titu
te
with
k
x
s
u
n
s
an
d
≅
ℎ
,
with
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
r
o
m
(
3
)
.
Un
d
er
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
s
,
in
(
1
)
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
to
(
4
)
.
=
≅
K
x
J
ph
,
1
s
u
ns
K
x
s
un
s
≅
ℎ
,
1
s
u
n
s
(
4
)
I
n
(
4
)
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
'
k
'
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
s
,
in
d
icati
n
g
th
at
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ℎ
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
VM
J
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
η
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
t
r
em
ain
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
V
OC
an
d
f
ast
Fo
u
r
ie
r
(
FF
)
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
V
OC
o
n
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
η
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
V
OC
an
d
'
k
'
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
ea
s
ily
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
(
3
)
u
n
d
e
r
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
in
J
=
0
A
an
d
V
=
V
OC
,
wh
ile
ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
R
Sh
ten
d
s
to
war
d
s
in
f
in
ity
(
5
)
b
ased
o
n
(
6
)
.
0
=
ℎ
−
0
(
(
(
)
)
−
1
)
(
5
)
=
ℎ
−
0
(
(
(
+
)
)
−
1
)
−
+
ℎ
(6
)
Fin
ally
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
V
OC
an
d
‘
k
’
as in
(
7
)
.
=
ln
(
ℎ
,
1
0
)
=
1
+
B
ln
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
1
=
ln
(
ℎ
,
1
0
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
u
n
d
er
at
o
n
e
s
u
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
k
is
th
e
s
o
lar
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
atio
.
T
h
e
(
7
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
V
OC
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
a
n
atu
r
al
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
m
an
n
e
r
wi
th
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
atio
n
'
k
'.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
n
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
an
d
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
0
,
,
an
d
ℎ
o
f
t
h
e
VM
J
ce
ll,
we
will p
r
ac
tically
ex
am
in
e
th
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
M
S m
eth
o
d
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
VM
J
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
etailed
in
th
e
ar
ticle
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
wil
l b
r
ief
ly
r
ec
ap
itu
late
th
e
J
-
V
o
f
th
is
ce
ll a
t
v
ar
io
u
s
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ities
.
Similar
ly
,
we
will
also
elu
cid
ate
th
e
L
MS
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
a
r
am
eter
ex
tr
a
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
will
p
lay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
it
wil
l
en
ab
le
u
s
to
ac
cu
r
ately
o
b
tain
an
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
o
u
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t s
tu
d
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
2019
-
2
0
2
6
2022
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
VM
J
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
V,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ev
en
u
n
d
er
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ities
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
5
0
0
AM
1
.
5
s
o
lar
in
ten
s
ities
.
T
h
is
ab
ilit
y
t
o
g
en
er
ate
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
es d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
eir
r
o
b
u
s
t p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
h
ig
h
er
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
th
em
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
lar
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
L
ik
ewise,
Fig
u
r
e
1
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
alm
o
s
t
p
er
f
ec
t c
o
n
cu
r
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
wn
as b
lu
e
cir
cles a
n
d
th
e
least
s
q
u
ar
es
m
eth
o
d
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
th
e
r
e
d
lin
e.
T
h
is
clo
s
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
v
alid
ates
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
le
ast
s
q
u
ar
es
m
eth
o
d
in
a
cc
u
r
a
tely
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
eh
av
i
o
r
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
L
MS
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
lin
ea
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
J
SC
r
elativ
e
to
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
to
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
with
a
s
lo
p
e
o
f
1
.
3
2
7
×
10
-
6
(
A.
m
2
/W
)
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
alig
n
s
p
er
f
ec
tly
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
(
3
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
is
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
ch
an
g
es
in
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
d
o
n
o
t
im
p
ac
t
ef
f
icien
cy
,
as
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
(
4
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
e
y
o
n
d
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
th
e
cu
r
v
e
J
SC
v
er
s
u
s
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
c
h
an
g
es
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
ten
d
s
to
f
latten
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
c
h
es
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
with
in
b
o
th
r
an
g
es
o
f
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
o
es n
o
t im
p
ac
t t
h
e
ce
ll'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
VM
J
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
V
OC
ex
h
ib
its
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
c
o
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
ac
t
th
e
o
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t
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o
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VM
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ce
lls
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ased
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n
tr
atio
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f
ec
ts
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e
ch
ar
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tr
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lier
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c
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co
n
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u
r
e
1
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J
-
V
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r
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o
r
VM
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o
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0
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n
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AM
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5
i
n
ten
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ities
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Var
iatio
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d
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r
t
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cir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t
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s
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n
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n
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en
tr
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
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ilico
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ve
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tica
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er c
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ted
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Mo
h
a
med
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h
a
lis
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2023
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
we
n
ee
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tio
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m
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ltip
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d
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ar
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ee
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u
r
e
3
.
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h
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u
r
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ices.
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tio
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p
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n
s
with
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y
ℎ
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tin
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o
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t
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of
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eq
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iu
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o
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latio
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tr
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les;
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ac
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r
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ty
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e
r
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ea
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v
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ltag
e
)
;
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d
iii)
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h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
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llect
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th
e
co
n
tacts
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ef
o
r
e
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o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
v
s
s
u
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ce
lls
VM
J
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
d
en
s
ity
n
(
cm
-
3
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th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
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d
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
8
)
.
=
(
−
−
)
(
8
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h
e
h
o
le
d
en
s
ity
p
(
c
m
-
3
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in
th
e
v
alen
ce
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a
n
d
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
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)
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=
(
−
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(
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)
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h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
en
s
ities
o
f
s
tates.
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h
ey
ess
en
tially
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ep
r
esen
t
th
e
n
u
m
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er
o
f
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r
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atica
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r
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r
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n
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s
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er
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ce
o
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th
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q
u
asi
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Fer
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i le
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els,
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d
th
is
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elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
g
iv
en
as (
1
2
)
.
−
=
(
1
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
2019
-
2
0
2
6
2024
As
th
e
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
also
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
e
n
s
ities
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
(
n
)
an
d
h
o
les (
p
)
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
in
(
1
2
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
at
as
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
ln
(
N
C
n
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
(
with
N
C
>
n
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
q
u
asi
-
Fer
m
i
en
er
g
y
le
v
el
E
Fn
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
s
E
C
.
Similar
ly
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
1
)
,
th
e
q
u
asi
-
Fer
m
i e
n
er
g
y
lev
el
E
Fp
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
s
E
v
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
s
h
if
t
o
f
th
e
two
q
u
asi
-
Fer
m
i
lev
els,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
(
1
2
)
,
r
esu
lts
in
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltag
e
V.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
>3
0
0
s
u
n
s
)
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
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I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
ln
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p
r
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ze
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o
,
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ea
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n
g
t
h
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t
th
e
s
h
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t
o
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to
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s
th
e
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ir
e
ctio
n
o
f
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C
is
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k
o
r
n
e
g
lig
ib
l
e.
Similar
ly
,
wh
en
p
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
N
v
,
ln
(
N
v
p
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ten
d
s
to
war
d
s
ze
r
o
,
an
d
th
u
s
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
h
if
t
in
E
Fp
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
lies
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
E
Fn
−
E
Fp
r
em
ain
s
n
ea
r
ly
co
n
s
tan
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
V
at
h
ig
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
>3
0
0
s
u
n
s
)
is
alm
o
s
t
n
eg
lig
i
b
le,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
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Fig
u
r
es
1
an
d
2
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
V
OC
ch
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
2
5
.
3
1
1
to
2
5
.
4
9
1
V.
T
h
is
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
o
f
V
OC
lead
s
to
a
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n
in
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
-
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
η
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VM
J
ce
ll
ex
h
ib
its
a
g
r
o
wth
tr
en
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
V
OC
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
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n
f
ac
t,
an
ef
f
icien
c
y
v
alu
e
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
6
.
4
%
at
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
0
0
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u
n
s
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ac
h
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ed
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h
e
s
lig
h
t
d
e
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ea
s
e
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ef
f
icien
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y
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
at
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
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n
ce
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tr
atio
n
s
,
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etwe
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1
0
0
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d
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
er
ies
r
es
is
tan
ce
.
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h
is
ef
f
ec
t
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
w
ith
in
th
e
VM
J
s
u
b
-
ce
lls
.
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wev
er
,
f
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
η
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
.
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h
is
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
r
elati
v
ely
m
o
d
est
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
V
OC
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
b
o
th
Fig
u
r
es
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
n
eg
lig
ib
le
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
ju
s
tify
in
g
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
at
th
ese
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ig
h
lev
els
o
f
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
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h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
t
h
e
f
ill f
ac
to
r
o
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
as p
e
r
in
(
4
)
.
W
e
n
ee
d
to
r
ev
is
it
(
4
)
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
s
m
ad
e.
I
t
is
n
o
ticea
b
le
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
η
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
F
F.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
FF
wo
u
ld
lead
to
an
i
n
cr
e
ase
in
η
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
n
o
t
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tally
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
ar
a
d
o
x
i
ca
l
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
f
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
>3
0
0
s
u
n
s
)
:
th
er
e
is
b
o
th
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
FF
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
9
2
6
to
0
.
8
3
8
9
a
n
d
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
f
r
o
m
2
4
.
7
5
1
to
1
7
.
2
7
2
.
Su
r
p
r
is
in
g
ly
,
a
h
i
g
h
er
FF
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
g
u
ar
an
tee
b
etter
ef
f
icien
cy
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
(
4
)
in
its
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
tate
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
1
3
)
.
=
(
1
3
)
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
,
we
h
av
e
estab
lis
h
e
d
s
ev
er
al
cr
u
cial
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
r
ea
ch
es
its
s
atu
r
atio
n
v
alu
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
FF
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
s
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
d
est
FF
v
ar
iatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
ak
in
g
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
an
d
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
in
(
1
3
)
,
we
ca
n
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
u
n
d
er
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
s
o
lely
to
th
e
s
er
ies r
esis
tan
ce
,
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
ℎ
,
o
r
p
o
ten
tially
o
th
er
p
o
o
r
ly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
f
ill f
ac
to
r
an
d
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
v
s
s
u
n
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ilico
n
ve
r
tica
l m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
:
u
n
d
er c
o
n
ce
n
tr
a
ted
…
(
Mo
h
a
med
K
h
a
lis
)
2025
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
R
S
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
to
0
.
0
2
3
4
0
2
(
Ω
/cm
²)
as
th
e
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
g
o
es
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
0
s
u
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
a
p
id
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
R
S
f
o
r
t
h
e
VM
J
ce
ll
is
also
a
m
aj
o
r
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
itial
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
9
.
4
1
9
to
2
4
.
9
7
7
%
.
I
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
5
0
to
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
lig
h
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
R
S
,
m
o
v
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
2
3
4
0
2
t
o
0
.
0
0
5
5
4
6
7
(
Ω
/cm
²)
.
T
h
is
s
tab
ilit
y
in
b
eh
av
i
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
m
in
im
al,
i
f
n
o
t
s
atu
r
ated
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
v
ar
i
atio
n
in
th
is
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
e,
f
r
o
m
2
4
.
9
7
7
to
2
4
.
7
5
1
%,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
ea
k
v
al
u
e
o
f
2
6
.
2
1
3
% a
t 1
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fo
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
R
S
b
ec
o
m
es
v
er
y
lo
w
an
d
eq
u
al
t
o
0
.
0
0
5
5
4
6
7
Ω
.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
R
Sh
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
ap
i
d
ly
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
7
3
2
7
to
1
.
4
2
9
0
6
(
Ω
/cm
²
)
.
T
h
is
s
wif
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
R
Sh
m
ir
r
o
r
s
th
e
r
i
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
FF
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
i
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
r
ap
id
d
ec
lin
e
in
VM
J
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
c
y
at
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
>3
0
0
s
u
n
s
)
is
m
ain
ly
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
e
s
atu
r
at
io
n
o
f
an
d
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it'
s
eq
u
ally
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
co
m
p
lex
an
d
less
ev
id
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
th
is
ef
f
icien
cy
d
r
o
p
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
clu
d
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
th
e
m
etallic
co
n
tact
b
etwe
en
s
u
b
-
ce
lls
,
as
well
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
elev
ati
o
n
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
s
er
ies a
n
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
s
v
s
s
u
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
u
b
licatio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
least
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
es
(
L
MS)
m
eth
o
d
t
o
ex
tr
ac
t th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
v
er
ti
ca
l p
ar
allel
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
illu
m
in
atio
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
L
MS
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
u
cc
in
c
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ex
t
r
ac
tin
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
VM
J
ce
ll
at
b
o
th
o
n
e
s
u
n
an
d
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
illu
m
in
atio
n
lev
els.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
h
as
illu
m
in
ated
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
l
ev
els
o
f
lig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
its
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ate
e
v
o
l
v
es
f
r
o
m
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
9
.
4
1
9
%
at
1
s
u
n
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
6
.
2
1
3
%
at
1
0
0
s
u
n
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
ar
o
u
n
d
1
7
.
2
7
2
%
at
5
0
0
s
u
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
we
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
f
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
b
elo
w
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
ar
e
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
elev
atio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
r
is
es f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
9
.
1
4
7
V
at
1
s
u
n
t
o
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
.
3
1
1
V
at
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
c
r
ea
s
e
is
n
o
t
lin
k
ed
to
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
,
as
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
lin
ea
r
ly
with
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
le
v
els
b
ey
o
n
d
3
0
0
s
u
n
s
,
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
b
eg
in
to
s
atu
r
ate,
lead
i
n
g
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
W
e
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
at
th
is
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
s
o
lely
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
r
esis
tan
ce
R
S
an
d
R
Sh
,
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
v
e
r
tical
m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
VM
J
p
r
o
v
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
ag
es
ar
o
u
n
d
2
6
V,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
e
f
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
ev
en
at
in
ten
s
i
ties
ex
ce
ed
in
g
5
0
0
s
u
n
s
AM
1
.
5
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
ese
ce
lls
ex
h
ib
it
lo
w
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
at
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
eir
ap
p
ea
l f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
S
.
S
t
r
e
b
k
o
v
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
i
e
s
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
”
T
h
e
rm
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
t
ra
n
sl
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
e
p
l
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n
e
rg
e
t
i
k
a
)
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
–
1
3
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
3
4
/
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0
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.
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