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DC
c
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c
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b
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c
ial
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e
d
o
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rti
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a
rm
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p
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iza
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lf
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e
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h
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n
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ted
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o
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p
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t
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a
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ti
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l
slid
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m
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d
e
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o
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(CS
M
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it
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d
t
h
a
t
a
P
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O
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b
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se
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sli
d
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lf
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DC
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h
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is
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e
c
a
u
se
m
in
ima
l
ste
a
d
y
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sta
te
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rro
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
sh
o
rtes
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se
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re
g
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d
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fit
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h
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g
re
d
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n
d
sim
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re
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n
su
re
s
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ss
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n
d
sta
b
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n
t
h
e
fa
c
e
o
f
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
c
h
a
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g
e
s.
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m
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rica
l
sim
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latio
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s c
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u
c
ted
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a
M
AT
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imu
li
n
k
e
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v
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ro
n
m
e
n
t
o
n
a
DC
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DC
h
a
lf
-
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rid
g
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o
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v
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p
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ti
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g
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ti
o
n
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l
m
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d
e
sh
o
w
th
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r'
s imp
ro
v
e
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
it
s e
x
isti
n
g
c
o
u
n
ter
p
a
rt.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
h
alf
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
C
o
n
s
tan
t p
o
wer
lo
ad
Par
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
R
o
b
u
s
t a
d
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
R
o
b
u
s
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
u
liu
s
Der
g
h
e
C
h
am
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Ap
p
lied
Scien
ce
s
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
(
L
AT
S),
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Do
u
ala
P.O.
B
o
x
,
7
2
3
6
Do
u
ala,
C
am
er
o
o
n
E
m
ail:
ju
liu
s
.
ch
am
@
y
ah
o
o
.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sin
ce
th
ey
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
em
p
lo
y
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
win
d
,
s
u
n
,
an
d
f
u
el,
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
in
s
tallatio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
h
av
e
g
ar
n
e
r
ed
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
atten
tio
n
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
e
r
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
g
r
id
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
h
ase
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
m
in
i
m
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
tim
es,
an
ea
s
y
-
to
-
m
a
n
ag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
A
p
o
s
s
ib
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
th
eir
ex
ce
llen
t
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
m
an
y
u
s
ef
u
l
f
ea
tu
r
es,
b
u
t
th
e
y
s
till
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
th
at
n
e
ed
t
o
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
lik
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
l
o
ad
(
C
PL)
an
d
p
u
ls
ed
p
o
wer
lo
ad
(
PP
L
)
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
s
t
o
co
n
s
u
m
e
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
w
h
e
n
clo
s
ely
r
e
g
u
lated
lead
s
to
n
eg
ativ
e
in
cr
em
en
tal
im
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
w
h
ich
lo
wer
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
cr
ea
te
in
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
ed
p
o
wer
lo
ad
,
w
h
ich
h
as a
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
d
r
aw
a
lar
g
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
p
o
wer
in
a
b
r
ie
f
len
g
t
h
o
f
ti
m
e,
is
an
o
th
e
r
p
r
o
b
lem
with
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
P
u
l
s
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
a
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
is
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
o
n
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
o
s
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
,
s
h
i
p
s
,
a
n
d
a
ir
p
l
a
n
e
s
.
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
u
n
s
t
a
b
l
e
w
h
e
n
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
s
m
o
v
e
d
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
a
f
i
x
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
i
n
t
b
y
a
p
u
l
s
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
a
d
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2397
-
2
4
0
8
2398
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
C
PL
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
lin
ea
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
th
at
s
er
v
e
as
in
ter
f
ac
es
b
etwe
en
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
r
b
etwe
en
two
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
with
v
a
r
y
in
g
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
p
o
wer
ca
n
f
lo
w
in
two
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
with
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
; n
ev
e
r
th
ele
s
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
r
eg
u
latio
n
in
s
id
e
th
e
D
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
lin
ea
r
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
t
o
s
o
lv
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
is
s
u
es
with
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
th
at
ar
e
f
ed
b
y
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
A
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
o
u
b
le
-
in
te
g
r
al
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
was e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
C
PL
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
f
ee
d
s
C
PLs
with
m
in
im
al
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
tr
ac
k
in
g
er
r
o
r
an
d
q
u
ick
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
ea
ctio
n
s
e
n
s
u
r
es
DC
-
bus
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
ev
en
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
in
cr
e
ase
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
in
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
a
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
(
PI
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
ev
e
n
t
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
n
o
t
r
o
b
u
s
t
[
1
1
]
.
A
n
ew
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
f
ee
d
in
g
a
s
tead
y
p
o
wer
lo
ad
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
tab
iliz
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
as
a
wh
o
le,
th
e
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
was
ad
j
u
s
ted
to
ig
n
o
r
e
t
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
o
u
ts
id
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
A
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
wer
lo
ad
was
s
u
g
g
ested
to
h
av
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
n
o
n
s
in
g
u
lar
ter
m
in
al
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
l in
[
1
]
.
T
h
ey
lo
o
k
ed
in
to
h
o
w
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
in
a
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
MG
)
th
at
s
u
p
p
lies
a
C
PL.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
y
u
s
e
a
n
o
n
s
in
g
u
lar
ter
m
in
al
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
m
ain
DC
b
u
s
's
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
elim
in
ates
th
e
s
in
g
u
la
r
ity
is
s
u
e
th
at
h
ap
p
en
s
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ter
m
in
al
s
li
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
W
h
ile
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
ee
d
in
g
C
PLs
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
a
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies,
o
n
e
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
s
'
atten
tio
n
.
A
r
esil
ien
t
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
was
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
a
two
-
wa
y
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
in
ter
f
ac
es
with
a
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
n
it
in
a
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
th
at
is
d
o
m
in
ate
d
b
y
C
PLs.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
u
a
r
an
tees
tig
h
t
r
estrictio
n
s
o
n
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
wr
iter
s
o
f
[
5
]
an
d
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
a
d
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
in
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
en
u
m
er
ate
th
e
b
est
-
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
th
ese
ty
p
es
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
i
ew
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ea
ch
with
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
p
ass
iv
ity
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
,
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
/est
im
atio
n
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
in
te
llig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
A
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
d
y
n
am
ic
C
PL
was
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ed
with
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
SMC
)
in
[
2
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
in
teg
r
al
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
in
teg
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
I
PID
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
tu
r
n
ed
o
u
t
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le.
A
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
-
tim
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
C
PL
s
tab
ilit
y
in
D
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
was
d
esig
n
ed
by
Alid
r
is
s
i
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
eir
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
well
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
p
tim
al
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
Mo
d
el
p
r
ed
i
ctiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MPC
)
d
o
es
h
av
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
with
a
lar
g
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
e
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
wh
o
le
p
lan
t
m
o
d
el
w
as
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
,
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
b
e
av
ailab
le
[
5
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
u
n
it
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
y
n
a
m
ics
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
S
MC
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
a
p
o
p
u
lar
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
wh
en
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
g
ain
s
ar
e
f
ix
ed
,
SMC
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ch
a
tter
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
o
d
er
ately
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
n
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
less
en
th
e
ch
atter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t,
its
b
o
r
d
er
lay
er
jeo
p
ar
d
izes
tr
ac
k
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
SMC
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
h
atter
in
g
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
n
u
m
er
ical
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
a
r
elia
b
le
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
1
6
]
.
Kap
lan
an
d
B
o
d
u
r
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
SMC
wi
th
a
s
u
p
p
er
-
twis
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
a
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
co
n
v
e
r
ter
with
C
PL.
Pre
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
am
elio
r
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
SMC
in
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
r
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
h
o
n
ey
b
ee
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PSO
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
wo
r
th
as
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
o
l
in
s
ev
er
al
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
its
ap
p
licatio
n
is
l
im
ited
to
h
al
f
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
es
wit
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
ASMC)
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
PS
O
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ee
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
C
P
L
b
ased
o
n
ASMC
m
an
ag
em
en
t
with
a
m
o
d
if
ied
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
B
y
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
r
e
m
ain
co
n
s
tan
t
at
th
e
tar
g
eted
C
PL
p
o
we
r
v
al
u
es,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
wi
ll
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Nu
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
a
MA
T
L
AB
-
Simu
lin
k
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
is
p
ap
er
'
s
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
:
-
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
in
a
h
alf
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
two
-
way
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
in
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
law
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
ASMCP
SO)
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
-
I
t h
as b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l e
x
is
ts
an
d
is
s
tab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
R
o
b
u
s
t a
d
a
p
tive
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l D
C
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter fee
d
in
g
…
(
Ju
liu
s
Derg
h
e
C
h
a
m
)
2399
-
Usi
n
g
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
in
a
MA
T
L
A
B
-
Simu
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
v
er
if
ied
.
-
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
u
n
d
er
wid
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lt
ag
e,
C
PL
p
o
wer
,
an
d
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
in
b
u
ck
as we
ll a
s
b
o
o
s
t m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
tin
u
es a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
:
i)
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
al
o
n
g
wi
th
its
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
,
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
;
ii)
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
th
e
SMC
ar
e
co
v
er
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
;
iii)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
an
d
co
n
t
r
asted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
;
an
d
iv
)
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
clu
d
es with
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
p
o
ten
tial f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
Descript
io
n o
f
t
he
a
do
pte
d m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
esig
n
an
id
ea
l
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
tak
es
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
d
m
et
h
o
d
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
,
w
h
ich
g
r
ap
h
ically
d
ep
icts
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
an
d
s
u
cc
in
ct
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
Usi
n
g
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
s
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
,
we
v
er
i
f
y
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
e
ca
n
m
o
d
el,
a
n
aly
ze
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
co
m
p
lic
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
with
th
is
s
im
u
lati
o
n
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
p
o
ten
t
to
o
l
k
it,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
u
s
to
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
s
tar
ts
with
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
e
lin
g
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
co
n
v
er
te
r
th
at
tak
e
s
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
its
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es,
b
o
o
s
t
,
an
d
b
u
ck
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
elin
g
s
tag
e
is
e
s
s
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
it
e
s
tab
lis
h
es
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
an
d
p
in
p
o
in
tin
g
th
e
cr
u
cial
v
ar
i
ab
les
th
at
af
f
ec
t
its
f
u
n
cti
o
n
ality
.
W
e
d
esig
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
af
ter
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
s
tag
e.
W
e
p
ain
s
tak
in
g
ly
d
esig
n
ed
th
ese
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
af
ter
d
esig
n
is
o
p
tim
izatio
n
wh
en
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
.
Ultim
ately
,
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lated
s
y
s
tem
is
p
u
t
in
to
p
r
ac
tice
with
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
ten
s
iv
e
test
in
g
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
ese
test
s
en
ab
le
u
s
to
f
u
lly
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
C
PL,
an
d
th
e
d
esi
r
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
lan
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
2
.
2
.
Descript
io
n o
f
a
DC
m
icro
g
r
id
R
esear
ch
is
b
ein
g
d
o
n
e
o
n
a
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
w
h
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
a
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
th
at
s
u
p
p
lies
C
PLs.
T
h
e
b
asic
d
esig
n
o
f
a
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
th
at
s
u
p
p
lies
b
o
th
DC
an
d
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
lo
ad
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
an
alo
g
o
u
s
cir
cu
it
o
f
a
h
al
f
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
b
o
th
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
m
o
d
es
wh
en
f
ed
C
PL.
A
b
atter
y
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
a
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
th
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
a
DC
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
h
av
e
th
e
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
r
u
n
in
b
o
th
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
m
o
d
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
tead
y
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
ab
s
o
r
b
s
an
d
s
to
r
es e
x
ce
s
s
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
to
k
ee
p
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
'
s
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
wh
en
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
elec
tr
icity
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
[
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
bid
irec
t
io
na
l D
C
-
DC
co
nv
er
t
er
R
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
C
PLs
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
d
eled
an
d
m
an
a
g
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t c
ir
cu
it sch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
b
ased
o
n
th
e
two
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
:
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
f
o
r
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
f
o
r
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
is
p
r
esen
te
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
co
m
p
l
e
m
en
tar
y
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
wh
en
o
n
e
is
o
n
,
th
e
o
th
er
is
o
f
f
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
[
1
2
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
d
is
d
esig
n
e
d
as
d
∈
{0
,
1
}
wh
en
it
is
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
lo
wer
s
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
c
h
ar
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
s
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
.
A
r
esis
tan
ce
lin
k
ed
in
p
ar
allel
to
a
C
PL
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
lo
ad
in
ea
c
h
m
o
d
e.
B
u
ck
m
o
d
e
as
in
(
1
)
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
as
in
(
2
)
,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
2
]
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
ci
r
cu
it
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
en
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
s
ar
e
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2397
-
2
4
0
8
2400
{
L
=
d
−
2
2
2
=
−
2
−
2
(
1
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{
L
=
−
(
1
−
d
)
1
−
1
1
=
(
1
−
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−
1
−
1
(
2
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Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
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th
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v
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o
m
th
e
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ly
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ter
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h
e
v
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ac
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p
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tical
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t
v
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ea
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h
m
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
ical
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
:
(
a)
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e
an
d
(
b
)
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
2
.
4
.
Co
ns
t
a
nt
po
wer
lo
ad
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e,
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
t
h
e
D
C
b
u
s
is
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
ad
i
n
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
,
with
t
h
e
p
o
wer
tak
en
b
y
th
e
l
o
ad
b
ein
g
co
n
s
tan
t,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
C
PL
as
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
[
2
2
]
.
I
t is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
w
h
en
th
e
p
o
wer
d
r
aw
n
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
i
s
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es wh
ile
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ed
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ce
s
,
wh
ic
h
lead
s
t
o
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
e
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av
io
r
an
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ec
ess
itates
a
n
o
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-
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
=
2
o
r
=
1
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
3.
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
RS D
E
SI
G
N
3
.
1
.
Sli
di
ng
m
o
de
co
ntr
o
ller
des
ig
n f
o
r
cha
rg
ing
(
bu
ck)
mo
de
o
f
o
pera
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ic
SMC
law,
as
s
tated
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
2
2
]
a
n
d
g
iv
en
i
n
(
3
)
,
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
a
d
o
p
tin
g
a
s
witch
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
is
s
y
s
tem
th
at
g
u
ar
an
tees
r
ea
ch
ab
i
lity
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
R
o
b
u
s
t a
d
a
p
tive
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l D
C
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter fee
d
in
g
…
(
Ju
liu
s
Derg
h
e
C
h
a
m
)
2401
=
1
2
(
1
+
(
)
)
=
(
)
=
{
1
,
>
0
0
,
<
0
(
3
)
Ad
o
p
tin
g
a
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
r
o
m
[
2
1
]
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
4
)
.
=
1
1
+
2
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
1
is
th
e
g
ain
o
f
th
e
SM
C
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
2
as
th
e
ac
t
u
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
as
th
e
d
esi
r
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
1
an
d
2
m
ay
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
(
5
)
.
1
=
−
2
,
2
=
1
=
−
2
=
−
2
2
(
5
)
T
h
e
tim
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
(
4
)
m
a
y
b
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
̇
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1
1
̇
+
2
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w
ith
(6
).
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b
s
titu
tin
g
(
6
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in
to
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7
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,
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o
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tain
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8
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=
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u
t
1
=
=
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(6
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−
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2
2
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2
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(7
)
2
=
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1
2
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∫
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+
2
2
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2
2
(8
)
Der
iv
in
g
(
8
)
,
we
g
et
(9
).
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̇
=
2
2
−
2
+
2
2
2
−
2
2
2
2
2
(9
)
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
l la
w
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
̇
=
0
,
th
is
b
r
in
g
s
u
s
to
(
1
0
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a
n
d
(
1
1
).
=
[
−
1
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1
2
−
2
2
2
]
2
+
2
(
1
0
)
B
u
t
,
as in
(
1
0
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,
w
ith
=
(
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=
+
(
1
1
)
3
.
2
.
ASM
C
des
ig
n f
o
r
cha
rg
ing
m
o
de
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
la
w
is
ch
o
s
en
as f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
0
]
by
(
1
2
).
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+
ta
n
h
(
)
∫
0
(1
2
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̇
=
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as
b
ein
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
as
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
1
3
)
an
d
b
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
9
)
in
(
1
3
)
b
r
in
g
s
u
s
to
(
1
4
)
.
=
̇
1
1
̇
+
2
2
̇
+
1
1
+
2
(
1
3
)
=
̇
1
2
+
2
2
−
2
+
2
2
+
2
2
2
2
+
1
1
+
2
(
1
4
)
B
y
s
o
lv
in
g
̇
=
0
to
o
b
tain
th
e
e
q
u
i
v
alen
t c
o
n
tr
o
l g
iv
en
in
(
1
5
)
.
=
2
[
(
1
−
1
2
+
2
2
2
+
)
2
+
2
2
+
1
1
]
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
(
1
6
)
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
d
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l la
w.
=
2
ta
n
h
(
)
(
1
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2397
-
2
4
0
8
2402
Ho
wev
er
,
=
2
2
;
b
u
t
=
+
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
im
ize
ch
atter
in
g
,
as
in
s
p
i
r
ed
b
y
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
[
2
2
]
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l la
w
is
s
elec
ted
as
(
1
7
)
.
=
+
3
ta
n
(
)
(
1
7
)
T
h
en
th
e
a
d
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l la
w
b
ec
o
m
es
(
15
)
an
d
(
1
8
)
.
=
+
2
ta
n
h
(
)
(
1
8
)
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
law
wh
ich
will
m
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tate
s
to
th
e
s
lid
in
g
m
an
if
o
ld
s
u
ch
th
at
M=
0
,
a
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ch
o
s
en
as g
iv
en
i
n
[
2
3
]
a
n
d
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
(
1
9
).
=
1
2
2
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
tim
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
a
n
d
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
2
0
)
t
h
at
is
̇
<
0
.
̇
=
̇
(
2
0
)
T
h
e
(
1
4
)
an
d
(
1
8
)
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
in
(
2
0
)
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
o
f
M,
wh
ich
b
r
in
g
s
u
s
to
(
2
1
)
.
̇
=
M
(
0
−
2
2
ℎ
(
)
)
=
2
2
ℎ
(
)
<
0
with
>
0
,
wh
er
e
2
>
0
(
2
1
)
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
v
er
if
ie
d
b
y
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
as
=
2
ta
n
h
(
)
,
with
̇
b
ein
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
to
tim
e,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
n
eg
ativ
ely
d
e
f
in
ite.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
u
ar
an
tees
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
.
3
.
3
.
SM
C
de
s
ig
n f
o
r
dis
cha
rg
ing
(
bo
o
s
t
)
mo
de
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
1
an
d
2
m
ay
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
2
).
1
=
−
1
,
2
=
1
=
−
1
=
−
1
1
(
2
2
)
Selectin
g
a
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
(
2
3
).
=
1
1
+
2
(
2
3
)
Fro
m
(
2
)
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
(
2
4
).
=
∫
̅
−
2
(
2
4
)
W
ith
̅
=
1
−
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
(
2
2
)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
2
5
).
B
u
t
2
̇
=
̅
1
1
−
1
+
2
1
2
1
−
2
1
(
2
5
)
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
th
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
s
tated
in
(
2
6
)
̇
=
1
1
̇
+
2
̇
(
2
6
)
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
l is o
b
tai
n
ed
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
̇
=
0
wh
ich
is
g
iv
en
in
(
27
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
R
o
b
u
s
t a
d
a
p
tive
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l D
C
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter fee
d
in
g
…
(
Ju
liu
s
Derg
h
e
C
h
a
m
)
2403
=
1
[
1
−
1
1
+
1
2
1
]
2
−
+
1
1
(
2
7
)
T
h
e
(
2
8
)
g
iv
e
s
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
0
<
=
<
1
(
2
8
)
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
(
2
7
)
an
d
(
2
8
)
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
al
b
ec
o
m
es
(
29
)
,
w
ith
=
1
.
=
1
[
1
−
1
1
+
1
2
1
]
2
−
+
1
(
2
9
)
3
.
4
.
ASM
C
des
ig
n f
o
r
dis
c
ha
rg
ing
m
o
de
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
P
I
)
ty
p
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
2
4
]
a
n
d
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
(
3
0
).
=
+
ta
n
h
(
)
∫
|
|
0
(
3
0
)
W
h
er
e
H
is
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
lid
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
‘
tan
h
’
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
m
o
o
th
h
y
p
er
b
o
lic
tan
g
e
n
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
>
0
is
a
s
ca
lar
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
s
l
id
in
g
m
o
d
es
is
elab
o
r
ated
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
2
4
]
as
well
as
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
law.
T
h
e
ASMC
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
̇
=0
.
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
(
3
0
)
is
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
3
1
)
=
̇
1
̇
1
+
2
̇
2
+
1
1
+
2
2
=
0
(
3
1
)
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l la
w
b
ec
o
m
es
(
3
2
)
.
=
L
1
1
[
(
1
−
1
1
+
1
2
1
+
)
2
+
1
1
]
−
+
1
(
3
2
)
T
h
e
lo
a
d
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
as
R
=
1
an
d
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
ca
n
b
e
tu
n
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
ad
with
=
1
1
m
ak
in
g
th
e
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
to
b
ec
o
m
e
ad
ap
ti
v
e
to
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
w
h
ich
ca
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
b
e
s
ee
n
in
[
2
4
]
.
3
.
5
.
O
ptim
iza
t
io
n o
f
t
he
ASM
C
g
a
ins
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
l
law
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
ce
r
tain
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
an
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
0
)
an
d
(
1
5
)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
ese
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
cr
u
cial
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
th
at
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
as
o
p
tim
ally
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
an
o
f
f
lin
e
m
o
d
if
ic
atio
n
u
tili
zin
g
p
ar
ticl
e
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
o
p
tim
ally
id
en
tify
th
ese
v
alu
es.
On
e
p
o
p
u
lar
s
to
ch
asti
c
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
PS
O
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
is
a
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
class
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
PS
O
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
PS
O
is
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
a
n
d
ch
an
g
e
th
e
g
ain
s
u
n
til th
e
id
ea
l tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
ith
in
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
-
Simu
lin
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
a
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
,
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
T
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
v
e
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
t
io
n
al
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
les
1
-
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
p
o
wer
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
,
a
n
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
ar
e
all
ad
ju
s
ted
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
,
to
e
v
alu
ate
h
o
w
r
o
b
u
s
tly
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
es h
o
ld
u
p
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
s
s
e
t
t
o
2
4
v
o
l
t
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
l
as
ts
f
o
r
0
.
1
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
is
s
i
m
u
la
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
an
d
t
h
e
c
l
ass
i
c
al
s
l
i
d
i
n
g
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
is
c
l
e
a
r
t
h
at
b
o
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
k
e
e
p
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
ce
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
f
a
s
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
F
i
g
u
r
es
3
(
a
)
a
n
d
3
(
b
)
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
f
a
s
t
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
tin
g
i
n
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2397
-
2
4
0
8
2404
T
ab
le
1
.
Half
-
b
r
id
g
e
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
48
V
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
2
24
V
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
L
10
0
H
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
1
5
m
F
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
2
5
m
F
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Fs
20
K
H
z
T
ab
le
2
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies o
f
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e
T
ab
le
3
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies o
f
b
o
o
s
t m
o
d
e
C
S
M
C
A
S
M
C
P
S
O
1
=
2
5
0
0
1
=
5
.
2478
3
2
=
5
0
0
0
2
=
1
.
7724
4
C
S
M
C
A
S
M
C
P
S
O
1
=
3
500
1
=
5
.
484
3
,
3
.
289
+
03
2
=
1
000
2
=
2
.
3095
4
,
5
.
318e
+
03
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
its
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t:
(a
)
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(b
)
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
4
.
1
.
Ro
bu
s
t
ne
s
s
t
ests by
s
im
ula
t
i
o
n
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
n
a
two
-
way
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
er
if
icati
o
n
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
test
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
'
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
C
SMC
an
d
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
(
A
SMC
P
SO)
,
ar
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
4
.
1
.
1
.
Va
ria
t
io
n
o
f
re
f
er
ence
in bu
ck
m
o
de
(
1
st
s
ce
na
rio
)
I
n
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
is
ch
a
n
g
ed
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
f
r
o
m
2
4
to
2
0
v
o
lts
an
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
3
0
v
o
lts
at
t=0
.
0
4
an
d
t=0
.
0
7
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
f
ix
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
C
SMC
an
d
ASMPSO
;
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
ata.
As
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
ev
er
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
n
o
ticea
b
ly
well
in
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
Ho
we
v
er
,
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
esp
o
n
d
s
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
t
o
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
V
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
ca
u
s
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
to
r
esp
o
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
tly
;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
we
d
th
e
f
astes
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
in
r
etu
r
n
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
alu
es.
I
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
u
s
attain
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
tr
o
l tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
its
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t
(1
st
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
:
(
a
)
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(
b
)
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
R
o
b
u
s
t a
d
a
p
tive
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l D
C
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter fee
d
in
g
…
(
Ju
liu
s
Derg
h
e
C
h
a
m
)
2405
4
.
1
.
2
.
Va
ria
t
io
n
o
f
a
bs
o
rbed
po
wer
in bu
ck
m
o
de
(
2
nd
s
ce
na
rio
)
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
is
r
u
p
ted
wh
en
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
d
d
e
n
ly
c
h
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
v
alu
e
to
an
o
th
er
.
Po
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
f
o
r
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
ty
p
ically
n
ee
d
to
r
ea
c
t
as
f
ast
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
ad
m
its
a
s
u
d
d
e
n
ch
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
w
to
5
w
at
t=0
.
0
3
s
ec
o
n
d
s
an
d
f
r
o
m
5
w
to
2
0
w
at
t=0
.
0
7
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
(
a
)
an
d
6
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
all
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
as
th
e
lo
ad
is
ch
an
g
ed
,
wit
h
th
e
ASMC
PS
O
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
as it is c
ap
ab
le
o
f
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
s
in
d
icate
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
b
).
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Step
c
h
an
g
es in
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e
(a
)
(b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
with
its
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t (
2
nd
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
:
(
a
)
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(
b
)
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
4
.
1
.
3
.
Va
ria
t
io
n
o
f
inp
ut
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in bu
ck
mo
de
(
3
rd
s
ce
na
r
io
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tep
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
in
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
a
n
d
8
(
b
)
d
ep
ict
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
with
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
ls
b
y
th
e
class
ical
an
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
an
d
8
(
b
)
,
th
e
th
ir
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
i
n
v
o
lv
es
s
e
ttin
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
to
2
4
v
o
lts
an
d
1
0
W
C
PL.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
i
s
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
ab
r
u
p
t
ch
an
g
es
in
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
4
8
v
o
lts
to
4
0
v
o
lts
at
t
=
0
.
0
3
s
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
4
0
v
o
lts
to
6
0
v
o
lts
at
t
=
0
.
0
7
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
tw
o
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
with
ASMCP
SO
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
o
th
e
r
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Step
c
h
an
g
es in
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2397
-
2
4
0
8
2406
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
its
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t
(2
nd
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
:
(
a
)
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(
b
)
l
o
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
4
.
1
.
4
.
Va
ria
t
io
n
o
f
a
bs
o
rbed
po
wer
in bo
o
s
t
m
o
de
(
4
th
s
ce
na
rio
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t a
n
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
es a
r
e
f
ix
ed
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
n
o
w
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
in
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
is
r
u
p
ted
wh
en
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
p
o
wer
ch
an
g
es
s
u
d
d
en
ly
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
v
al
u
e
to
an
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
ch
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
w
atts
to
5
watts
a
t
t
=
0
.
0
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
an
d
f
r
o
m
5
watts
to
2
0
watts
at
t
=
0
.
0
6
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
all
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
wh
er
e
th
e
ASMCP
S
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
t
h
a
n
th
e
o
th
er
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
en
th
e
l
o
ad
is
ad
ju
s
ted
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
t
r
o
ll
er
with
its
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t
:
(
a)
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
p
o
wer
(4
th
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
)
an
d
(
b
)
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(5
th
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
4
.
1
.
5
.
Va
ria
t
io
n
o
f
inp
ut
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in bo
o
s
t
mo
de
(
5
th
s
ce
na
rio
)
I
n
th
e
f
if
t
h
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
ates
in
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e,
s
ettin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
at
1
0
wa
tts
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
at
4
8
v
o
lts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
ab
r
u
p
t
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
at
t
=
0
.
0
4
an
d
t
=
0
.
0
8
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
g
o
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
4
v
o
lts
to
2
0
v
o
lts
an
d
2
0
v
o
lts
to
3
0
v
o
lts
.
ASMC
PS
O
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
o
th
er
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
p
ee
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
,
wh
ich
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
two
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
ab
le
s
4
a
n
d
5
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
C
SMC
an
d
ASMC
PS
O.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
C
SM
C
an
d
ASMCP
SO
in
b
u
ck
m
o
d
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
=
48
,
=
24
,
=
10
20
0
.
07
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
C
S
M
C
A
S
M
C
P
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