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4
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i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
224
3
-
2
2
5
2
2244
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
li
ca
t
e
d
ci
r
c
u
it
o
v
e
r
a
ll
[
1
2
]
.
A
c
o
n
te
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
ML
I
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
t
h
at
u
s
es
v
e
r
y
f
ew
g
at
e
d
r
iv
e
r
ci
r
c
u
its
an
d
s
witc
h
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
h
as
b
e
en
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
.
I
t
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
to
o
p
e
r
at
e
i
n
b
o
t
h
s
y
m
m
e
tr
ica
l
an
d
as
y
m
m
et
r
ic
al
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
i
n
g
le
-
an
d
th
r
e
e
-
p
h
as
e
o
p
t
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
A
n
i
n
e
-
l
ev
el
M
L
I
h
as
b
e
en
p
r
es
e
n
ted
wit
h
a
r
e
d
u
ce
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
wi
tc
h
es
.
I
t
c
o
n
ta
in
s
o
n
e
DC
s
o
u
r
c
e,
tw
o
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
e
le
v
e
n
p
o
we
r
s
e
m
ic
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
wit
ch
in
g
d
e
v
ic
es
[
1
4
]
.
O
n
e
DC
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
t
we
n
t
y
s
wi
tc
h
es
,
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
c
ap
ac
i
to
r
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
u
s
e
d
t
o
cr
ea
t
e
a
1
7
-
le
v
e
l
in
v
er
t
er
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
b
ala
n
ci
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
ea
s
il
y
s
o
l
v
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
a
r
a
lle
l
an
d
s
e
r
ies
s
tr
a
te
g
y
[
1
5
]
.
T
e
n
p
o
we
r
s
w
it
ch
es,
o
n
e
p
o
we
r
d
i
o
d
e
,
an
d
t
wo
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
s
ar
e
test
ed
i
n
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
n
i
n
e
-
l
ev
el
o
f
s
witc
h
e
d
-
c
ap
ac
i
to
r
tw
o
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
e
r
te
r
(
SC
M
L
I
)
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
en
t
r
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
s
,
f
o
u
r
c
ap
ac
it
o
r
s
,
an
d
tw
o
d
i
o
d
es
a
r
e
n
e
ed
ed
t
o
g
en
er
ate
s
e
v
en
tee
n
d
if
f
er
en
t l
e
v
els
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
ec
en
tly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
d
e
v
ices
to
d
e
v
elo
p
m
o
r
e
le
v
els
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
en
t to
p
o
lo
g
ies co
n
tain
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
.
Vo
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
is
e
wh
en
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
aise
lev
els
t
o
s
m
o
o
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
f
ilter
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
s
h
ar
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
am
o
n
g
d
ev
ice
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
id
en
t
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
els
r
is
e.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lev
els
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
is
es,
th
e
cir
cu
it
g
ets
m
o
r
e
in
tr
icate
an
d
co
s
tly
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
cir
cu
it c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
with
f
e
wer
d
ev
ices a
n
d
n
o
DC
b
u
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
is
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
th
e
b
est o
p
tio
n
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ML
I
s
,
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
o
p
er
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
,
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
lo
s
s
es
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
n
e
ar
est
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
,
s
ec
tio
n
s
3
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
c
o
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
ML
I
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
f
if
tee
n
lev
els
with
o
n
ly
n
in
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
ev
er
y
lev
el
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
s
u
g
g
este
d
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
to
th
e
im
p
lied
ML
I
in
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ar
e
cr
ea
te
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
ea
r
est
-
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
.
I
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
is
to
r
tio
n
b
y
f
if
teen
lev
els.
I
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
r
ices,
weig
h
t,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
less
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD
)
wh
ich
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
,
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
M
L
I
s
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
alo
n
g
with
t
h
eir
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
o
f
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
ML
I
wer
e
also
elab
o
r
ated
.
T
h
e
n
ea
r
est
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
1
5
-
lev
el
ML
I
s
.
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
io
na
l
m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
s
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ML
I
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
.
E
ac
h
ce
ll
n
ee
d
s
s
ep
ar
ate
as
y
m
m
etr
ical
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
A
1
,
A
2
,
A
3
)
lin
k
ed
in
s
er
ies
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
lev
els.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
in
v
o
lv
es
twelv
e
s
witch
es
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
if
tee
n
-
lev
el
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
r
ee
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
es
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
n
ee
d
s
ten
s
witch
es
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
s
am
e
1
5
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
in
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
3
ce
lls
,
ea
ch
ce
ll
with
o
n
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
two
p
o
wer
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ices,
th
is
g
iv
e
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
AC
wav
ef
o
r
m
in
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
lo
ad
v
ia
a
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
cir
cu
it
[1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
is
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
co
u
n
t
ML
I
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
f
if
teen
-
lev
el
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
v
o
lv
es
twelv
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
co
u
n
t M
L
I
wit
h
ten
s
witch
es a
n
d
th
r
ee
asy
m
m
etr
ical
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
ML
I
is
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
r
ee
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
(
V
dc1
, V
dc2
,
V
dc3
)
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
n
in
e
d
e
v
ices
(
S
1
,
S
4
,
S
5
,
S
8
ar
e
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
witch
es
an
d
S
2
,
S
3
,
S
6
,
S
7
,
S
9
ar
e
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
witch
es).
Fo
u
r
ar
e
o
n
o
n
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
f
iv
e
ar
e
in
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
s
er
ies
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
im
p
lied
ML
I
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
h
alf
c
y
cle
s
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
des
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n durin
g
a
po
s
it
iv
e
ha
lf
-
cy
cle
S
w
it
c
h
e
s
S
4
a
n
d
S
8
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
,
a
n
d
i
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
z
e
r
o
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
S
w
i
tc
h
e
s
S
2
a
n
d
S
6
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
1V
dc
=
3
0
V
,
i
t
s
u
p
p
l
i
es
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
.
S
w
it
c
h
e
s
S
2
a
n
d
S
5
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
2
V
dc
=
6
0
V
.
S
wi
t
c
h
e
s
S
3
a
n
d
S
5
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
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9
0
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w
i
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h
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4
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n
d
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n
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n
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dc
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w
it
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n
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5
c
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h
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a
m
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t
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s
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lf
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Switch
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d
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ct,
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ce
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ze
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ltag
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Switch
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2
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d
S
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co
n
d
u
ct
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d
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r
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d
u
ce
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3
0
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ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
lo
ad
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S
1
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d
S
6
c
o
n
d
u
ct
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d
p
r
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d
u
ce
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dc
=
-
60
V.
Switch
es
S
1
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f fifteen
leve
l red
u
ce
d
d
ev
ice
co
u
n
t a
s
ymm
etr
ica
l m
u
ltil
ev
el
…
(
Mu
r
u
g
esa
n
Ma
n
ivel
)
2245
S
7
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
1
V
dc
+2
V
dc
=
-
3
V
dc
=
-
90
V
.
S
w
it
c
h
es
S
3
a
n
d
S
8
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
4
V
dc
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-
120
V
,
wh
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ch
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u
p
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o
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l
o
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n
d
p
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o
d
u
c
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1
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dc
=
-
5
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dc
=
-
150
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.
S
wit
c
h
e
s
S
1
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S
8
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n
d
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o
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d
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t
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l
t
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g
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i
s
2
V
dc
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dc
=
-
6
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dc
=
-
180
V
.
S
w
it
c
h
e
s
S
1
a
n
d
S
8
c
o
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c
t
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e
l
o
a
d
is
1
V
dc
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dc
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dc
=
-
7
V
dc
=
-
210
V
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
t
e
p
s
w
il
l
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e
at
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d
f
r
o
m
2
1
0
V
t
o
z
e
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.
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h
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
t
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ar
e
th
at
it
h
as
1
5
lev
els
with
n
in
e
s
witch
es
an
d
th
r
ee
asy
m
m
etr
ical
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
f
if
t
ee
n
lev
els
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tated
s
y
s
tem
is
also
co
m
p
ac
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lo
wer
v
alu
e
o
f
T
HD.
E
lectr
i
ca
l
s
tr
ess
es
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
s
witch
ar
e
also
less
an
d
ea
s
ily
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
a
b
le
f
u
r
th
e
r
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
le
v
els.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ML
I
s
:
(
a)
ca
s
ca
d
ed
h
y
b
r
i
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
(
b
)
n
ew
ca
s
ca
d
ed
h
y
b
r
id
[
2
0
]
,
(
c)
ML
I
with
twelv
e
s
witch
es [
2
1
]
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
ML
I
with
ten
s
witch
es [
2
2
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
2
.
3
.
E
s
t
im
a
t
io
n o
f
lo
s
s
a
nd
ef
f
iciency
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
lo
s
s
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
its
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
lo
ad
is
to
tally
r
esis
tiv
e
an
d
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
a
v
ailab
le
at
o
u
tp
u
t is st
air
ca
s
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
h
ap
p
en
s
w
h
en
MO
SF
E
T
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
ar
e
ac
tu
ated
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
cts
elec
tr
icity
in
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
te
r
d
esig
n
,
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
co
m
p
u
te
d
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
to
d
eter
m
in
e
to
tal
lo
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
s
witch
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
er
io
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
b
as
ic
cy
cle
q
u
ar
ter
is
ca
lcu
lated
,
as in
(
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
224
3
-
2
2
5
2
2246
=
4
∫
2
(
)
2
0
,
(
1
)
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
's
o
n
-
s
tate
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ar
e
d
e
n
o
ted
as
R
on
T
an
d
I
R
(
t)
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
B
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
n
i
n
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
1
5
lev
els
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
l
o
ad
s
id
e
is
s
in
u
s
o
id
al.
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t is ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
2
)
.
=
,
(
2
)
Usi
n
g
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
lo
s
s
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
is
d
er
iv
ed
as (
3
)
.
=
4
∫
,
2
2
2
0
,
(
3)
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ch
an
g
eo
v
e
r
f
r
o
m
ON
to
OF
F
o
r
v
ice
v
er
s
a,
t
h
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
in
MO
S
FET
p
o
wer
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
f
o
llo
ws th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
em
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
p
er
i
o
d
s
,
as in
(
4
)
.
=
×
6
(
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
e
r
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f fifteen
leve
l red
u
ce
d
d
ev
ice
co
u
n
t a
s
ymm
etr
ica
l m
u
ltil
ev
el
…
(
Mu
r
u
g
esa
n
Ma
n
ivel
)
2247
W
h
er
e
V
ON
,
I
,
T
ON
ar
e
th
e
M
OSFET
o
n
-
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
cu
r
r
en
t
af
ter
s
witch
in
g
o
n
an
d
tu
r
n
o
n
tim
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
as in
(
5
)
.
=
×
6
(
5
)
V
OFF
,
I
OFF
,
an
d
T
OFF
ar
e
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
o
f
f
-
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
b
ef
o
r
e
it
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
,
an
d
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
tim
e,
r
esp
ec
t
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
s
witch
in
g
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
f
in
d
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
o
wer
s
witch
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
a
n
d
(
5
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
(
6
)
.
=
2
×
×
(
+
)
=
1
3
×
×
×
(
+
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
jecte
d
in
v
er
ter
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
.
,
,
=
+
(
7
)
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
h
as b
ee
n
ca
lcu
l
ated
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
.
=
+
,
×
100%
(
8
)
Fro
m
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
l
o
s
s
es
o
f
ML
I
is
1
2
.
1
1
W
,
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
ML
I
is
0
.
3
9
,
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
ML
I
is
7
5
9
.
2
W
,
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
ML
I
is
7
4
6
.
7
W
an
d
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
ML
I
is
9
8
.
3
5
%
f
o
r
th
e
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
o
f
1
0
0
Ω.
2
.
4
.
Nea
re
s
t
lev
el
co
ntr
o
l t
ec
hn
iqu
e
I
t is p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
eg
u
late
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
A
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
b
asic
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
,
o
n
e
ca
n
em
p
lo
y
t
h
e
s
elec
tiv
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
e
lim
in
atio
n
(
SHE)
o
r
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SVM)
s
ch
em
es.
T
h
e
less
ap
p
ea
lin
g
asp
ec
t
o
f
SVM
i
s
it
s
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
SHE
s
tr
ateg
y
,
s
o
lv
in
g
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
to
ex
ac
tly
p
r
ed
ic
t
th
e
s
witch
in
g
an
g
les
wo
u
l
d
g
et
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
i
cu
lt
as
th
e
lev
els
g
r
o
w
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
clo
s
est
lev
el
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
ea
c
h
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
in
th
is
m
an
n
er
,
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
in
e
wav
e
is
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
co
n
s
tan
ts
.
I
t
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
co
m
p
ar
e
"n
"
c
o
n
s
tan
ts
with
th
e
s
in
e
wav
e
at
s
ix
p
er
u
n
it.
if
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
w
av
ef
o
r
m
h
as
"n
"
lev
els
in
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
cy
cle.
T
h
e
clo
s
est
lev
el
co
n
s
tan
t
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
0
a
n
d
1
.
Nex
t,
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
th
at
will
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
t
o
cr
ea
te
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
lev
el,
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tan
t
will
b
e
ad
d
ed
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
ar
e
th
en
ac
tiv
ated
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
u
ls
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
with
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
elec
ted
n
ea
r
est
l
ev
el
co
n
s
tan
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
ze
r
o
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
r
ea
te
th
e
p
u
l
s
es
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
es
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
at
lev
el
1
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
af
ter
s
tu
d
y
th
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
n
ea
r
est
lev
el
co
n
s
tan
t
will
b
e
0
.
4
f
o
r
lo
w
T
HD
an
d
lo
wer
o
r
d
e
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
.
On
e
m
ay
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
o
r
ea
c
h
lev
e
l
u
s
in
g
(
9
)
.
T
h
e
n
ea
r
est lev
el
co
n
s
tan
t is su
b
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
1
in
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
g
et
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
0
.
6
.
=
(
9
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Nea
r
est
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
224
3
-
2
2
5
2
2248
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
ML
I
f
o
r
R
-
lo
ad
is
v
er
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
S
im
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
ML
I
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
r
ee
s
ep
ar
ate
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
3
0
V,
6
0
V
,
an
d
1
2
0
V
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
i
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
15
-
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
ea
r
est
-
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
m
s
v
alu
e
o
f
1
5
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
2
1
0
V
f
o
r
1
0
k
W
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
alm
o
s
t
s
in
u
s
o
id
al.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
an
R
L
l
o
a
d
o
f
1
0
k
W
an
d
7
5
0
V
AR
.
I
t i
n
d
i
ca
t
es
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
is
alm
o
s
t
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
a
n
d
h
as
a
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
5
0
A
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
T
HD
,
its
v
a
lu
e
is
4
.
8
9
%
,
a
n
d
T
HD
is
a
ls
o
wit
h
i
n
th
e
l
im
i
t
o
f
th
e
I
E
E
E
s
t
an
d
ar
d
o
f
5
%.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
15
l
ev
el
ML
I
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
1
5
-
lev
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f fifteen
leve
l red
u
ce
d
d
ev
ice
co
u
n
t a
s
ymm
etr
ica
l m
u
ltil
ev
el
…
(
Mu
r
u
g
esa
n
Ma
n
ivel
)
2249
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
R
L
l
o
a
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
FF
T
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
1
5
-
lev
el
ML
I
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
v
er
if
ie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
s
etu
p
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
w
h
ich
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
n
in
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
I
R
F8
4
0
MO
SF
E
T
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
lay
o
u
t.
T
h
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
g
en
er
ates
th
e
g
ate
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
s
witch
es.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
asy
m
m
et
r
ic
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
3
0
V,
6
0
V,
an
d
1
2
0
V)
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
1
5
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
in
v
e
r
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
s
a
r
esis
tiv
e
l
o
ad
(
3
0
K
-
0
.
5
k
w)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
war
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
illu
s
t
r
ates
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
T
HD
is
4
.
9
4
%
wh
ich
i
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
T
HD
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
(
5
%).
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
f
ewe
r
s
witch
e
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
an
d
a
lo
wer
o
v
er
al
l
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
f
o
u
r
ty
p
ical
i
n
v
er
ter
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ML
I
s
.
Fro
m
th
ese
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
is
b
etter
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
d
ev
ice
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
ci
r
cu
its
n
ee
d
ed
,
to
tal
s
tan
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
p
er
u
n
it,
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
er
lev
e
l,
T
HD
,
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
t setu
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
224
3
-
2
2
5
2
2250
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Har
d
war
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Har
d
war
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
ML
I
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
ar
ticle
h
as
s
h
o
wn
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ML
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
wo
r
k
s
with
n
in
e
s
witch
es.
T
h
is
ML
I
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
its
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
A
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
s
witch
es
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
el
was
also
co
v
er
ed
.
I
n
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
witch
es
n
ee
d
ed
r
o
s
e
alo
n
g
with
th
e
le
v
els.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
a
lo
t
o
f
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
witch
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
,
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
s
witch
lo
s
s
es,
c
o
s
t,
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
all
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics.
Fo
r
1
5
lev
els,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
d
r
asti
ca
lly
lo
wer
s
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
witch
es,
ef
f
icien
cy
is
9
8
.
3
5
%.
T
h
e
ML
I
'
s
o
v
er
al
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
less
,
an
d
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
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