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n
o
f m
a
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
…
(
La
ksh
ma
n
a
P
h
a
n
ee
n
d
r
a
Ma
g
u
lu
r
i
)
2139
a
n
d
e
c
o
-
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
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e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
,
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
r
ep
r
e
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e
n
t
a
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i
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f
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c
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n
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a
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v
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em
e
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i
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h
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c
t
o
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n
s
u
r
i
n
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a
m
o
r
e
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es
p
o
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v
e
a
n
d
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d
a
p
t
a
b
l
e
i
n
f
r
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s
t
r
u
ct
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r
e
t
o
m
ee
t
t
h
e
e
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
n
e
ed
s
o
f
o
u
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
w
o
r
l
d
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
E
M
S
)
r
e
l
ie
s
h
e
a
v
i
l
y
o
n
t
w
o
c
o
r
e
p
i
l
l
a
r
s
:
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
p
l
a
y
a
p
i
v
o
t
a
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r
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l
e
i
n
e
n
s
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n
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t
h
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o
p
t
i
m
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l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
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n
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o
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G
,
t
a
s
k
e
d
w
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t
h
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
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w
ac
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s
s
S
G
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
c
o
s
ts
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[
6
]
.
Pre
d
ictio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
lian
ce
s
,
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
t
o
th
e
SG
co
n
ce
p
t.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
as
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
tim
e
s
er
ies
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
m
p
lex
f
ac
to
r
s
[
7
]
.
As
Sm
a
r
t
Gr
id
s
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
b
ec
o
m
es
a
v
ital
elem
en
t
in
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Var
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
,
with
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
M
L
)
em
er
g
in
g
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
.
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
Sm
ar
t
Gr
id
s
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
eir
e
f
f
icien
cy
i
n
m
an
ag
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
t
o
r
ea
lize
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
city
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
elab
o
r
ate
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
-
r
elate
d
p
o
licies
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
s
m
ar
t
city
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ey
ex
p
lo
r
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
co
n
ce
p
t
u
aliza
tio
n
s
,
o
r
"im
ag
in
ar
ies,"
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
s
m
ar
t
city
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
T
h
ese
im
ag
in
ar
ies
e
n
co
m
p
ass
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
e
r
ativ
es,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
c
h
allen
g
es
in
h
er
e
n
t
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
a
r
elate
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
les
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
an
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
in
ac
t
u
alizin
g
s
m
ar
t
city
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
s
m
ar
t
city
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
,
u
n
p
lan
n
ed
u
r
b
an
g
r
o
wth
,
an
d
th
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
r
esid
en
ts
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
O
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
l
s
o
s
t
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
a
s
t
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
b
a
c
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
a
s
a
n
a
m
a
l
g
a
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
i
n
g
i
t
s
p
i
v
o
t
a
l
r
o
l
e
a
s
t
h
e
a
n
c
h
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
:
i)
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
l
iter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
in
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es,
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
th
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
ce
s
;
ii)
Pro
v
id
in
g
a
d
etailed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
;
iii
)
An
aly
zin
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
u
s
ed
in
h
o
m
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
th
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
;
iv
)
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
is
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
is
th
e
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
u
s
in
g
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
m
ea
n
a
b
s
o
l
u
te
er
r
o
r
(
MA
E
)
,
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
,
an
d
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
;
an
d
v
)
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
in
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ho
m
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
2.
E
NE
RG
Y
CO
NSU
M
P
T
I
O
N
F
O
RE
CAS
T
I
NG
I
N
SM
AR
T
H
O
M
E
S
Sev
er
al
cr
itical
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
er
s
is
t
in
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
a
n
d
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
,
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
th
e
to
tal
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
,
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
tim
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
2138
-
2
1
4
4
2140
o
u
tco
m
es
p
r
esen
ted
in
p
r
io
r
l
iter
atu
r
e
ar
e
co
n
tin
g
en
t
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ataset
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
ar
es
f
o
u
r
p
u
b
lic
d
atasets
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
in
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
d
ea
lly
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
atio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
atasets
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
i
s
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
r
esu
lts
to
b
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
d
ataset,
with
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
MA
E
,
MSE
,
an
d
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
r
elativ
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t stu
d
ied
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
l
o
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
3.
E
RRO
R
M
E
T
RIC
S AN
D
C
O
M
P
UT
A
T
I
O
N
AL
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANC
E
R
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
o
r
R
MSE
an
d
MA
E
s
er
v
e
as
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ex
h
ib
it
a
s
ca
le
-
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
,
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
tim
e
s
er
ies
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
m
a
g
n
itu
d
es.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
an
ac
cu
r
ac
y
m
etr
ic
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
m
ea
n
a
b
s
o
lu
te
s
ca
led
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
[
2
5
]
.
MSE
s
ca
les
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
r
elativ
e
to
a
n
aiv
e
f
o
r
ec
ast,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ev
al
u
atio
n
th
at
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
im
e
s
er
ies
d
ata
s
et
s
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
MSE
=
1
∑
(
–
=
0
̂
)
2
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
MA
E
is
th
e
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
,
a
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
m
etr
ic
.
MA
E
=
1
∑
|
−
=
0
yi
̂
|
(
2)
-
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
R
²)
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
b
y
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
a
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el.
I
t
s
er
v
es
as
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
h
o
w
well
th
e
m
o
d
el
co
n
f
o
r
m
s
to
th
e
d
ataset.
T
h
e
R
²
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
v
ar
ia
n
ce
b
y
th
e
t
o
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
t
i
n
to
th
e
m
o
d
el
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata'
s
p
atter
n
s
s
h
o
wn
in
(
3
)
.
R2
=
1
-
1
N
∑
(
y
i
–
N
i
=
0
y
i
̂
)
2
1
N
∑
(
y
i
–
N
i
=
0
y
i
̅
̅
̅
)
2
(
3)
-
N
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
−
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f m
a
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
…
(
La
ksh
ma
n
a
P
h
a
n
ee
n
d
r
a
Ma
g
u
lu
r
i
)
2141
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics b
ar
g
r
ap
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
es a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els:
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
,
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
e
g
r
ess
o
r
,
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
MA
E
,
MSE
,
an
d
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
v
al
u
es,
cr
u
cial
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
els'
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
p
lo
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
el,
s
ca
tter
p
lo
ts
d
e
p
ict
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ac
tu
al
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
icted
v
alu
es,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
i
n
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
m
o
d
els'
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
p
att
er
n
s
,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
tig
h
t
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
f
p
o
in
ts
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
d
iag
o
n
al
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
u
b
p
lo
t
c
o
n
s
o
lid
ates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
in
a
b
ar
g
r
a
p
h
f
o
r
m
at.
E
ac
h
m
o
d
el
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
co
lo
r
—
b
lu
e
f
o
r
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
,
o
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
,
a
n
d
g
r
ee
n
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
.
T
h
e
b
a
r
g
r
ap
h
r
ev
ea
ls
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
alu
es
f
o
r
M
AE
,
MSE
,
an
d
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
els'
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
k
ey
m
et
r
ics.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
p
r
esen
tatio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els,
aid
i
n
g
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
u
tlin
ed
m
etr
ics.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
li
n
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
b
aselin
e
b
u
t
with
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
p
atter
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
,
wh
ich
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
o
n
L
in
ea
r
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
b
y
h
an
d
lin
g
n
o
n
-
l
in
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
u
t
s
till
e
x
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
e
r
MA
E
a
n
d
MS
E
v
alu
es.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
all
th
r
ee
m
o
d
els,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
6
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
'
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
lo
wer
MA
E
an
d
MSE
an
d
a
h
ig
h
er
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
R
an
d
o
m
Fo
r
e
s
t in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
as d
etailed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
m
etr
ics
S
l
.
n
o
M
o
d
e
l
M
A
E
M
S
E
R
-
sq
u
a
r
e
d
1
Li
n
e
a
r
r
e
g
r
e
s
si
o
n
5
2
.
5
4
4
7
3
3
8
3
1
2
.
7
5
9
5
1
4
0
.
1
6
9
3
1
3
2
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
t
r
e
e
r
e
g
r
e
ss
o
r
3
9
.
4
4
7
6
8
2
8
4
8
6
.
2
4
2
7
1
6
0
.
1
5
1
9
7
7
3
R
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
r
e
g
r
e
ss
o
r
3
2
.
8
5
1
3
5
5
4
7
0
4
.
3
0
8
7
8
9
0
.
5
2
9
9
0
2
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
L
i
n
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
wca
s
es
v
io
lin
p
l
o
ts
th
at
d
ep
ict
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
E
ac
h
m
eth
o
d
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
lo
r
,
with
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
lo
t
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
s
at
a
g
iv
en
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
v
i
o
lin
p
l
o
ts
f
u
r
th
e
r
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
'
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
l
o
wer
er
r
o
r
s
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
b
o
th
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
m
o
d
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
2138
-
2
1
4
4
2142
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
m
etr
ics
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est r
eg
r
e
s
s
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Vio
lin
p
lo
t o
f
p
r
e
d
icate
d
v
alu
es b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
els
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
,
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
r
e
v
ea
ls
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ts
a
MA
E
o
f
5
2
.
5
4
,
a
MSE
o
f
8
3
1
2
.
7
6
,
an
d
an
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
7
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
r
elativ
ely
m
o
d
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.