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m
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b
a
tt
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in
e
lec
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v
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h
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s.
Its
p
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l
imp
li
c
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ti
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s
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lu
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imp
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rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
t
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w
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s
:
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b
alan
cin
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ANFI
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id
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ly
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atter
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Pack
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s
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c
c
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rticle
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e
CC B
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li
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C
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p
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A
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Far
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Mu
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d
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to
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
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E
n
g
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in
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Po
litek
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lek
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Neg
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PENS
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p
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s
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Su
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6
0
1
1
1
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I
n
d
o
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m
ail:
f
ar
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id
1.
I
NT
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D
UCT
I
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N
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
elec
tr
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v
eh
icles
h
as
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n
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m
ak
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g
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icie
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cy
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elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
a
cr
u
cial
asp
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t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
L
ith
iu
m
-
io
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b
atter
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ar
e
th
e
p
r
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r
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h
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g
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k
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v
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e
n
s
ity
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lack
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em
o
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f
ec
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lo
w
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
an
d
lo
n
g
life
s
p
an
[
3
]
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
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p
ac
ity
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b
atter
ies
with
c
ells
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
d
i
f
f
er
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ce
s
i
n
th
e
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u
tp
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a
tter
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ll
o
r
v
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im
b
alan
c
e
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ay
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cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
v
a
r
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s
in
m
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u
f
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v
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if
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t
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
W
h
en
r
ec
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
atter
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ac
k
s
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o
m
e
b
atter
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ce
lls
m
ay
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eq
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ad
d
itio
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ch
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r
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in
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ev
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n
a
f
ter
o
n
e
ce
ll r
ea
ch
es
fu
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
B
atter
y
im
b
alan
ce
ca
n
lead
to
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
o
r
u
n
d
er
ch
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g
in
g
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
atter
y
life
an
d
af
f
ec
tin
g
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
ex
tr
em
e
ca
s
es,
b
atter
y
im
b
alan
ce
ca
n
p
o
s
e
a
r
is
k
to
d
ev
ices o
r
ev
e
n
h
u
m
an
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
it is
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
h
a
v
e
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
atter
y
b
ala
n
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
s
ev
er
al
b
atter
y
b
alan
cin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
with
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
b
ei
n
g
th
e
m
ain
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
3
]
.
Pas
s
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
s
is
to
r
s
an
d
s
witch
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
o
n
ea
c
h
b
atter
y
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ll.
E
x
ce
s
s
ce
lls
wil
l
d
is
s
ip
ate
en
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g
y
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r
o
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th
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to
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s
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tem
is
o
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al.
T
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eth
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n
o
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o
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ly
ca
u
s
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g
y
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b
u
t
also
p
r
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ts
ch
allen
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es
in
th
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m
al
m
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ag
em
en
t.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
ac
tiv
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b
alan
cin
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ca
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b
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class
if
ied
in
to
f
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ca
teg
o
r
ies:
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ell
to
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ll (
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,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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8
6
9
4
A
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cin
g
ch
a
r
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s
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A
N
F
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S
to
r
ea
ch
lo
n
g
est lifetime
fo
r
lith
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F
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r
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to
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2169
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p
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C
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P),
an
d
a
n
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ce
ll
to
a
n
y
ce
ll
(
AC
2
AC
)
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
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g
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f
r
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h
ig
h
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v
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ltag
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b
atter
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atter
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Am
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ies,
P2
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tili
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b
id
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r
ec
tio
n
al
f
ly
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
4
]
.
B
esid
e
th
ei
r
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
also
o
f
f
er
ea
s
e
o
f
is
o
latio
n
,
s
im
p
le
co
n
t
r
o
l,
an
d
s
m
all
s
ize
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
ap
p
lied
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
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h
o
wev
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th
es
e
m
eth
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d
s
s
till
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
lo
n
g
b
ala
n
cin
g
tim
es,
cir
c
u
it
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
,
a
n
d
l
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icien
c
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.
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n
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tex
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th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ar
t
if
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p
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f
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e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic.
W
h
ile
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
also
ad
d
r
ess
v
o
ltag
e
im
b
alan
ce
s
,
ANFI
S
p
r
o
v
id
es
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
h
ig
h
er
in
tellig
e
n
ce
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
ANFI
S
d
y
n
am
ic
ally
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
th
u
s
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
b
atter
y
life
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
s
af
ety
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
test
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
will b
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
d
elv
e
i
n
to
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
b
etwe
en
ce
ll
s
an
d
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
s
u
tili
zin
g
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
ly
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ANFI
S c
o
n
tr
o
l is in
teg
r
ated
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
al
an
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
o
u
r
b
atter
y
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
er
ies.
E
ac
h
b
atter
y
ce
ll
is
p
ar
al
leled
with
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
in
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
ly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it.
E
ac
h
b
a
tter
y
ce
ll
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
o
u
r
r
elay
s
,
o
r
two
p
air
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
r
elay
s
.
On
e
p
air
o
f
r
elay
s
is
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
as
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
,
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
er
p
air
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
as
a
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
h
e
r
e
lay
s
ac
t
as
s
witch
es
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
lo
a
d
,
o
r
as
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
o
r
ce
ll.
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l
f
ly
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
is
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
a
s
im
p
ler
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
s
y
s
te
m
2
.
1
.
B
a
la
ncing
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
m
o
d
es: f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
to
th
e
ce
ll
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
ll
to
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
W
h
en
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
m
o
d
e,
o
r
co
n
v
er
s
ely
,
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
e,
th
is
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
atter
y
ce
lls
,
ch
an
n
els
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
ce
l
ls
to
o
n
e
o
th
er
ce
ll,
o
r
v
ice
v
e
r
s
a.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2168
-
2
1
7
9
2170
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
alan
ci
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
itially
,
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
t
ak
en
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
in
ev
er
y
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
en
tire
b
atter
y
is
th
en
ca
lcu
lated
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
m
ad
e
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
if
an
y
o
f
th
e
b
at
ter
y
ce
lls
in
b
atter
ies
1
,
2
,
3
,
o
r
4
h
av
e
a
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
th
e
av
er
a
g
e.
I
f
s
o
,
th
at
b
a
tter
y
will b
e
u
s
ed
as a
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
if
an
y
o
f
th
e
b
atte
r
y
ce
lls
1
,
2
,
3
,
o
r
4
h
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e,
it will
b
e
u
s
e
d
as
a
lo
ad
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
if
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
en
th
e
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
m
o
d
e
will
o
p
er
a
te,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
,
if
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
is
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
n
th
e
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
e
will
o
p
er
ate.
T
h
ese
two
m
o
d
es will a
lter
n
at
e
[
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
b
al
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
2
.
2
.
Sequ
ent
ia
l s
wit
ch
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
eq
u
en
tial
s
witch
es
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
.
S'
1
to
S
'
4
an
d
Q
'
1
to
Q
'
4
wi
ll
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
cir
c
u
it
with
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
o
n
t
h
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
.
S1
to
S4
an
d
Q
1
to
Q4
will
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
cir
c
u
it
with
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
lls
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
T
ab
le
1
f
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
1
if
th
e
b
atter
y
is
an
ac
tiv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
0
if
th
e
b
atter
y
is
an
ac
tiv
e
lo
ad
,
an
d
tick
if
s
witch
n
etwo
r
k
1
an
d
s
witch
n
etwo
r
k
2
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
ctive
b
a
la
n
cin
g
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
A
N
F
I
S
to
r
ea
ch
lo
n
g
est lifetime
fo
r
lith
iu
m
io
n
(
F
a
r
id
Dw
i Mu
r
d
ia
n
to
)
2171
T
ab
le
1
.
Seq
u
e
n
tial switch
Le
f
t
s
i
d
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
R
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
w
i
t
c
h
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
1
S
w
i
t
c
h
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
2
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
S’
1
S’
2
S’
3
S’
4
Q’
1
Q’
2
Q’
3
Q’
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
0
√
-
-
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
√
-
1
1
1
0
-
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
-
-
√
√
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
0
0
0
-
-
-
-
1
√
-
-
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
√
-
0
0
0
1
-
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
-
-
√
√
-
-
-
√
-
-
-
2
.
3
.
B
idi
re
ct
io
na
l f
ly
ba
ck
co
nv
er
t
er
m
o
delin
g
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
b
alan
cin
g
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
y
s
tem
r
ep
lace
s
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
d
io
d
es
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
ly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
with
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tifie
r
MO
SF
E
T
s
[
1
7
]
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
lo
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ec
tifie
r
d
i
o
d
es
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
ese
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
is
d
ep
icted
as in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
lan
n
ed
b
alan
cin
g
cir
c
u
i
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
two
MO
SF
E
T
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
b
o
t
h
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
an
d
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
es.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
in
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
m
o
d
e,
th
e
b
alan
ce
r
en
ter
s
th
is
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
ce
th
e
p
ac
k
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
MO
S1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
wh
ile
MO
S2
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
an
d
th
e
p
ac
k
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
m
a
g
n
etizin
g
in
d
u
cto
r
L
m
.
T
h
e
n
,
MO
S2
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
wh
ile
MO
S1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
in
d
u
cto
r
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
to
ch
a
r
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
o
cc
u
r
s
in
ce
ll
to
p
ac
k
m
o
d
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
ab
le
s
2
an
d
3
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
v
alu
es f
o
r
ea
c
h
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t p
ar
am
eter
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
ly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
T
ab
le
2
.
Fly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
p
a
r
am
eter
f
o
r
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll m
o
d
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
V
s (i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
)
(
m
a
x
)
1
2
.
6
V
o
l
t
V
s
(
mi
n
)
1
0
.
8
V
o
l
t
V
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
)
I
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
)
P
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
)
D
max
(
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
)
F
s (sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
Lm (m
a
g
n
e
t
i
z
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
)
N
p
:
N
s (
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
t
u
r
n
s r
a
t
i
o
)
C
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
)
4
.
2
2
.
8
1
1
.
7
6
50
1
0
0
22
4
:
2
4
7
0
0
V
o
l
t
A
mp
e
r
e
W
a
t
t
%
H
e
r
t
z
µ
H
e
n
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
µ
F
a
r
a
d
T
ab
le
3
.
Fly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
p
a
r
am
eter
in
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
V
s (i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
)
(
m
a
x
)
4
.
2
V
o
l
t
V
s (m
i
n
)
3
.
6
V
o
l
t
V
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
)
I
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
)
P
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
)
D
max
(
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
)
F
s (sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
Lm (m
a
g
n
e
t
i
z
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
)
N
p
:
N
s (
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
t
u
r
n
s r
a
t
i
o
)
C
o
(
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
)
1
2
.
6
2
.
8
3
5
.
2
8
90
1
0
0
2
.
7
4
:
2
2
2
0
0
V
o
l
t
A
mp
e
r
e
W
a
t
t
%
H
e
r
t
z
µ
H
e
n
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
µ
F
a
r
a
d
2
.
4
.
ANF
I
S c
o
ntr
o
l m
o
delin
g
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
c
o
m
b
in
es
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
o
f
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
i
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
ANFI
S
b
ein
g
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
th
at
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
ca
teg
o
r
y
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
ca
n
ad
ju
s
t o
r
ad
ap
t to
th
e
d
ata
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
esen
t in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
3
]
.
ANFI
S u
s
es a
s
et
o
f
d
ata
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l i
n
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
th
en
u
s
ed
as
a
tr
ain
in
g
d
ataset
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
er
r
o
r
r
at
e.
W
h
en
d
esig
n
in
g
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
o
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
ty
p
e
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
n
ee
d
ed
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
7
x
7
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
m
aller
er
r
o
r
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
es a
h
y
b
r
id
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
co
m
b
in
es th
e
least sq
u
a
r
es e
s
tim
ato
r
(
L
SE)
an
d
er
r
o
r
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
(
E
B
P)
m
eth
o
d
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ich
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
v
er
a
th
o
u
s
an
d
iter
at
io
n
s
.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
er
r
o
r
v
alu
e
will
d
ec
r
e
ase
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
t
r
ain
in
g
d
ata
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
with
ea
c
h
it
er
atio
n
.
T
est
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
-
4
(
c)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2168
-
2
1
7
9
2172
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
ANFI
S c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
elin
g
:
(
a)
ANFI
S st
r
u
ctu
r
e
,
(
b
)
v
ar
iab
le
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
u
tp
u
t
,
an
d
(
c)
ANFI
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
v
iewe
r
2
.
5
.
O
pen lo
o
p si
m
ula
t
io
n
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
'
s
p
ar
am
eter
v
a
lu
es
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
m
atch
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
PS
I
M
2
0
2
2
s
o
f
twar
e
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it
in
b
o
th
p
ac
k
-
to
-
c
ell
an
d
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
es.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
v
alu
e
is
m
an
u
al
ly
s
et.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
v
alu
e
is
s
et
at
4
3
.
0
3
%
f
o
r
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
m
o
d
e
an
d
6
3
.
1
2
%
f
o
r
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
e,
as
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
ctive
b
a
la
n
cin
g
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
A
N
F
I
S
to
r
ea
ch
lo
n
g
est lifetime
fo
r
lith
iu
m
io
n
(
F
a
r
id
Dw
i Mu
r
d
ia
n
to
)
2173
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Op
e
n
lo
o
p
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it
2
.
6
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n m
o
delin
g
o
f
clo
s
e
d
-
lo
o
p inte
g
ra
t
io
n
C
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
im
u
l
atio
n
(
clo
s
ed
cir
cu
it)
is
a
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
u
s
i
n
g
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
v
alu
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
PS
I
M
2
0
2
2
s
o
f
twar
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it
in
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
an
d
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
es.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
u
tili
ze
s
ANF
I
S
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
u
ty
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
Vo
r
ea
d
in
g
s
with
th
e
s
et
p
o
in
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
is
s
et
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
p
o
n
th
e
o
p
en
lo
o
p
s
im
u
latio
n
(
with
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
l)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
2168
-
2
1
7
9
2174
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
lo
s
e
lo
o
p
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
u
s
in
g
PS
I
M
2
0
2
2
s
o
f
twar
e
in
b
o
th
p
ac
k
-
to
-
ce
ll
an
d
ce
ll
-
to
-
p
ac
k
m
o
d
es.
Af
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
o
p
e
n
-
lo
o
p
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lt
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
e
f
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
3
.
1
.
O
pen lo
o
p si
m
ula
t
io
n t
esting
Fo
llo
win
g
o
p
en
lo
o
p
s
im
u
latio
n
test
in
g
,
th
e
test
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ea
ch
ce
ll,
n
am
ely
VB
1
,
VB
2
,
VB
3
,
an
d
VB
4
,
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
te
r
b
alan
cin
g
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
et
ails
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
,
as in
T
ab
les 4
an
d
5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
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15
,
No
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4
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Dec
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20
24
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2168
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2176
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
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b
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A
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lith
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(
F
a
r
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Dw
i Mu
r
d
ia
n
to
)
2177
T
ab
le
7
.
Simu
latio
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im
u
latio
n
with
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
cl
o
s
ed
lo
o
p
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
b
alan
cin
g
tim
e
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
o
d
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wit
h
an
d
with
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
8
.
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
in
teg
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
PS
I
M
2
0
2
2
s
o
f
twar
e,
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
e
n
c
e
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S)
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
ci
n
g
tim
e.
I
n
th
e
p
a
ck
to
ce
ll
m
o
d
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
b
alan
ci
n
g
tim
e
with
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
is
6
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
er
e
as
with
o
u
t
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
6
6
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Similar
l
y
,
in
th
e
ce
ll
t
o
p
ac
k
m
o
d
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
tim
e
with
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
is
5
8
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
with
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
as th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
e,
wh
ic
h
is
6
6
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
A
NFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
c
eler
ates
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
lev
el
o
f
b
alan
ce
.
T
h
is
h
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
in
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
e
cially
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
wh
er
e
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
cr
u
cial.
B
y
s
p
ee
d
in
g
u
p
th
e
b
ala
n
c
in
g
tim
e,
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
,
an
d
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
ab
le
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
test
r
esu
lts
M
o
d
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
B
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
(
s)
P
a
c
k
t
o
c
e
l
l
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
6
6
0
W
i
t
h
A
N
F
I
S
6
0
0
C
e
l
l
t
o
p
a
c
k
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
6
6
0
W
i
t
h
A
N
F
I
S
5
8
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ov
er
all,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
c
h
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ef
f
i
cien
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
r
e
v
o
lv
es
a
r
o
u
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
im
b
alan
ce
s
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