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a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
ain
s
o
u
r
ce
to
m
ee
t th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ac
ts
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
o
co
m
p
lem
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
also
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
tem
in
an
ticip
atio
n
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
co
n
ce
p
t,
wh
ich
p
r
i
o
r
itizes
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
f
r
o
m
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
a
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles c
an
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
o
r
PV e
n
er
g
y
in
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
co
u
p
led
with
a
s
lo
w
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
u
s
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
PV.
At
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
lo
a
d
s
,
n
am
ely
AC
an
d
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
is
an
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
en
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
o
r
ig
in
ally
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
n
in
v
er
ter
(
DC
/AC
)
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
if
th
e
av
ailab
le
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
is
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
en
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
d
ev
ice
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
r
ec
tifie
r
(
AC
/DC
)
in
s
talled
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
'
s
f
o
cu
s
was
to
u
s
e
l
o
ad
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
t
o
m
ee
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
o
n
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
ain
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
t
h
en
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
AC
g
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icl
es
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
t
o
s
ev
er
al
c
o
n
c
ep
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
i)
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
ii)
c
h
ar
g
in
g
is
d
elay
ed
,
iii)
a
v
e
r
ag
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
iv
)
s
m
ar
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
an
d
v
)
i
n
tellig
en
t d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
ev
er
al
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
ch
ar
g
er
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
e
v
ic
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
wh
e
r
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
will
b
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
v
ia
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
/
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
ag
ain
s
t
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
ies
with
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
a
DC
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
u
s
in
g
an
au
to
m
atic
tr
an
s
f
er
s
witch
(
AT
S)
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
5
]
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
in
s
talled
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
will
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
to
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
in
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l p
a
r
am
eter
ca
n
u
s
e
an
AC
o
r
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
to
m
ax
im
iz
e
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
PV
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
to
r
a
g
e
b
atter
ies
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
PV.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
also
aim
s
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
lo
ad
,
to
m
ee
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
n
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
ev
ice.
So
th
e
m
ain
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
th
at
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e:
i)
A
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
n
am
ely
PV,
d
u
r
in
g
PV e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
b
ased
o
n
th
e
allo
wab
le
d
r
o
p
/o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
;
ii)
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
1
2
V
1
0
0
AH,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
alo
n
g
with
in
v
er
ter
d
ev
ices
;
an
d
iii)
I
m
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
o
n
AT
S
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
c
ap
ac
ity
o
f
an
e
-
b
ik
e
as
m
u
ch
as
o
n
e
e
-
b
i
k
e
with
an
e
-
b
i
k
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
1
2
8
W
h
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
to
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
e
-
b
ik
e
s
with
s
co
o
ter
-
s
ty
le
e
-
b
ik
es
o
r
SS
E
B
s
.
T
h
en
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
u
n
o
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
As
well
as
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
ly
s
o
u
r
ce
,
o
n
ly
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
e
-
b
i
k
e
tire
s
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
esp
r
ea
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
o
ciety
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lack
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
e
-
b
ik
es
t
h
em
s
elv
es,
s
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
ee
tin
g
th
ese
n
ee
d
s
,
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
i
en
d
ly
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
as
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
n
et
ze
r
o
e
m
is
s
io
n
(
NZ
E
)
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
e
-
bik
e
cha
rg
ing
s
t
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
e
-
b
i
k
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
m
a
i
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
2
×
1
0
0
W
p
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
oc
)
o
f
2
2
.
4
V
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
li
n
e
t
y
p
e
.
W
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
i
s
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
a
i
l
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
a
l
o
a
d
o
f
5
7
6
W
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
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I
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8
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
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c
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
s
a
r
e
n
e
c
ess
a
r
y
t
o
m
a
i
n
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ai
n
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a
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et
y
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n
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o
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im
a
l
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e
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o
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h
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l
o
n
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r
u
n
.
=
(
(
−
)
)
×
100%
(
3
)
=
(
(
−
)
)
×
100%
(
4
)
is
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
th
at
ex
ce
ed
s
o
f
AC
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e,
wh
ile
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
v
alu
e
at
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
s
et
o
n
2
2
0
V
is
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
its
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
ar
am
eter
in
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as a
b
a
ck
u
p
in
au
to
m
atic
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
witch
d
ev
ices.
2
.
5
.
Desig
n
o
f
a
uto
ma
t
ic
t
ra
ns
f
er
s
wit
ch
An
AT
S
is
an
au
to
m
ated
d
ev
i
ce
th
at
u
s
es
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
o
n
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
AT
S
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
id
en
tifie
r
o
f
th
is
AT
S
m
ec
h
an
is
m
u
s
es
Ar
d
u
in
o
Un
o
to
im
p
lem
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
u
ts
o
n
ea
ch
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
alo
n
g
with
o
u
tp
u
ts
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
e
-
b
ik
e
l
o
ad
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
(
2
0
0
wp
)
an
d
g
r
id
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
alter
n
ately
.
AT
S
g
iv
es
p
r
io
r
ity
to
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
ies
(
1
2
V
2
0
0
AH)
,
with
th
e
g
r
i
d
as
a
b
ac
k
u
p
in
c
ase
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t lo
a
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
r
eq
u
ir
es
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
g
r
id
an
d
in
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
u
s
es
a
r
ela
y
as
a
s
witch
t
h
at
is
g
o
v
er
n
e
d
b
y
p
r
e
-
p
lan
n
ed
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
p
lan
n
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
s
witch
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
h
ase
co
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
a
n
eu
tr
al
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
an
ticip
atin
g
a
p
a
r
allel
s
y
s
tem
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
an
d
g
r
id
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
wo
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
o
f
1
0
0
wp
e
ac
h
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
p
a
r
allel
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
1
0
A
with
an
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
oc
)
v
alu
e
o
f
2
2
.
2
v
o
lts
.
As
lo
n
g
as
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
p
r
o
d
u
ce
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
ed
u
s
in
g
a
n
M
PP
T
o
f
6
0
A.
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
,
wh
ich
co
n
v
er
ts
DC
to
AC
,
is
s
et
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
b
atter
y
s
o
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
wh
en
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
en
er
g
y
.
So
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
au
t
o
m
atic
tr
an
s
f
er
s
w
itch
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4.
I
n
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
th
is
AT
S st
u
d
y
,
ap
a
r
t f
r
o
m
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
PV
an
d
g
r
i
d
to
lo
a
d
s
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
also
co
n
s
id
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
th
at
h
elp
with
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
PV
an
d
d
ev
ices
in
s
witch
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
ev
ice
f
r
o
m
PV
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
DC
/AC
in
v
er
ter
wh
en
th
er
e
is
a
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
th
e
n
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
b
ec
o
m
es
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
as
a
n
AT
S
wo
r
k
i
n
g
p
a
r
am
eter
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
u
c
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
th
e
AT
S
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f in
ve
r
ter in
p
u
t
r
a
tin
g
meth
o
d
a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
A
C
vo
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
N
o
o
r
Hid
a
ya
t
)
2485
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
th
e
AT
S
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
et
ec
ted
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
p
a
r
am
eter
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
n
t
h
e
AT
S.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
_
=
i
n
p
u
t
in
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e
,
in
th
is
p
ar
am
eter
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
lim
it
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
1
1
.
2
-
1
5
v
o
lts
in
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
r
atin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
W
h
ile
in
o
th
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
g
r
id
,
a
n
d
AT
S,
wh
er
e
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ap
p
lied
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
is
an
AC
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
m
eth
o
d
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
lim
it
o
f
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
5
%
o
v
er
/d
r
o
p
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
2
2
0
V)
,
wh
ich
is
2
0
9
-
2
3
1
V.
_
=
o
u
tp
u
t
in
v
er
ter
v
o
lta
g
e
,
=
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
,
_
=
o
u
tp
u
t
AT
S v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
o
ar
d
u
s
ed
is
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
U
n
o
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
A
C
an
d
DC
s
en
s
o
r
s
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
cto
co
u
p
ler
as
a
s
witch
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
in
Fig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
i
s
u
s
ed
to
ass
em
b
le
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
p
u
ts
u
s
in
g
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
A
C
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ea
d
v
o
lta
g
e
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ile
th
e
D
C
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ea
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
as
a
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
h
o
w
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
c
an
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
er
is
ap
p
lied
to
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
at
DC
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
o
n
th
e
b
o
a
r
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
=
2
(
1
−
2
)
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
AT
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
2480
-
2
4
9
2
2486
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
AC
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
o
n
a
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Mo
d
el
f
o
r
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
In
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
er
e
is
a
wir
in
g
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
n
AT
S
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
asy
E
DA
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
is
wir
in
g
d
iag
r
am
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
in
p
u
t
s
y
s
tem
,
n
am
ely
a
PZE
M
s
en
s
o
r
(
0
0
4
T
)
as
a
n
AC
v
o
ltag
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
a
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
in
v
e
r
ter
a
n
d
b
atter
y
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
etec
tio
n
,
an
d
th
en
a
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
,
n
am
ely
Ar
d
u
in
o
Un
o
as
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
F
in
ally
,
an
o
u
tp
u
t
s
y
s
tem
,
n
am
ely
a
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
r
elay
u
s
ed
f
o
r
au
t
o
m
atic
s
witch
es
o
n
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
way
th
e
wh
o
le
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
is
th
at
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
(
PZE
M
0
0
4
T
)
an
d
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
will
r
ea
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
es
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
an
d
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
es
will
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
Un
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
,
with
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
u
p
l
o
ad
ed
to
m
o
v
e
(
ON/OFF)
th
e
r
elay
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
PV
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
r
elay
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
c
h
an
n
els
in
s
e
r
ies
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
r
elay
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
r
elay
o
u
tp
u
t w
ill b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
u
tlet f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
b
atter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
W
ir
in
g
d
iag
r
am
o
f
A
T
S
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
an
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
an
aly
s
is
o
f
PV
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
g
r
id
s
th
at
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AT
S
ag
ain
s
t
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
th
at
will
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
r
elate
s
to
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
PV
wh
er
e
th
e
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
lo
ad
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AT
S
its
elf
in
an
alg
o
r
it
h
m
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
e
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f in
ve
r
ter in
p
u
t
r
a
tin
g
meth
o
d
a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
A
C
vo
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
N
o
o
r
Hid
a
ya
t
)
2487
m
ain
r
o
le
o
f
PV
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
W
h
ile
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV,
p
lease
also
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
PV
will
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
th
e
PV
will
ch
ar
g
e
to
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
b
att
er
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
MPPT.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
a
p
p
li
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
AT
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
m
ailin
g
li
s
t
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
in
a
f
ast
tim
e.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
is
also
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
th
at
will b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
is
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
AC
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
/
o
v
er
,
wh
er
e
it is
a
d
eter
m
in
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
AT
S c
an
wo
r
k
as a
b
ac
k
u
p
to
PV.
3
.
1
.
P
V
ener
g
y
s
up
ply
t
o
lo
a
d
I
n
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
PV
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
to
ev
en
in
g
,
with
a
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ch
em
e
in
s
talled
at
th
e
s
am
e
t
im
e,
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
PV
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ee
t
its
im
p
ac
t o
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
te
r
,
s
o
as t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
PV d
u
r
atio
n
in
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
cr
iter
ia
in
th
e
AT
S
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
PV
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
test
r
esu
lts
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
P
V
P
o
wer
(
)
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
inv
er
t
er
inp
ut
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
_
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
d
is
p
lay
s
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
an
d
_
in
t
h
e
d
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
d
a
y
lig
h
t
–
ev
e
n
in
g
,
th
at
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
PV p
o
wer
is
at
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
1
3
5
.
9
W
at
1
1
.
2
5
am
an
d
is
at
th
e
lo
we
s
t p
o
wer
o
f
3
1
W
at
0
3
.
3
1
p
m
.
L
o
o
k
i
n
g
at
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
v
o
ltag
e
a
t
th
e
lo
west
p
o
in
t,
wh
ich
is
1
2
.
6
6
V
with
t
h
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
PV
p
o
wer
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
0
W
.
T
h
e
n
,
wh
e
n
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
is
at
th
e
lo
west
p
o
in
t,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
3
.
2
5
-
1
3
.
5
0
V.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
o
f
th
e
AT
S
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
PV
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
PV
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
with
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ay
-
af
ter
n
o
o
n
,
v
alu
e
_
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
1
.
2
-
1
5
V
ca
n
b
e
m
et
at
th
at
tim
e
b
ec
au
s
e
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
lar
g
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e=
1
4
.
1
5
V
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
1
2
.
6
6
V.
Please
also
n
o
te
th
at
w
h
en
PV
p
o
wer
is
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
0
-
4
5
W
,
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
will
h
elp
PV
in
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
a
d
.
S
o
th
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
at
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
in
t
o
f
1
2
.
6
6
V
will
r
is
e
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
3
.
7
5
-
1
3
.
2
5
V
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
in
cid
e
with
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
at
th
e
lo
west v
alu
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Gr
a
p
h
s
o
f
an
d
_
3
.
1
.
2
.
_
a
g
a
ins
t
q
ua
lity
_
AT
S
in
th
e
d
esig
n
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
p
ar
am
et
er
s
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
_
)
as
a
p
ar
am
eter
to
m
ee
t
PV
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
en
er
g
y
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e.
W
h
er
e
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
v
alu
e
o
f
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
in
th
is
ca
s
e
wh
ich
i
s
±
5
%
o
f
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
2
2
0
V)
.
T
h
e
test
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
t
h
at
_
m
ax
=1
4
.
1
5
V
an
d
_
m
in
=1
2
.
6
6
V,
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
o
n
_
is
with
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
2480
-
2
4
9
2
2488
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
v
alu
e
o
f
AC
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ic
h
is
±
5
%.
Ob
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lo
west v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
test
ch
ar
t
f
r
o
m
_
=
223
.
9
an
d
to
p
m
ar
k
s
_
=
226
,
1
,
th
is
is
th
e
m
ain
p
r
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
1
1
.
2
-
1
5
V,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ee
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
at
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tad
iu
m
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
v
o
ltag
e
is
±
5
%.
T
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
tak
es
p
lace
with
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
_
an
d
_
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
an
g
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
th
e
AT
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t w
ill m
ain
tain
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PV su
p
p
ly
e
-
b
ik
e
lo
ad
s
ca
n
m
ain
tain
th
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
g
u
ar
d
a
g
ain
s
t d
a
m
ag
e
to
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
d
ev
ice
its
elf
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
it c
an
b
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
r
ea
d
in
g
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
test
last
ed
f
o
r
n
i
n
e
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
PV
test
in
g
,
th
e
lar
g
est
v
alu
e
o
f
(
)
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
1
4
.
1
5
V
at
1
3
.
0
9
W
I
B
o
r
W
ester
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
tim
e,
th
en
f
o
r
th
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
at
1
2
.
6
6
V
at
1
5
.
0
0
W
I
B
.
So
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
1
1
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
test
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
in
p
u
t
is
s
till
o
n
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t r
atin
g
.
I
f
a
n
aly
z
ed
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
l
y
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
at
a
ce
r
tain
h
o
u
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
to
th
e
af
ter
n
o
o
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
is
1
3
.
2
4
V,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
at
it
is
5
3
.
7
%
o
f
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
a
n
d
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
it
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
u
n
s
f
o
r
f
i
v
e
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
test
in
g
.
T
h
en
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
u
s
ag
e
f
r
o
m
1
2
.
0
0
-
1
8
.
0
0
W
I
B
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
is
1
2
.
7
8
V,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
in
v
er
ter
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
ix
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
test
in
g
is
4
1
.
6
%
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
lim
it
r
a
n
g
e
,
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
in
v
er
ter
i
n
p
u
t
allo
wed
f
r
o
m
th
e
AT
S
s
y
s
tem
.
So
,
o
v
er
all,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
d
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
r
atin
g
is
1
2
.
9
8
V
with
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
4
6
%
o
f
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
it
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
allo
wed
in
th
e
AT
S
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
test
an
d
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
u
t
v
alu
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
wh
ic
h
last
ed
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
n
in
g
to
n
ig
h
t,
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
is
s
till
lim
ited
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e.
A
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
a
tio
n
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
_
)
is
av
ailab
le
in
T
ab
le
1
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
test
g
r
ap
h
s
_
f
o
r
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
test
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
1
,
i
t
is
k
n
o
wn
t
h
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
lar
g
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
-
n
o
o
n
r
an
g
e
is
5
3
.
7
%.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
a
t
a
ce
r
tain
h
o
u
r
is
s
y
m
b
o
lized
b
y
(
_
,
1
)
,
wh
ile
d
a
y
-
n
ig
h
t
test
in
g
o
b
tain
ed
a
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
4
1
.
6
%.
So
th
at
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
r
an
g
e
_
is
4
6
%.
W
ith
th
is
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e,
it
i
s
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
is
in
a
s
tab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
th
an
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
allo
wab
le
v
o
ltag
e
li
m
its
.
E
v
en
if
y
o
u
l
o
o
k
at
th
e
test
r
esu
lts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
e
v
er
y
h
o
u
r
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
_
is
1
3
.
7
6
V
an
d
t
h
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
is
1
1
.
5
V,
th
e
s
m
allest
v
alu
e
is
at
1
8
.
0
0
-
1
9
.
0
0
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
lan
n
ed
f
o
r
e
-
b
ik
e
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
t
h
e
b
a
tter
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
o
n
e
e
-
b
ik
e
at
0
7
.
0
0
-
1
9
.
0
0
f
o
r
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
,
with
d
etails o
f
f
u
ll PV
m
o
d
e,
PV
-
b
atter
y
m
o
d
e
,
an
d
f
u
l
l b
atter
y
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Gr
a
p
h
s
o
f
0
_
an
d
_
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f in
ve
r
ter in
p
u
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meth
o
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d
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(
Mo
h
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d
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r
Hid
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)
2489
T
ab
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1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
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aly
s
is
(
_
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d
u
r
in
g
m
o
r
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ig
h
t te
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M
i
n
v
a
l
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(
_
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M
a
x
v
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Av
e
r
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0
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0
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1
2
:
0
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I
B
)
(
_
,
1
)
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e
r
a
g
e
(
1
2
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0
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1
8
:
0
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I
B
)
(
_
,
2
)
O
v
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r
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l
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v
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r
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v
e
r
a
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_
(
)
/
h
12
.
6
6
V
(
1
5
:
0
0
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1
4
.
1
5
V
(
1
3
:
0
9
)
1
3
.
2
4
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(
0
7
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1
2
:
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1
2
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8
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(
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1
8
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0
0
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1
2
.
9
8
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(
0
7
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1
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1
8
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4
2
)
1
2
.
6
5
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7
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1
2
.
8
8
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8
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9
:
0
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1
3
.
2
1
(
9
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1
3
.
7
6
(
1
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1
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1
3
.
5
8
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1
1
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1
3
.
7
2
(
1
2
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1
3
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1
3
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5
5
(
1
3
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1
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:
0
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1
3
.
7
3
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1
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1
2
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7
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1
5
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1
2
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1
6
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1
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1
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1
1
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5
5
(
1
8
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9
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R
a
t
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p
e
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_
(
%)
53
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7%
41
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6
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3
.
2
.
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-
bik
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a
di
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wit
h P
V
ener
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y
s
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T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
in
v
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ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
_
)
is
s
tab
le
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
±
5
%
o
v
er
/d
r
o
p
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
ex
p
lain
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
v
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ter
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tan
d
b
y
wh
en
lo
ad
in
g
with
a
PV
s
u
p
p
ly
s
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u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
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n
th
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g
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e
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ich
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6
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V.
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ik
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ad
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in
e
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b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
0
0
:3
7
-
0
1
:5
7
p
m
.
−
s
h
o
ws
g
r
ap
h
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
e
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ik
e
lo
ad
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g
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p
to
1
4
.
0
9
A,
an
d
th
e
lo
west
lo
ad
in
g
0
.
2
3
A.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
v
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r
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u
t
p
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t
v
o
ltag
e
(
_
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v
alu
e
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
lo
ad
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g
af
f
ec
ts
f
r
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m
th
e
PV'
s
ab
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to
s
u
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ly
en
er
g
y
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0
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A,
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r
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ay
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s
.
W
e
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n
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ee
f
r
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m
th
e
ch
ar
t
−
is
th
e
d
r
ain
in
g
cu
r
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e
n
t
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th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
,
at
0
2
:3
7
-
0
3
:3
7
p
m
is
in
a
d
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r
ea
s
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
5
-
1
0
A.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
it
im
p
lies
th
at
PV
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
in
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
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er
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th
e
s
to
r
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g
e
b
atter
y
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
b
u
t th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
t
o
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
s
tar
ts
in
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
o
f
t
h
e
e
-
b
ik
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
-
b
ik
e
lo
ad
in
g
g
r
a
p
h
with
PV so
u
r
ce
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
wh
en
lo
ad
in
g
an
e
-
b
i
k
e.
T
h
e
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
th
e
e
-
b
ik
e
s
tar
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ay
,
wh
en
th
e
PV
g
en
er
ates
p
o
we
r
(
)
1
2
4
.
3
W
,
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
is
in
th
e
ch
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g
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
.
E
-
b
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k
e
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o
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in
g
last
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f
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