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lect
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Driv
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y
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.
4
,
Dec
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er
20
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co
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O
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f
uzzy
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BEC
implem
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ta a
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ticle
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R
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J
an
7
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2
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2
4
R
ev
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J
u
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3
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2
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Acc
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u
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M
a
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to
rize
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e
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tally
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ly
f
u
e
l
s
c
a
u
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g
m
o
re
p
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ll
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ti
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n
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o
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k
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e
l
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
with
b
a
tt
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ry
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
re
b
e
c
o
m
in
g
p
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p
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lar.
M
a
n
y
e
lec
tri
c
c
a
rs
u
se
Li
-
io
n
b
a
t
tery
p
a
c
k
s
.
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we
v
e
r,
th
e
se
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
a
c
k
s
c
a
n
h
a
v
e
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
b
e
twe
e
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
b
a
tt
e
ries
,
a
ffe
c
ti
n
g
th
e
ir
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
W
h
e
n
e
lec
tri
c
c
a
rs
a
c
c
e
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te,
th
e
b
a
tt
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ries
c
a
n
g
e
t
imb
a
lan
c
e
d
,
w
h
ich
sh
o
r
ten
s
t
h
e
ir
li
fe
sp
a
n
.
To
p
re
v
e
n
t
th
is,
a
b
a
lan
c
in
g
c
ircu
it
is
n
e
e
d
e
d
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
re
e
a
c
h
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
e
ll
sta
y
s
e
q
u
a
l.
T
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
b
a
lan
c
in
g
c
u
rre
n
t
a
c
c
o
rd
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n
g
t
o
t
h
e
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e
e
d
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
b
a
tt
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ry
c
e
ll
a
n
d
sw
it
c
h
in
g
n
e
two
rk
c
o
m
p
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e
n
ts.
As
a
re
su
l
t,
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
c
re
a
tes
a
c
e
ll
-
to
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ll
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c
ti
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e
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c
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g
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si
n
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th
e
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si
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re
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n
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n
t
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
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e
rter
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
re
d
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c
e
rip
p
le
fr
o
m
z
e
ta
c
o
n
v
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rter
o
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t
p
u
t.
F
u
z
z
y
t
y
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e
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2
-
BEC
a
d
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sts
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
z
e
ta
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
ircu
it
s.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
is se
t
e
q
u
a
l
to
th
e
a
v
e
ra
g
e
c
e
ll
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
F
o
u
r
p
ie
c
e
s o
f
Li
-
io
n
a
re
c
o
n
n
e
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ted
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n
t
h
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se
ries
a
t
1
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.
4
V/3
Ah
.
To
tes
t
t
h
e
b
a
lan
c
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rs,
two
v
a
riatio
n
s
we
re
u
se
d
t
o
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e
term
in
e
th
e
sy
ste
m
's
re
li
a
b
il
it
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.
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r
o
m
t
h
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t
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s
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re
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t
,
v
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a
t
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e
c
a
n
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la
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e
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l
s
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t
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6
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a
n
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a
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e
a
l
l
c
e
l
l
s
a
t
t
h
e
1
5
0
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Activ
e
b
alan
cin
g
C
ell
-
to
-
ce
ll b
alan
cin
g
Fu
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
Qu
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t b
u
c
k
co
n
v
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ter
Z
eta
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n
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ter
T
h
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s
a
n
o
p
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
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se
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C
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A
uth
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:
I
n
d
h
a
n
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Su
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ih
ar
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o
Dep
ar
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t o
f
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lectr
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E
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Po
litek
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Neg
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r
ab
a
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ay
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I
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-
PENS
C
am
p
u
s
Su
k
o
lilo
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Su
r
ab
a
y
a,
6
0
1
1
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
in
d
h
an
a@
p
en
s
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
ized
v
eh
i
cles
an
d
f
u
el
o
il
f
o
s
s
il
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
cr
ea
s
es
y
ea
r
ly
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
u
els
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
]
.
Ma
n
y
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atte
r
ies
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
a
n
tag
es c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
lead
ac
i
d
b
att
er
ies
,
s
u
ch
as lig
h
ter
weig
h
t,
f
aster
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
h
ig
h
er
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles
in
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
ca
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
es
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
a
v
eh
icle,
b
o
th
ac
ce
le
r
atio
n
an
d
d
ec
eler
a
tio
n
tak
e
p
lace
.
W
h
en
ac
ce
le
r
a
tio
n
is
ap
p
lied
,
t
h
e
r
eg
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
in
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
is
en
g
ag
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
in
g
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
a
n
im
b
alan
ce
in
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
is
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
r
elev
an
t
wh
e
n
an
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
is
ac
ce
ler
a
tin
g
,
as
o
n
ly
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
is
d
r
ain
ed
an
d
n
o
t
ev
en
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
So
,
a
b
alan
cin
g
cir
cu
it
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
eq
u
alize
ea
ch
ce
ll
b
atter
y
[
9
]
.
B
alan
cin
g
b
atter
ies
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
two
m
eth
o
d
s
:
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Pas
s
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
b
y
lin
k
in
g
r
esis
to
r
s
in
p
ar
allel
to
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
b
atter
y
ce
lls
,
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
en
er
g
y
as
h
ea
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
r
esis
to
r
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
b
alan
cin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
ea
tu
r
es a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
cir
cu
it d
esig
n
th
at
is
ea
s
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
,
em
p
lo
y
s
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
h
as a
co
m
p
ac
t c
ir
cu
it si
ze
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
227
5
-
2
2
8
6
2276
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
wastes
en
er
g
y
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
a
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
n
th
e
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
b
atter
y
ce
lls
.
Activ
e
b
alan
cin
g
ev
en
s
o
u
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
am
o
n
g
ea
ch
b
atter
y
ce
ll
b
y
m
o
v
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
es
f
r
o
m
ce
lls
with
h
ig
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
o
s
e
with
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
b
alan
cin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
th
an
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
b
u
t
h
a
s
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
cir
cu
it
th
an
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
an
d
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
m
ak
in
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
h
ig
h
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
ce
ll
-
to
-
ce
ll
b
atter
y
b
alan
cin
g
with
a
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
r
ip
p
l
e
f
r
o
m
ze
ta
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t.
A
z
eta
co
n
v
er
te
r
ca
n
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
o
r
lo
wer
v
alu
e
to
o
b
tai
n
a
b
alan
cin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ea
ch
b
atter
y
ce
ll
an
d
s
witch
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
Fo
u
r
p
iec
es
o
f
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
W
ith
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
it
ca
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
im
b
alan
ce
b
e
twee
n
b
atter
y
ce
lls
in
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
,
wh
ich
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
In
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
ze
ta
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
ter
b
ala
n
ce
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies,
ze
ta
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
f
u
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
–
B
E
C
d
esig
n
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
d
i
ag
r
am
b
lo
ck
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
An
ac
t
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
cir
cu
it
s
y
s
tem
is
u
s
ed
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
ce
lls
th
at
h
av
e
m
ax
im
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
to
ce
lls
th
a
t
h
av
e
m
in
im
u
m
en
er
g
i
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
a
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
as
its
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
o
a
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
k
ee
p
th
e
b
atter
y
in
a
b
alan
ce
d
s
tate
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
7
]
.
Usi
n
g
Li
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
n
u
s
e
o
n
e
b
atter
y
c
ell.
T
h
e
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
t
o
av
o
id
o
v
er
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
wh
ich
af
f
ec
ts
b
atter
y
life
[
1
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Diag
r
a
m
b
lo
c
k
o
f
ce
ll b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
Fo
r
th
e
in
itial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
r
ea
d
o
n
ea
ch
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
h
en
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ea
ch
ce
ll
in
t
h
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
Af
ter
av
er
ag
in
g
,
if
ea
ch
b
atter
y
1
,
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
is
less
th
an
th
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
it
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
lo
a
d
.
W
h
en
ea
ch
b
atter
y
1
,
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
h
as
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
it
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
g
iv
es
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
S'
1
to
S'
4
an
d
Q'
1
to
Q
'4
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
s
witch
es
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
b
al
an
cin
g
cir
c
u
it
to
th
e
b
atter
y
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
S1
t
o
S4
a
n
d
Q1
to
Q
4
ar
e
u
s
ed
as swit
ch
e
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t th
e
b
alan
cin
g
cir
cu
it to
th
e
b
atter
y
u
s
ed
as a
lo
ad
.
Nex
t,
af
ter
it is
k
n
o
wn
wh
ich
b
a
tter
y
will
b
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
a
d
.
Vo
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
is
s
et
in
4
.
2
wh
ich
is
m
ax
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
en
Vo
will
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
Vo
v
alu
e
will
b
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lt
ag
e.
I
f
t
h
e
Vo
v
alu
e
an
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
n
o
t
th
e
s
am
e,
f
u
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
c
o
n
tr
o
l
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
u
ty
cy
cle
.
T
h
en
it
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
g
ettin
g
th
e
Vo
v
alu
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
Vo
v
alu
e
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
W
h
en
th
e
Vo
co
n
d
itio
n
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
,
th
e
ze
ta
c
o
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
s
m
o
o
th
th
e
ze
ta
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
r
i
p
p
le.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
s
witch
es u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
tima
l c
ell
-
to
-
ce
ll a
ctive
b
a
l
a
n
cin
g
u
s
in
g
fu
z
z
y
typ
e
-
2
B
E
C
imp
leme
n
ted
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
2277
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Flo
wch
ar
t sy
s
tem
o
f
ce
ll b
alan
cin
g
T
ab
le
1.
Seq
u
e
n
tial
s
witch
f
r
o
m
r
elay
o
f
th
e
ce
ll b
alan
ci
n
g
S
u
p
p
l
y
Lo
a
d
I
n
p
u
t
sw
i
t
c
h
(
Ze
t
a
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
sw
i
t
c
h
(
Q
u
a
s
i
)
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
S'
1
S'
2
S'
3
S'
4
Q'
1
Q'
2
Q'
3
Q'
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
.
1
.
Z
et
a
co
nv
er
t
er
m
o
dellin
g
Z
et
a
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
o
n
b
u
il
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
t
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
c
ir
c
u
it
,
en
a
b
li
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
a
DC
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
t
o
a
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e
DC
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
eg
u
l
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ci
r
c
u
it
.
I
t
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
f
e
at
u
r
es
o
f
b
o
t
h
th
e
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
,
e
n
ab
li
n
g
it
to
r
ais
e
o
r
l
o
w
er
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
.
Z
e
ta
c
o
n
v
er
ter
i
n
cl
u
d
es
tw
o
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
s
a
n
d
a
s
e
r
i
es
c
a
p
a
cit
o
r
i
n
its
ci
r
c
u
it
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
it
u
til
izes
an
i
n
p
u
t
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
t
o
f
ilt
er
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
f
o
r
f
ilt
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
227
5
-
2
2
8
6
2278
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
e
p
icts
th
e
cir
c
u
it d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
ze
ta
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
b
asic o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ze
ta
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
I
n
m
o
d
e
1
,
wh
en
MO
S1
is
in
th
e
o
n
s
tate,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
c
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
L
2
.
E
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
L
1
,
L
2
,
an
d
C
c,
with
L
2
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
I
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
d
e
p
icts
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
u
r
in
g
MO
S1
b
ein
g
in
th
e
o
n
s
tate.
I
n
m
o
d
e
2
,
with
MO
S1
in
th
e
Of
f
s
tate,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
L
2
m
u
s
t
b
e
Vo
,
b
ein
g
p
ar
allel
to
C
o
u
t.
As
C
o
u
t
is
ch
ar
g
ed
t
o
Vo
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
MO
S1
alig
n
s
with
Vo
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
L
1
is
Vo
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
d
r
ai
n
o
f
MO
S1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates th
is
s
tate
wh
en
MO
S1
is
o
f
f
[
19
].
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
ze
ta
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
s
h
o
wn
at
T
ab
le
2
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
,
a
z
eta
co
n
v
e
r
ter
was
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
.
D
=
V
o
ut
V
o
ut
+
V
in
=
0
.
25
L
1
=
1
2
×
V
in
×
D
∆
IL
1
×
F
=
131
.
25
L
2
=
1
2
×
V
in
×
D
∆
IL
2
×
F
=
70
.
31
C
o
ut
=
Δ
I
L2
8
×
∆
V
O
×
F
=
70
C
in
=
D
×
I
o
ut
∆
Vc
in
×
F
=
138
C
C
=
D
×
I
o
∆
Vc
c
×
F
=
416
W
h
en
V
o
ut
=
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
lt),
V
in
=
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
v
o
lt),
D
=
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
%),
L
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u
r
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3
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ir
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am
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u
r
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4
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asic
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eter
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u
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F
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ua
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ig
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en
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ity
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d
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icien
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b
y
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ac
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atin
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m
u
tatio
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n
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e.
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a
n
s
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er
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er
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y
f
r
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m
in
p
u
t
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
tima
l c
ell
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to
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b
a
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[
20]
.
F
i
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r
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5
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6
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ls
e
f
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h
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x
t
c
y
cl
e
[
21
].
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
ir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
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t b
u
ck
co
n
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ter
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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i
g
u
r
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6
.
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a
s
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(
a
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m
o
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1
,
(
b
)
m
o
d
e
2
,
(
c
)
m
o
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,
a
n
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d
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m
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T
h
e
p
ar
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o
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asi
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t
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ter
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s
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wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
3
Qu
as
i
-
r
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b
u
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was
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tain
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s
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n
:
=
1
2
=
1
.
11
=
2
=
14
D=
=
0
.
42
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
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,
No
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4
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Dec
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er
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:
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5
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=
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n
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le
3
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t b
u
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co
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ter
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ar
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t
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2
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r
Lr
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1
1
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e
n
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2
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2
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8
A
mp
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a
p
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r
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u
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k
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e
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3
.
F
uzzy
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pe
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BEC
Fu
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y
lo
g
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tr
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ller
(
FLC)
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ea
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y
u
s
ed
in
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g
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n
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r
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g
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n
s
.
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h
e
FLCs
ch
an
g
ed
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r
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m
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n
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m
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ak
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with
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o
n
in
g
in
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
u
les
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
zz
y
t
y
p
e
-
1
is
a
t
y
p
e
th
at
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
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ay
s
.
Ho
wev
er
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f
u
zz
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ty
p
e
-
1
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n
o
n
ly
h
an
d
le
a
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o
f
u
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,
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er
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s
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licatio
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ar
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o
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te
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with
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h
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u
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u
z
z
y
t
y
p
e
-
2
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
b
et
t
e
r
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
[
22
]
.
I
n
f
u
z
z
y
t
y
p
e
-
2
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
f
o
u
r
m
a
i
n
p
r
o
c
es
s
es
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tag
es
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
f
u
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
f
u
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
in
v
o
lv
es
estab
lis
h
in
g
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
u
r
in
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
is
a
d
u
ty
cy
cle
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
alig
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
z
eta
co
n
v
er
te
r
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
et
p
o
in
t
: s
et
p
o
in
t =
4
.
2
V
, e
r
r
o
r
=
-
4
.
2
V
to
4
.
2
V
,
an
d
d
elta
er
r
o
r
=
-
8
.
4
V
to
8
.
4
V
.
Fig
u
r
e
7.
Fu
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
s
y
s
tem
Fu
zz
if
icatio
n
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
v
a
r
iab
le
s
in
to
f
u
zz
y
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
in
p
u
t
d
ata,
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
cr
is
p
f
o
r
m
as
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
d
elta
er
r
o
r
s
,
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
to
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
f
o
r
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
tr
u
th
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
m
is
e
with
in
ea
ch
r
u
le.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
s
elec
tin
g
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
to
d
eter
m
in
e
b
o
th
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
co
n
v
er
tin
g
cr
is
p
s
et
s
in
to
f
u
zz
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
an
d
8
(
b
)
,
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
e
m
p
lo
y
s
two
in
p
u
ts
:
"e
r
r
o
r
"
(
s
et
p
o
in
t
u
n
til
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t
v
alu
e)
an
d
"d
elta
er
r
o
r
"
(
cu
r
r
en
t
er
r
o
r
u
n
til
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
er
r
o
r
)
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
u
le
g
o
v
er
n
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
r
e
lies
o
n
an
I
F
-
T
HE
N
r
u
le
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
er
e
I
F
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ca
u
s
e
an
d
T
HE
N
s
ig
n
if
ies
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t.
I
F
-
T
HE
N
s
tatem
en
ts
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
(
r
u
le
b
ase)
to
ar
ticu
late
ac
tio
n
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
iv
er
s
e
f
u
zz
y
in
p
u
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
u
les
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
tab
le
f
o
r
m
at
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
o
v
er
all
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
r
u
les
ca
n
b
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
as
a
m
atr
ix
,
ex
em
p
lifie
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
,
wh
er
e
4
9
r
u
les
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
to
n
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
ev
en
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
d
elta
er
r
o
r
[
23
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ap
p
in
g
f
ir
m
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
in
p
u
t
in
to
a
f
u
zz
y
s
et
u
s
in
g
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
n
p
u
t v
al
u
es a
r
e
m
ap
p
ed
in
to
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
d
eg
r
ee
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
:
(
;
,
,
)
{
0
,
≤
−
−
,
<
≤
−
−
,
<
≤
0
,
<
}
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
tima
l c
ell
-
to
-
ce
ll a
ctive
b
a
l
a
n
cin
g
u
s
in
g
fu
z
z
y
typ
e
-
2
B
E
C
imp
leme
n
ted
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
2281
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Desig
n
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
p
u
t
:
(
a)
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
(
b
)
d
elta
e
r
r
o
r
Fu
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
ce
in
v
o
l
v
es
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
m
ap
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
i
n
p
u
t
to
o
u
tp
u
t
in
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
ty
cy
cle'
s
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
c
tio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
ev
en
ty
p
es
o
f
s
in
g
le
to
n
es:
n
eg
ativ
e
b
ig
(
NB
)
,
n
eg
ativ
e
m
e
d
iu
m
(
NM
)
,
n
eg
ati
v
e
s
m
all
(
NS)
,
ze
r
o
(
Z
)
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
m
all
(
PS
)
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
ed
iu
m
(
PM)
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
ig
(
PB
)
.
T
h
e
d
e
f
u
zz
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
aim
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
v
ar
iab
le
b
ac
k
in
to
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
r
ea
l
v
ar
ia
b
le,
ess
en
tially
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
i
n
itially
r
ep
r
esen
ted
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
i
n
to
a
s
in
g
u
lar
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ea
c
h
r
u
le
is
d
ir
ec
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
le
lin
ea
r
ly
.
T
h
is
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
n
u
m
er
ical
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
o
f
ten
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
to
as
th
e
"c
r
u
n
ch
v
alu
e"
[
24
]
.
T
ab
le
4
g
u
id
es
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
7
×
7
r
u
le
b
a
s
e
in
a
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
,
ta
k
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
p
u
t
co
m
b
i
n
a
tio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
W
h
ile
a
lar
g
e
r
r
u
le
b
ase
o
f
f
er
s
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
d
e
p
ictin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ar
ia
b
les,
it
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ei
g
h
ten
ed
co
m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Fu
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
r
u
le
b
ase
d
E/
E
NB
NM
NS
Z
PS
PM
PB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NM
NS
Z
NM
NB
NB
NM
NM
NS
Z
PS
NS
NB
NM
NS
NS
Z
PS
PM
Z
NB
NM
NS
Z
PS
PM
PB
PS
NM
NS
Z
PS
PS
PM
PB
PM
NS
Z
PS
PM
PM
PB
PB
PB
Z
PS
PS
PB
PB
PB
PB
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
R
2
0
2
2
b
.
Fu
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
is
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
v
alu
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
s
tab
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
et
p
o
in
t
1
6
r
ela
y
s
wer
e
in
s
talled
i
n
th
is
cir
cu
it
8
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
th
e
ze
ta
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
8
o
th
er
s
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
q
u
asi
–
r
eso
n
an
t
o
u
tp
u
t
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
r
elay
ig
n
itio
n
is
th
e
m
in
an
d
m
ax
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
e
will
cu
t o
f
f
wh
en
th
e
b
at
ter
y
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
b
atter
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
t
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
cir
cu
it a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
c
u
it
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
4
:
227
5
-
2
2
8
6
2282
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ov
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
: (
a)
m
ain
cir
cu
it a
n
d
(
b
)
co
n
tr
o
l c
i
r
cu
it
T
h
er
e
will
b
e
2
v
ar
iatio
n
s
to
b
a
lan
ce
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
v
ar
iatio
n
,
b
atter
y
1
is
s
et
at
SOC
5
0
%,
b
atter
y
2
is
s
et
at
SO
C
5
3
%,
b
atter
y
3
is
s
et
at
SO
C
5
2
%,
an
d
b
atter
y
4
is
s
et
at
SOC
5
4
%.
Fu
zz
y
ty
p
e
-
2
is
s
et
at
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
av
er
a
g
e.
All
b
atter
y
ce
lls
ar
e
b
alan
ce
d
at
6
0
s
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
an
d
b
ala
n
ce
d
at
t
h
e
b
atter
y
SOC
av
er
ag
e
wh
ich
is
5
2
.
2
5
9
1
%.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
th
e
Vo
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
s
tab
le
at
3
.
9
7
V.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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2088
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I
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Fig
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.