I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
8
~
26
30
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
5
.
i4
.
p
p
2
6
1
8
-
26
30
2618
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ev
a
lua
tion o
f
the
o
pera
tiona
l ef
fici
ency
o
f
3
MWp
p
ho
tov
o
ltaic
po
wer plant
situa
ted
in
t
he
Saha
ra
Desert
o
f
Alg
eria
M
es
s
a
o
ud
a
Cha
ib
1
,
Abde
ldj
a
lil Da
hb
i
2,
3
,
Ali Bena
t
ia
lla
h
1
1
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
f
E
n
e
r
g
y
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
(
LEESI
)
,
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
d
r
a
r
,
A
d
r
a
r
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
2
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
f
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
(
LD
D
I
)
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
A
d
r
a
r
,
A
d
r
a
r
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
3
U
n
i
t
é
d
e
R
e
c
h
e
r
c
h
e
e
n
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
R
e
n
o
u
v
e
l
a
b
l
e
s
e
n
M
i
l
i
e
u
S
a
h
a
r
i
e
n
(
U
R
E
R
M
S
)
,
C
e
n
t
r
e
d
e
D
é
v
e
l
o
p
p
e
m
e
n
t
d
e
s
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s R
e
n
o
u
v
e
l
a
b
l
e
s
(
C
D
E
R
)
,
A
d
r
a
r
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
1
1
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 1
0
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l 2
4
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
p
rima
ry
a
im
o
f
t
h
is
stu
d
y
is
t
o
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
lan
t
i
n
sta
ll
e
d
in
Ka
b
e
rten
e
,
Alg
e
ria,
u
n
d
e
r
d
e
se
rt
c
li
m
a
te
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s.
S
imu
latio
n
s
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
a
rried
o
u
t
fo
r
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
,
p
a
n
e
l,
a
n
d
a
rra
y
u
n
d
e
r
sta
n
d
a
r
d
te
st
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
ra
n
g
e
o
f
d
iffere
n
t
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
F
u
rt
h
e
rm
o
re
,
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
PV
)
p
lan
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
sim
u
late
d
u
sin
g
m
e
a
su
re
d
d
a
ta,
P
Vs
y
st,
a
n
d
M
ATLAB
S
imu
l
in
k
.
Th
e
a
im
wa
s
to
a
ss
e
s
s
th
e
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
with
i
n
th
e
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
a
re
a
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
lan
t.
T
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
re
su
lt
s
wa
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
i
n
d
iffere
n
t
c
a
se
s.
Th
e
re
a
l
re
su
l
ts
c
lo
se
ly
m
a
tch
th
o
se
o
f
P
Vs
y
st
a
n
d
M
AT
LAB
so
ftwa
re
wh
e
n
u
sin
g
re
a
l
d
a
ta
a
n
d
th
e
re
a
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
ra
ti
o
,
b
e
c
a
u
se
it
tak
e
s
in
t
o
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
t
h
e
c
lea
n
l
in
e
ss
sta
te
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
ls.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
fa
c
to
rs,
e
sp
e
c
ially
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
a
n
d
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
,
e
x
e
rt
a
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
b
le
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
th
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
th
e
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
is
lea
d
s
to
v
a
riati
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
ra
ti
o
o
f
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
.
Th
e
to
tal
y
e
a
r
ly
e
n
e
rg
y
in
jec
ted
in
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
wa
s
5
0
2
8
.
2
1
6
2
5
M
W
h
.
T
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
a
il
y
P
V
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
ra
ti
o
is
6
7
%
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
s
th
a
t
th
e
a
re
a
h
a
s
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
,
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
e
w
P
V
p
l
a
n
t
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
MA
T
L
AB
Mo
d
elin
g
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
PVs
y
s
t S
im
u
lin
k
So
lar
p
o
ten
tial
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Me
s
s
ao
u
d
a
C
h
aib
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
E
n
er
g
y
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Sy
s
tem
(
L
E
E
SI)
,
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t o
f
Ma
ter
ial
Scien
ce
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ad
r
a
r
Ad
r
ar
,
Alg
er
ia
E
m
ail: c
h
aib
.
m
ess
ao
u
d
a@
u
n
i
v
-
ad
r
ar
.
ed
u
.
d
z
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
As
th
e
wo
r
ld
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
a
war
e
o
f
th
e
d
a
n
g
er
s
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
m
ad
e
t
o
cu
r
b
th
e
r
elea
s
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
v
esti
n
g
i
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es,
all
o
f
th
em
ar
e
wo
r
k
in
g
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
to
o
b
tain
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
ies
ar
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
r
e
p
len
is
h
ed
n
a
tu
r
ally
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
ef
in
itely
with
o
u
t
d
ep
letin
g
th
e
E
ar
t
h
'
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ey
in
clu
d
e
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
,
g
eo
th
e
r
m
al
an
d
b
io
m
ass
en
er
g
y
.
Alg
er
ia
h
as
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
ies
th
an
k
s
to
its
lo
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
3
]
,
esp
ec
ially
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
[
4
]
-
[
8
]
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
o
ld
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
Alg
er
ia
d
u
e
to
its
v
ast
s
o
lar
d
ep
o
s
it
[
8
]
.
Alg
er
ia'
s
en
er
g
y
s
tr
ateg
y
aim
s
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
in
itiated
m
u
ltip
le
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
r
o
jects
with
a
co
m
b
i
n
ed
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
8
0
0
MWp
b
y
2
0
2
0
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
efficien
cy
o
f 3
MW
p
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
er p
la
n
t sit
u
a
ted
…
(
Mes
s
a
o
u
d
a
C
h
a
ib
)
2619
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
jects
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
0
0
MWp
p
er
y
ea
r
ar
e
p
lan
n
e
d
f
o
r
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
with
in
2021
-
2
0
3
0
[
9
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
Alg
er
ia
h
as
2
3
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
et
u
p
b
y
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
E
lectr
icity
an
d
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
m
p
an
y
(
SKT
M
)
s
tar
tin
g
in
2
0
1
4
.
T
h
e
p
lan
ts
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
:
th
e
E
a
s
ter
n
Hig
h
Plateau
x
,
th
e
W
ester
n
Hig
h
Pl
atea
u
x
an
d
th
e
So
u
th
e
r
n
.
Six
o
f
th
ese
p
lan
ts
wer
e
i
n
s
talled
in
Ad
r
ar
:
9
MW
in
T
im
im
o
u
n
e,
2
0
MW
in
Ad
r
a
r
,
6
MW
in
Z
awia
t
Ko
u
n
ta
,
5
MW
in
Ao
u
lef
an
d
5
MW
in
R
eg
g
an
,
3
MW
in
Kab
er
ten
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
o
f
Kab
e
r
ten
e
lo
ca
t
ed
in
Ad
r
ar
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
y
et.
Mo
s
t
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
s
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
tatio
n
s
wer
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
e
th
o
d
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e,
o
r
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
u
s
e
r
ea
l
p
ar
am
eter
(
wea
th
er
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
)
,
o
r
th
ey
n
eg
lect
th
e
d
u
s
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
at
io
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
p
ap
er
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
es
er
t
clim
ate
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
(
MA
T
L
AB
,
PV
s
y
s
t)
s
o
f
twar
e
with
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
alu
es
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
o
f
twar
e
o
r
s
im
u
lated
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
clea
n
in
g
PV
p
an
el
h
as
b
ee
n
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
o
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
u
s
e
r
ea
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
(
PR
)
th
at
m
ak
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
clo
s
er
to
r
ea
l
r
esu
lts
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it tak
es in
ac
c
o
u
n
t a
ll c
lim
ate
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
el
ec
tr
ical
lo
s
es a
n
d
ev
e
n
th
e
clea
n
in
g
s
tat
o
f
p
an
els
,
o
th
er
wis
e
th
is
p
o
in
t sh
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
in
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
is
d
e
v
o
ted
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
escr
ip
tio
n
(
th
e
s
ite's
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
,
an
d
its
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
)
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
ev
o
te
d
to
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e
(
PVs
y
s
t
a
n
d
MA
T
L
AB
)
with
r
ea
l
d
ata
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
R
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
with
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
g
iv
en
i
n
th
e
last
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
K
a
bert
ene’
s
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
po
wer
pla
nt
(
3
M
Wp)
Kab
er
eten
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
e
x
ten
d
s
o
v
er
th
a
n
s
ix
h
ec
tar
es
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
3
MWp
.
I
t
is
in
s
talled
n
ea
r
KSAR
Kab
er
te
n
e,
ab
o
u
t
6
0
k
m
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
ilay
a
o
f
Ad
r
a
r
,
Alg
e
r
ia
(
3
1
°
5
0
No
r
d
et
0
°
7
8
E
s
t)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PV
p
lan
t
f
r
o
m
an
ae
r
ial
v
iew.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
es
u
tili
ze
d
ar
e
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
T
h
e
p
lan
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
th
r
ee
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
.
I
t
in
cl
u
d
es
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
s
in
to
3
0
k
V
AC
p
o
wer
f
o
r
g
r
id
in
jectio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
lan
t
2
.
2
.
So
la
r
pla
nt
o
v
er
v
iew
Kab
er
ten
e'
s
PV
p
lan
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
,
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
1
MWp
.
I
t
u
tili
ze
s
9
3
m
atr
ic
es,
with
4
4
p
an
els
p
er
m
atr
ix
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
i
n
two
s
tr
in
g
s
o
f
2
2
s
er
ially
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
an
els
ea
c
h
.
E
v
er
y
eig
h
t
s
tr
in
g
s
(
f
o
u
r
m
atr
ices)
lin
k
to
a
co
m
b
in
er
b
o
x
,
th
r
ee
co
m
b
in
er
b
o
x
es
a
r
e
l
in
k
ed
to
a
s
in
g
le
p
ar
allel
b
o
x
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
f
o
u
r
o
f
th
ese
p
ar
allel
b
o
x
es
ar
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
g
en
er
al
b
o
x
s
itu
ated
with
in
a
s
h
elter
.
T
h
is
s
h
elter
h
o
u
s
es
two
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
261
8
-
26
30
2620
g
en
er
al
b
o
x
es
an
d
two
i
n
v
er
te
r
s
.
E
ac
h
g
en
e
r
al
b
o
x
is
th
en
c
o
u
p
led
to
an
in
v
er
ter
(
DC
/
AC
)
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
s
tep
-
u
p
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
th
at
r
aises
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
3
1
5
V
to
3
0
k
V.
Via
th
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
in
ject
en
er
g
y
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
v
ia
a
b
u
s
b
ar
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
Kab
er
te
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
lan
t.
T
h
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata,
as
well
as
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
ele
ctr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
in
ter
v
als
o
f
ev
er
y
q
u
ar
ter
-
h
o
u
r
b
y
th
e
SKTM
s
er
v
ice
team
.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
PV
p
lan
t
a
r
e
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tallin
e
.
I
t
is
b
r
an
d
ed
YI
NGL
I
SOLA
R
,
b
y
a
C
h
in
ese
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
els
i
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC
,
(T
=
25
°C
,
G
=
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
)
)
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
p
o
ly
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
ce
lls
ar
e
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
cr
y
s
tals
.
T
h
e
lo
w
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
co
s
t
is
am
o
n
g
its
ad
v
an
tag
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
Mo
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e.
B
u
t
its
d
r
a
wb
ac
k
is
th
e
lo
wer
y
ield
r
elativ
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Descr
ip
tio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
r
id
-
tied
PV p
lan
t stu
d
y
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
an
aly
ze
d
PV p
lan
t
D
e
si
g
n
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
P
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
3
M
W
S
u
b
-
a
r
r
a
y
c
o
u
n
t
3
To
t
a
l
mo
d
u
l
e
s
1
2
2
7
6
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
r
s
u
b
-
a
r
r
a
y
4
0
9
2
S
t
r
i
n
g
s
p
e
r
su
b
-
a
r
r
a
y
1
8
6
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
r
s
t
r
i
n
g
22
T
ab
le
2
.
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
Y
i
n
g
l
i
S
o
l
a
r
Y
L2
4
5
-
2
9
b
C
e
l
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
P
o
l
y
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
P
o
w
e
r
a
t
S
T
C
(
W
)
2
4
5
V
mp
(
V
)
2
9
.
6
I
mp
(
A
)
8
.
2
8
V
o
c
(
V
)
3
7
.
5
I
sc
(
A
)
8
.
8
3
2
.
3
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
m
o
dellin
g
o
f
t
he
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
2
.
3
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
t
he
s
o
la
r
P
V
ce
ll
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
is
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
ce
lls
in
teg
r
ated
,
eith
er
in
a
s
er
ies
o
r
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
PV
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
n
elec
tr
i
ca
l
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
th
is
d
iag
r
am
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
e
n
er
ato
r
tr
an
s
lates
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
lar
i
za
tio
n
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a.
W
h
ile,
th
e
two
r
esis
to
r
s
(
s
er
ial
an
d
s
h
u
n
t)
r
ep
r
esen
t
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
c
o
n
tact
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
t
h
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
at
th
e
ce
ll
ju
n
ctio
n
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
c
ell
ca
n
g
en
er
ally
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
at
h
em
atica
l
(
1
)
.
T
h
is
m
at
h
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
o
th
er
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t th
e
ce
ll'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
:
=
ℎ
−
−
ℎ
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
efficien
cy
o
f 3
MW
p
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
er p
la
n
t sit
u
a
ted
…
(
Mes
s
a
o
u
d
a
C
h
a
ib
)
2621
Kn
o
win
g
th
at:
I
ph
:
d
ep
icts
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV
ce
ll
u
n
d
er
illu
m
in
atio
n
;
I
sh
:
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
win
g
in
th
e
r
esis
to
r
R
s
h
;
I
d
: r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
d
io
d
e.
T
h
is
later
is
wr
itten
as
(
2
)
.
=
(
(
+
⋅
)
)
(
2
)
K
n
o
win
g
th
at:
‘
I
s
’
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
io
d
e'
s
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t,
wh
ic
h
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
(
)
3
[
(
⋅
)
(
1
−
1
)
]
(
3
)
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t th
at
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
io
d
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t in
STC is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
4
)
.
=
(
.
)
−
1
(
4
)
F
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t o
f
(
3
)
b
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
5
)
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es:
(
)
=
+
.
(
+
.
.
)
−
1
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
ΔT
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
6
)
.
=
−
(
6
)
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
-
cu
r
r
en
t
ℎ
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
7
)
.
ℎ
=
[
ℎ
,
+
(
−
)
]
(
7
)
with
:
I
ph
,
S
T
C
: Co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV c
ell
u
n
d
er
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
S
T
C
:
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
STC
,
T
S
T
C
=
2
5
℃
;
:
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
g
iv
en
in
/
2
;
G
S
T
C
: r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
STC at
G
S
T
C
=
1
0
0
0
/
2
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
PV c
ell
is
as
(
8
)
.
=
ℎ
−
[
(
+
)
−
1
]
−
[
+
ℎ
]
(
8
)
M
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
d
o
n
o
t p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
v
alu
es o
f
f
iv
e
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
I
s
,
I
p
h
,
a,
R
s
,
an
d
R
s
h
)
I
n
s
tead
,
th
ey
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
ly
s
o
m
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
v
al
u
es
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
n
d
er
(
STC).
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
o
p
e
n
-
c
ir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
oc
)
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
s
c)
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vm
p
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
m
p
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
at
MPP.
T
h
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e/tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
k
v
)
,
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
it
cu
r
r
en
t/
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
k
i)
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
e
ak
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
(
Pm
ax
_
e)
.
T
h
ese
p
a
r
am
eter
s
ar
e
alwa
y
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
lectr
ical
cir
c
u
it m
o
d
el
eq
u
iv
alen
t t
o
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
2
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
t
he
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
du
le
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
is
an
ass
em
b
ly
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
m
o
d
u
le
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
in
clu
d
e
a
s
er
ies
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
Ns
ce
lls
an
d
a
p
a
r
al
lel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
Np
ce
lls
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
eq
u
atio
n
d
escr
ib
i
n
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
a
PV a
r
r
ay
ca
n
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
(
9
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
261
8
-
26
30
2622
=
×
ℎ
−
[
(
+
×
×
×
)
−
1
]
−
(
×
+
×
)
ℎ
(
9
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gen
e
r
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
2
.
4
.
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
pecif
ica
t
io
ns
f
o
r
perf
o
rm
a
nce
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
Ag
en
cy
(
IEA
)
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
a
n
aly
ze
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
p
r
e
-
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
:
ar
r
a
y
y
ield
,
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
y
ield
,
f
i
n
al
s
y
s
tem
y
ield
,
ar
r
ay
ca
p
tu
r
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
,
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
e
s
,
ca
p
ac
ity
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
s
,
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
in
jecte
d
in
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
as e
x
h
ib
ited
in
T
a
b
le
3
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
-
[
3
2
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
m
et
r
ics f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
la
n
t p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
Eq
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
C
o
mm
e
n
t
s
A
r
r
a
y
y
i
e
l
d
(
Y
A
)
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
l
y
i
e
l
d
(
Y
F
)
=
.
;
.
=
.
P
ra
t
e
d
:
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
l
a
n
t
.
=
1
∑
,
1
;
.
=
∗
∑
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
y
i
e
l
d
(
Y
R
)
.
=
1
∑
,
1
G
t
:
T
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
/
m
2
)
G
S
T
C
:
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
1
k
W
/
m
2
)
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
R
)
a
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
l
o
ss
e
s (Ls)
=
;
=
−
A
r
r
a
y
l
o
ss
e
s (L
C
)
a
n
d
t
o
t
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss
e
s (L
T
)
=
−
;
=
−
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
C
F
)
=
,
,
∗
8
7
6
0
;
=
,
,
∗
24
∗
y
:
i
s
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
l
y
p
e
r
i
o
d
S
y
st
e
m e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
=
,
,
×
;
,
=
∑
(
∑
96
1
)
1
H
t
,
m
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
t
o
t
a
l
i
n
-
p
l
a
n
e
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
/
m
2
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n us
ing
diff
er
ent
s
o
f
t
wa
re
wit
h r
ea
l da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
3
.
1
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
o
f
P
V
m
o
du
les us
i
ng
M
AT
L
A
B
Sim
uli
nk
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
l
PV
m
o
d
u
le
(
YL
2
4
5
-
2
9
b
)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
STC
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
en
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
s
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
as in
Fig
u
r
es 5
-
7
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lat
ed
I
(
V)
an
d
P(V
)
cu
r
v
es o
f
th
e
ex
am
in
ed
2
4
5
W
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
PV p
an
el
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
2
5
°
C
,
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²)
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
5
(
a
)
an
d
5
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
8
.
8
3
A,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
V
oc
is
ar
o
u
n
d
3
7
.
5
V,
m
atc
h
in
g
th
e
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
d
e
p
icts
h
o
w
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ch
an
g
es
with
v
a
r
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els.
C
lear
ly
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t scale
s
lin
ea
r
ly
with
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
n
o
t
h
ea
v
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
ch
a
n
g
es
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
Hig
h
er
i
r
r
ad
iatio
n
lead
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
els.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
b
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
em
ain
s
r
o
u
g
h
ly
c
o
n
s
tan
t.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ar
ies
with
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ch
an
g
es.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
at
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
te
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
s
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
its
elf
.
Af
ter
s
im
u
latin
g
an
d
an
al
y
zin
g
th
e
p
an
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
lan
t w
as si
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
PVs
y
s
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
efficien
cy
o
f 3
MW
p
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
er p
la
n
t sit
u
a
ted
…
(
Mes
s
a
o
u
d
a
C
h
a
ib
)
2623
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
cu
r
v
es
o
f
YL
2
4
5
-
2
9
b
m
o
d
u
le
in
STC co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
(
a)
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
-
V)
cu
r
v
e
PV
p
an
el
an
d
(
b
)
p
o
wer
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
-
V)
cu
r
v
e
PV p
an
el
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
I
-
V
:
(
a
)
an
d
P
-
V
an
d
(
b
)
cu
r
v
es o
f
PV p
a
n
el
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
I
-
V
:
(
a
)
an
d
P
-
V
an
d
(
b
)
cu
r
v
es o
f
PV p
a
n
el
3
.
1
.
2
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n us
ing
P
Vsy
s
t
T
h
e
PVs
y
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
l
was
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
,
in
p
u
ttin
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
as
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
lated
m
o
d
el
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ated
PV
m
o
d
u
l
es,
in
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
a
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
d
et
ails
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
5
r
e
v
ea
ls
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
lev
el
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
Kab
er
ten
e.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial
f
lu
ctu
ates
f
r
o
m
3
.
3
4
k
W
/m
2
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Dec
em
b
e
r
to
a
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
7
.
3
6
k
W
/m
2
in
J
u
ly
.
Acr
o
s
s
th
e
en
ti
r
e
y
ea
r
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tial
s
tan
d
s
a
t
5
.
5
2
k
W
h
/m
2
p
er
d
a
y
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
ca
n
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
ly
u
tili
ze
th
is
s
o
lar
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
261
8
-
26
30
2624
p
o
ten
tial
wh
en
th
eir
tilt
an
g
le
is
o
p
tim
ally
s
et
at
3
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
ly
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
clim
atic
d
ata
in
Kab
er
ten
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
p
lan
t a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Par
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tallin
e
PV p
o
wer
p
lan
t
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
La
t
i
t
u
d
e
2
8
°
2
7
'
0
6
"
N
o
r
t
h
Lo
n
g
i
t
u
d
e
0
°
0
2
'
5
2
"
W
e
s
t
A
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
2
7
9
m
e
t
e
r
s
P
V
f
i
e
l
d
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
F
i
x
e
d
)
Ti
l
t
a
n
g
l
e
/
A
z
mu
t
h
3
0
°
/
0
S
y
st
e
m i
n
p
u
t
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
1
2
2
7
6
u
n
i
t
s
(
Y
i
n
g
l
i
S
o
l
a
r
_
Y
L
2
4
5
-
2
9
b
)
U
n
i
t
p
o
w
e
r
2
4
5
W
c
Le
n
g
h
t
1
6
5
0
mm
W
i
d
t
h
9
9
0
m
m
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
06
M
o
d
e
l
S
u
n
g
r
o
w
_
S
G
5
0
0
M
X
U
n
i
t
p
o
w
e
r
5
0
0
k
W
c
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
5
0
0
-
8
5
0
V
R
e
p
o
r
t
P
n
o
m
(
D
C
:
A
C
)
1
.
0
0
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
n
th
ly
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
clim
atic
d
ata
in
Kab
er
ten
e
P
V
p
lan
t
G
l
o
b
a
l
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
W
h
/
m
2
/
d
a
y
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
d
i
f
f
u
s
e
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
W
h
/
m
2
/
d
a
y
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
°C
W
i
n
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
m/
s
Li
n
k
t
u
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
[
-
]
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
u
mi
d
i
t
y
%
Jan
u
a
r
y
3
.
7
4
1
.
2
2
1
2
.
4
5
.
2
0
3
.
9
1
7
3
7
.
5
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
4
.
6
0
1
.
6
2
1
5
.
6
5
.
6
9
4
.
6
4
4
29
M
a
r
c
h
5
.
5
3
2
.
2
2
2
0
.
9
5
.
9
9
6
.
5
9
5
2
1
.
7
A
p
r
i
l
6
.
5
0
2
.
6
8
2
5
.
3
6
.
1
0
7
18
M
a
y
6
.
8
1
3
.
0
3
3
0
.
8
6
.
3
0
7
1
3
.
2
Ju
n
e
7
.
3
6
3
.
3
4
3
4
.
8
5
.
8
0
7
12
Ju
l
y
7
.
3
5
3
.
2
3
3
8
.
4
5
.
9
0
7
1
0
.
8
A
u
g
u
st
6
.
6
2
3
.
1
9
3
7
.
5
5
.
7
0
7
1
1
.
7
S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r
5
.
5
7
2
.
5
8
3
3
.
1
5
.
3
0
7
2
0
.
4
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
4
.
6
2
2
.
0
7
2
7
.
3
5
.
2
0
7
2
6
.
5
N
o
v
e
mb
e
r
4
.
0
7
1
.
3
1
1
8
.
5
5
.
1
0
4
.
7
3
1
3
6
.
1
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
3
.
4
3
1
.
1
9
1
3
.
7
5
.
3
0
4
.
0
3
7
4
3
.
3
Y
e
a
r
5
.
5
2
2
.
3
1
2
5
.
7
5
.
6
6
.
0
3
7
2
3
.
3
3
.
1
.
3
.
Rea
l m
e
a
s
ured
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
ev
alu
ates
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
talled
g
r
id
-
t
ied
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t,
aim
in
g
to
id
en
tify
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lar
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
g
u
i
d
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
S
o
u
th
er
n
Alg
er
ia.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
m
o
n
th
ly
wea
th
er
d
ata
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
in
2
0
2
2
t
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
eser
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
lo
tted
m
o
n
th
ly
a
v
er
ag
e
wea
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
clu
d
e
g
lo
b
al
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
(
G
)
an
d
am
b
ie
n
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
T
a)
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Mo
n
th
ly
a
v
er
ag
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es a
n
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
Kab
e
r
ten
e,
(
Alg
er
ia)
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
q
u
an
tity
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
o
f
4
8
5
k
W
h
/m
2
p
er
m
o
n
th
in
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
2
to
a
h
ig
h
o
f
7
3
7
k
W
h
/m
2
p
er
m
o
n
th
in
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
th
is
s
ite
is
2
8
°
C
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
J
u
n
e
,
J
u
ly
,
an
d
Au
g
u
s
t
wh
en
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
also
at
its
p
ea
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
efficien
cy
o
f 3
MW
p
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
er p
la
n
t sit
u
a
ted
…
(
Mes
s
a
o
u
d
a
C
h
a
ib
)
2625
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els in
o
th
er
m
o
n
th
s
r
esu
lt f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
o
s
itio
n
as
well
a
s
s
k
y
clo
u
d
in
ess
an
d
d
u
s
t f
r
o
m
s
an
d
win
d
s
,
wh
ich
c
an
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
s
o
lar
PV m
o
d
u
les
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n bet
wee
n si
m
ula
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
a
nd
re
a
l da
t
a
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
etailed
a
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ea
l
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
lan
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
PVs
y
s
t a
n
d
MA
T
L
AB
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Rea
l m
e
a
s
ured
da
t
a
wit
h P
Vsy
s
t
Fig
u
r
es
9
an
d
1
0
p
r
esen
t
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ata
a
n
d
PVs
y
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
o
n
th
ly
av
er
ag
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
(
GHI
)
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
q
u
a
n
titi
es
(
T
,
G)
is
th
e
s
am
e
in
th
e
b
o
th
r
ea
l
an
d
PVs
y
s
t
ca
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
o
th
er
s
in
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
ar
e
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
esti
m
ati
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
tatio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
co
s
t
o
f
th
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
As
well
as
th
e
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
esti
m
atio
n
(
Me
tr
o
n
o
m
e,
NASA,
PVGI
S
,
an
d
T
MY
)
,
an
d
th
e
g
iv
en
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata
b
ases
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
g
iv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
r
esu
lts
b
u
t
th
eir
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ca
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
er
r
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
ly
av
er
a
g
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
etwe
en
r
ea
l d
ata
an
d
PVs
y
s
t
F
i
g
u
r
e
10
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
b
et
w
e
e
n
r
e
a
l
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
PV
s
y
s
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
r
ea
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
an
d
s
im
u
lated
PR
u
s
in
g
PVs
y
s
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
SKTM
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
s
wh
er
e
th
e
clea
n
i
n
g
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
(
Ap
r
il,
No
v
em
b
e
r
)
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
wh
en
th
e
PV
p
an
els
ar
e
clea
n
ed
,
th
e
r
ea
l
PR
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
an
d
b
ec
o
m
es
clo
s
er
to
P
v
s
y
s
t
PR
.
T
h
en
,
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
a
lly
d
u
e
to
d
u
s
t
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
PR
o
f
P
v
s
y
s
t
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
e,
b
u
t
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
all
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
els;
esp
ec
ially
th
e
clea
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
(
PR
P
v
s
y
s
t a
n
d
r
ea
l PR
)
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
PR
b
etwe
en
r
ea
l d
ata
an
d
PVs
y
s
t
3
.
2
.
2
.
Rea
l m
e
a
s
ured
da
t
a
wit
h M
AT
L
A
B
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
etwe
en
r
ea
l
an
d
s
im
u
lated
p
o
wer
.
W
h
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
cl
ar
if
ies
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
clea
n
in
g
s
tate
o
f
p
a
n
els
.
I
t
is
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
s
im
u
lated
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
P
R
(
r
ea
l)
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
eq
u
al
th
e
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
o
wer
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
261
8
-
26
30
2626
wh
ich
o
p
en
s
s
ev
er
al
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
i
es
to
m
ak
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
as we
ll a
s
th
e
f
au
lt d
etec
tio
n
i
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
o
f
t
h
e
PV sy
s
tem
in
2
0
2
2
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t te
r
m
s
o
f
p
o
wer
3
.
2
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
f
ield o
utput
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
f
ield
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
etw
ee
n
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
PVs
y
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
PVs
y
s
t
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
ea
l
d
ata
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
eq
u
al,
esp
ec
ially
in
m
o
n
th
s
wh
e
n
th
e
p
an
els
ar
e
clea
n
ed
(
Ap
r
il,
No
v
em
b
er
)
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
r
ea
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
ex
b
ec
o
m
es
alm
o
s
t
lik
e
th
at
o
f
PVs
y
s
t
wh
en
th
e
p
an
els
ar
e
cle
an
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
aily
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
.
W
h
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
ate.
T
h
e
d
ata
illu
s
tr
ates
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
u
m
m
er
m
o
n
th
s
,
d
u
e
to
elev
ate
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
th
at
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
p
an
els
ef
f
icien
cy
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
H
o
wev
er
,
an
u
p
war
d
tr
en
d
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
e
s
p
r
in
g
s
ea
s
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
f
ield
o
u
tp
u
t b
etwe
en
MA
T
L
AB
(
E
ac
,
m
)
an
d
PVs
y
s
t so
f
twar
e
(
E
ac
,
PVs
y
s
t)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
efficien
cy
o
f 3
MW
p
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
er p
la
n
t sit
u
a
ted
…
(
Mes
s
a
o
u
d
a
C
h
a
ib
)
2627
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
illu
s
tr
ates
b
o
th
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
d
etailed
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
f
l
o
s
s
es.
I
t
s
er
v
es
as
a
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
p
lan
t
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
i
n
jecte
d
i
n
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
am
o
u
n
ts
to
5
5
6
1
MWh
.
T
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
a
r
r
ay
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
at
6
5
9
1
MWh
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
3
0
MWh
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
lo
s
s
es
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
as
in
d
icate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
co
n
s
titu
tes
r
o
u
g
h
ly
8
4
.
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
ar
r
a
y
u
n
d
er
STC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
lo
s
s
es
m
ak
in
g
u
p
ab
o
u
t
1
5
.
6
%.
T
h
ese
lo
s
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
o
h
m
ic
wir
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
elec
tr
ic
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t lo
s
s
es,
co
llectiv
ely
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Daily
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
His
to
g
r
am
o
f
an
n
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.