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Vo
l
.
3
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,
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o
.
1
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J
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ua
r
y
20
2
5
,
pp.
48
8
~
49
7
I
S
S
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
j
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cs
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3
7
.
i
1
.
pp
48
8
-
49
7
488
Jou
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page
:
ht
tp:
//
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ic
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p
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c
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pt
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p
29
,
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4
Pre
s
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t
l
y
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t
h
e
eme
r
g
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ce
o
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t
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rn
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t
o
f
t
h
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n
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s
(
I
o
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)
h
as
s
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fi
c
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t
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m
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g
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an
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at
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art
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m
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b
as
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ce
s
,
u
rb
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g
n
an
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ran
s
p
o
rt
at
i
o
n
m
an
a
g
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n
t
.
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h
e
s
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ap
p
l
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c
at
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o
n
s
,
h
o
w
ev
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c
o
me
w
i
t
h
s
ev
e
ral
ch
al
l
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s
,
i
n
cl
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d
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co
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mi
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s
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v
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a
l
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s
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e
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an
d
d
at
a
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ec
u
r
i
t
y
.
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h
e
i
n
t
eg
rat
i
o
n
o
f
b
l
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ck
c
h
a
i
n
(BC
)
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
o
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(B
Io
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i
n
t
ro
d
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s
a
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ap
p
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t
o
s
e
cu
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s
m
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s
.
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h
i
s
w
o
rk
p
re
s
e
n
t
s
an
A
r
c
h
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me
d
e
s
as
s
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s
t
e
d
l
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g
s
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t
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rm
mem
o
r
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L
ST
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m
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d
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l
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ru
s
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o
n
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g
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PP
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I
o
T
w
i
t
h
s
m
art
c
i
t
i
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s
.
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ft
e
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t
h
e
s
t
ag
e
o
f
p
re
-
p
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ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
L
ST
M
i
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
ed
fo
r
au
t
o
m
at
e
d
f
e
at
u
r
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e
x
t
rac
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
cl
as
s
i
fi
c
at
i
o
n
.
A
t
l
as
t
,
t
h
e
A
r
ch
i
med
e
s
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
r
(
AO
)
i
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
ed
t
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
t
h
e
L
ST
M’s
h
y
p
e
r
-
p
aram
e
t
e
rs
.
In
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
BC
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
fo
r
s
ecu
ri
n
g
t
h
e
d
at
a
t
ran
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
r
c
him
e
de
s
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
B
l
o
c
kc
h
a
in
Da
t
a
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
hi
n
gs
L
o
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
cen
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
S
a
nj
a
i
ka
n
t
h
E
Va
da
kke
t
hi
l
S
o
m
a
na
t
h
a
n
P
i
ll
a
i
S
c
h
o
o
l
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f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
a
n
d
C
o
m
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
No
r
t
h
Da
kot
a
Gr
a
n
d
F
o
r
ks
,
USA
E
m
a
i
l
:
s
.
e
v
a
da
kk
e
t
hi
l
@u
n
d.
e
du
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
pt
o
f
a
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
i
s
s
e
e
n
a
s
a
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
by
v
a
r
i
o
us
s
t
a
ke
h
o
l
de
r
s
w
i
t
hi
n
a
c
i
t
y
to
a
c
hi
e
v
e
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
go
a
l
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
e
n
c
o
m
pa
s
s
a
s
pe
c
t
s
s
uc
h
a
s
pr
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
goo
d
go
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
,
i
m
pr
o
vi
n
g
da
i
ly
li
v
i
ng
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
,
o
p
t
i
mi
z
i
ng
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
n
e
w
o
pp
o
r
t
un
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
[
1]
.
T
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
pr
o
gr
e
s
s
ha
s
m
a
de
i
n
e
n
h
a
nc
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
da
y
-
to
-
da
y
l
if
e
a
n
d
t
hi
s
n
e
x
t
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
n
o
t
o
nl
y
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
e
s
i
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
b
ut
a
l
s
o
e
n
a
bl
e
s
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
ng
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
pp
o
r
t
un
i
t
i
e
s
.
S
i
m
u
l
t
a
ne
o
us
l
y
,
pe
o
p
l
e
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
m
o
bil
e
s
a
n
d
l
a
pt
o
ps
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
s
m
a
r
t
de
vi
c
e
s
ha
v
e
be
c
o
m
e
ubi
qu
i
t
o
us
i
n
c
i
t
i
e
s
wo
r
l
dw
i
d
e
[
2]
.
C
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
l
y
i
n
a
n
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
,
f
o
c
us
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
gr
o
w
t
h
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
s
c
r
e
e
ni
ng
a
n
d
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
to
a
s
s
i
mi
l
a
t
e
r
e
c
e
n
t
c
h
a
n
ge
s
.
As
pe
c
t
s
l
i
ke
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
we
a
t
h
e
r
,
s
m
a
r
t
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
[
3
]
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
un
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
a
bl
e
e
m
e
r
ge
n
c
e
o
f
c
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
s
n
e
w
c
ha
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
t
h
a
t
n
e
e
d
c
o
ns
i
de
r
a
t
i
o
n
by
s
t
a
ke
h
o
l
de
r
’
s
a
n
d
go
v
e
r
nm
e
n
t
o
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
pt
s
o
f
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
r
e
v
o
l
v
e
a
r
o
un
d
e
m
be
dde
d
m
o
de
l
s
,
s
m
a
r
t
,
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
i
ng
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
g
i
e
s
[
4]
.
B
a
s
i
c
a
ll
y
,
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
l
e
v
e
r
a
ge
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s
tr
uc
t
ur
e
s
to
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
l
i
v
i
ng
s
t
a
n
da
r
ds
.
T
wo
m
a
j
o
r
i
s
s
ue
s
,
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
r
i
m
e
s
,
a
r
e
pr
o
m
i
ne
n
t
.
E
n
s
ur
i
n
g
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n
a
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
i
nv
o
l
v
e
s
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
t
h
r
e
e
c
r
uc
i
a
l
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
:
go
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
,
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
,
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
e
t
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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a
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J
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p
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N:
2
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4
7
52
A
r
c
hime
de
s
as
s
i
s
ted
L
ST
M
mode
l
f
or
block
c
hain
…
(
Sanjai
k
anth
E
V
adak
k
e
thi
l
Somanathan
P
il
lai
)
489
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n
t
r
us
i
o
n
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
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m
(
I
DS
)
pr
o
v
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to
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m
o
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f
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t
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uc
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m
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t
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o
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y
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d
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x
t
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n
a
l
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n
t
r
us
i
o
n
s
[
5]
.
P
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
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r
ly
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n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
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n
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w
l
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nl
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ne
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li
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t
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o
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d
o
n
t
h
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t
hi
n
s
m
a
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t
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t
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e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
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r
n
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t
o
f
t
hi
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
I
DS
i
s
r
e
ga
r
de
d
a
s
a
c
r
uc
i
a
l
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
I
DS
b
a
s
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m
o
de
l
s
of
t
e
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ge
n
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r
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ppr
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bn
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m
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be
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a
vi
o
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s
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de
t
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d.
A
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a
l
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l
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a
m
pe
r
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DS
pe
r
f
o
r
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n
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
a
c
t
ua
l
c
y
be
r
a
t
tac
ks
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po
s
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n
g
a
c
o
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s
i
de
r
a
bl
e
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
f
o
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c
ur
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t
y
a
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a
ly
s
t
s
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M
o
r
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o
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i
t
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t
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bs
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o
n
,
m
a
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ge
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
I
DS
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
n
[
6]
.
C
o
n
ve
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
DS
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
do
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g
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e
s
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l
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pr
e
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n
t
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l
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v
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t
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d
f
a
i
l
ur
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h
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n
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pp
l
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d
to
I
o
T
,
gi
ve
n
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
mi
c
n
a
t
ur
e
o
f
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
.
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n
c
e
,
t
h
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s
a
pr
e
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s
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n
g
n
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e
d
f
o
r
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b
us
t
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t
y
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e
t
wor
k
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pe
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f
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c
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ll
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g
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to
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il
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t
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d
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m
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t
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ld
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n
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n
I
o
T
n
e
t
w
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k.
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e
c
ur
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t
y
i
s
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o
t
m
e
r
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ly
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r
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qu
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r
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m
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n
t
f
o
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h
e
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o
n
t
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nue
d
u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
bl
o
c
kc
h
a
i
n
(
BC
)
;
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t
c
a
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
ly
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
e
to
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t
a
di
s
pe
r
s
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o
n
by
o
pe
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n
g
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t
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n
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c
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e
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o
t
a
bl
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d
v
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t
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ge
o
f
i
n
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r
po
r
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t
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n
g
B
C
n
e
t
wo
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ks
i
s
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h
e
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r
a
bil
i
t
y
t
o
s
to
r
e
da
t
a
i
n
a
n
im
m
u
t
a
bl
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m
a
nn
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r
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t
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o
ut
t
h
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n
e
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d
f
o
r
a
c
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t
r
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l
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z
e
d
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
.
M
o
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o
v
e
r
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B
C
tr
a
c
ks
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n
d
e
x
e
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ut
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t
r
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n
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c
t
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o
n
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mo
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g
m
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l
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p
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r
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pa
n
t
s
w
i
t
hi
n
a
t
r
us
t
e
d
e
n
vi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
[
7]
.
T
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
o
b
us
t
e
n
c
r
y
pt
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o
n
u
s
i
n
g
pr
i
v
a
t
e
a
n
d
pu
bli
c
ke
y
s
,
t
h
e
B
C
f
ur
t
h
e
r
e
nh
a
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
s
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ur
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t
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e
v
e
l
s
f
o
r
i
t
s
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
ns
a
r
e
:
T
o
pr
e
s
e
n
t
a
n
a
uto
m
a
t
e
d
m
o
de
l
f
o
r
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C
b
a
s
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d
pr
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v
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c
y
pr
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r
vi
ng
(
PP
)
I
o
T
wi
t
h
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
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e
s
.
T
o
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n
t
r
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duc
e
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h
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g
s
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o
r
t
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t
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m
m
e
m
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r
y
(
L
S
T
M
)
wi
t
h
A
r
c
him
e
de
s
o
p
t
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mi
z
e
r
(
AO
)
to
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p
t
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mi
z
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t
h
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L
S
T
M
’
s
hy
pe
r
-
pa
r
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m
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t
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n
d
a
tt
a
i
n
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e
tt
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r
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
ng
s
e
c
t
i
o
ns
a
r
e
:
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
2
f
ur
ni
s
he
s
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w,
e
x
a
mi
n
i
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
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n
de
a
v
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
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ut
i
li
z
e
d
d
i
ve
r
s
e
B
C
b
a
s
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d
P
P
m
o
de
l
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
f
ur
ni
s
he
s
a
de
t
a
i
l
e
d
e
l
uc
i
da
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
C
b
a
s
e
d
P
P
m
o
de
l
,
a
c
c
o
m
pa
ni
e
d
by
a
s
uc
c
i
nc
t
a
n
a
lys
i
s
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
de
li
ne
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
e
x
pe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
m
po
ne
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
5
e
n
c
a
p
s
u
l
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
wi
t
h
a
c
o
n
c
l
us
i
o
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WORK
S
J
i
e
t
al.
[
8]
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
B
C
b
a
s
e
d
P
P
f
o
r
t
e
l
e
c
a
r
e
c
l
i
ni
c
a
l
i
n
f
o
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m
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t
i
o
n
m
o
de
l
s
.
T
hi
s
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
wo
r
k
pr
o
vi
de
d
l
o
c
a
t
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o
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b
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s
e
d
c
li
n
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c
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l
i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
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o
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m
o
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g
c
li
n
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c
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l
a
n
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ly
z
e
r
s
,
c
li
n
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c
a
l
wo
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ke
r
s
a
n
d
pa
t
i
e
n
t
s
.
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h
e
n
,
t
h
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s
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s
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ke
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r
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l
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z
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t
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o
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m
u
lt
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s
t
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ge
pr
i
v
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c
y
r
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c
o
v
e
r
y
,
r
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t
r
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e
v
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bil
i
t
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c
o
nf
i
de
n
t
i
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li
t
y
,
unf
o
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ge
a
bi
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
v
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r
i
f
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a
bil
i
t
y
we
r
e
a
na
l
y
z
e
d.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
hi
s
m
o
de
l
wa
s
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o
m
p
l
e
x
to
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
th
e
s
h
a
r
e
d
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n’
s
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
.
Ya
n
g
e
t
al.
[
9
]
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
B
C
b
a
s
e
d
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
P
c
r
o
wd
s
e
n
s
i
ng
m
o
de
l
to
pr
ot
e
c
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ke
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
de
l
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ds
t
h
e
i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
o
c
a
t
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o
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a
n
d
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ur
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t
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bl
e
t
r
a
di
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
ut
r
e
lyi
ng
o
n
t
r
us
t
i
n
g
un
a
ut
h
o
r
i
z
e
d
us
e
r
s
.
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n
a
ddi
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
i
s
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xi
s
t
i
n
g
m
o
de
l
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v
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t
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f
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e
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a
tt
a
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ks
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i
n
g
t
h
e
pr
i
v
a
t
e
B
C
.
T
hi
s
n
e
t
wor
k
di
s
pe
r
s
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s
t
r
a
n
s
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c
t
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o
n
s
o
f
wo
r
ke
r
’
s
da
t
a
a
c
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u
m
e
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o
us
s
y
s
t
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m
s
.
T
hi
s
pr
e
ve
n
t
s
a
tt
a
c
ke
r
s
f
r
o
m
de
duc
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ng
t
h
e
i
de
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
wo
r
ke
r
s
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
Z
h
u
e
t
al.
[
10]
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
f
e
de
r
a
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
(
F
L
)
wi
t
h
B
C
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
g
y
b
a
s
e
d
P
P
.
T
h
i
s
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
m
o
de
l
l
e
v
e
r
a
ge
d
de
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
m
o
de
l
s
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
B
C
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
hi
ng
a
s
a
f
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
c
o
o
r
di
n
a
t
e
m
o
de
l
a
n
d
f
o
r
de
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
li
mi
na
t
i
n
g
B
y
z
a
n
t
i
ne
m
e
m
be
r
s
.
E
x
pe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
wa
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
ut
by
va
r
y
i
ng
5
c
r
o
s
s
v
a
l
i
da
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
t
h
e
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
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pr
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[
23]
.
T
h
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f
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l
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bil
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k
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pr
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m
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m
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:
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h
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r
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p
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m
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pr
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3.
P
ROP
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D
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p
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DL
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m
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w
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b
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F
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gur
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1
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m
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[
24
]
.
F
i
gur
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1.
F
r
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wo
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pr
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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491
3.
1.
P
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=
−
(
1)
3.
2.
Op
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an
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2.
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M
i
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to
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t
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.
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[
h
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(
2)
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3)
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−
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(
4)
F
i
gur
e
2.
L
S
T
M
m
o
de
l
Af
t
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r
un
de
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go
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n
g
s
c
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by
b
o
t
h
h
e
a
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,
t
h
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nf
o
r
m
a
t
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n
f
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ll
y
a
r
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t
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.
T
h
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pr
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m
a
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a
im
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f
t
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to
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d
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c
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p
ut
:
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(
[
h
−
1
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5)
h
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×
h
(
6)
wh
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,
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;
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Initializing
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(
)
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(
)
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while
≤
_
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do
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end if
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3.
3.
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L
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AC
K
NOWL
E
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t
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n
de
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d
dur
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g
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
H
.
J
ia
ng,
J
.
L
i,
P
.
Z
ha
o
,
F
.
Z
e
ng,
Z
.
X
ia
o
,
a
nd
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.
I
y
e
nga
r
,
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oc
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ti
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pr
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v
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ha
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ti
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d
s
e
r
v
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c
e
s
,”
A
C
M
C
om
put
in
g Sur
v
e
y
s
, v
o
l.
54, n
o
. 1, pp. 1
–
36, J
a
n. 2021, do
i:
10.1145/3423165.
[
2]
A
.
A
l
O
ma
r
,
M
.
S
.
R
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hma
n,
A
.
B
a
s
u,
a
nd
S
.
K
i
y
o
m
ot
o
,
“
M
e
di
B
c
ha
in
:
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bl
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k
c
ha
in
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s
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d
pr
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v
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c
y
p
r
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r
v
in
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pl
a
t
f
or
m
f
or
he
a
lt
hc
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da
ta
,”
in
L
e
c
tu
r
e
N
ot
e
s
in
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
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(
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lu
di
ng
s
ubs
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tu
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in
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ll
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e
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tu
r
e
N
ot
e
s
i
n B
io
in
f
or
m
at
ic
s
)
, v
o
l.
10658
L
N
C
S
, 2017, pp. 534
–
543
. do
i:
10.1007/978
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3
-
319
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72395
-
2_49.
[
3]
R
.
V
a
r
s
h
a
,
M
.
M
.
N
a
ir
,
S
.
M
.
N
a
ir
,
a
nd
A
.
K
.
T
y
a
gi
,
“
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
ba
s
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d
B
l
oc
kc
ha
in
s
o
lu
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o
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f
o
r
pr
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r
v
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g
pr
i
v
a
c
y
in
f
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tu
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ve
hi
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s
,”
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nt
e
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nat
io
nal
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our
nal
of
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id
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ll
ig
e
nt
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
vo
l.
16, n
o
. 4, pp. 223
–
236, F
e
b. 2020, d
o
i:
10.3233/
H
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S
-
20028
9.
[
4]
S
.
M
is
hr
a
a
nd
V
.
K
.
C
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ur
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,
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r
o
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oc
k
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ha
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t
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gs
,”
M
ul
ti
m
e
di
a
T
ool
s
and
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
v
o
l.
8
3,
no
.
8,
pp.
22609
–
22637,
A
ug.
2024,
do
i:
10.1007/s
11042
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023
-
16406
-
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
5]
P
.
J
is
na
,
T
.
J
a
r
in
,
a
nd
P
.
N
.
P
r
a
v
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n
,
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A
d
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nc
e
d
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tr
us
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o
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n
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ni
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M
n
e
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k
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n
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e
n
v
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nt
,”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
4t
h I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on M
ic
r
oe
l
e
c
tr
oni
c
s
, Si
gnal
s
and Sy
s
te
m
s
, I
C
M
SS 2021
, I
E
E
E
,
N
ov
. 2021,
pp.
1
–
6. do
i:
10.1109/
I
C
M
S
S
53060.2021.9673607.
[
6]
W
.
M
e
ng,
E
.
W
.
T
is
c
hha
us
e
r
,
Q
.
W
a
ng,
Y
.
W
a
ng,
a
nd
J
.
H
a
n,
“
W
he
n
in
tr
us
io
n
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
m
e
e
ts
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
te
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, v
o
l.
6, pp. 10179
–
10188, 2018, d
o
i:
10.
1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2018.2799854.
[
7]
R
.
K
uma
r
,
P
.
K
uma
r
,
R
.
T
r
ip
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th
i,
G
.
P
.
G
upt
a
,
N
.
K
uma
r
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n
d
M
.
M
.
H
a
s
s
a
n,
“
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pr
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d
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ni
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e
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r
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te
m,”
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E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
T
r
ans
por
ta
ti
on Sy
s
t
e
m
s
, v
o
l.
23, n
o
. 9, pp. 16492
–
16503, S
e
p.
20
22, do
i:
10.1109/
T
I
T
S
.2021.3098636.
[
8]
Y
.
J
i,
J
.
Z
ha
ng,
J
.
M
a
,
C
.
Y
a
ng,
a
nd
X
.
Y
a
o
,
“
B
M
P
L
S
:
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l
oc
k
c
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
mul
ti
-
l
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ve
l
p
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i
v
a
c
y
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p
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s
e
r
v
in
g
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ti
o
n
s
ha
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in
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s
c
h
e
m
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f
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a
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m
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di
c
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l
in
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o
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ma
ti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,”
J
our
nal
o
f
M
e
di
c
al
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
v
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l.
42,
n
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8,
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147,
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16
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M
.
Y
a
ng,
T
.
Z
hu,
K
.
L
ia
ng,
W
.
Z
h
o
u,
a
nd
R
.
H
.
D
e
ng,
“
A
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
l
oc
a
ti
o
n
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
-
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s
e
r
v
in
g
c
r
o
w
ds
e
ns
in
g
s
y
s
t
e
m,”
F
u
tu
r
e
G
e
ne
r
at
io
n C
om
put
e
r
Sy
s
te
m
s
, v
o
l.
94, pp. 408
–
418, M
a
y
2019, d
o
i:
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f
ut
ur
e
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[
10]
X
. Z
hu,
H
.
L
i,
a
nd
Y
. Y
u, “
B
l
oc
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d pr
i
v
a
c
y
p
r
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s
e
r
v
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g de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
i
n
L
e
c
tu
r
e
N
ot
e
s
i
n C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
(
in
c
lu
di
ng
s
ubs
e
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ie
s
L
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tu
r
e
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ot
e
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i
n A
r
ti
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nt
e
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e
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e
c
tu
r
e
N
ot
e
s
i
n B
io
in
f
or
m
at
ic
s
)
, v
o
l.
11449
L
N
C
S
, 2019, pp. 370
–
383.
do
i:
10.1007/978
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3
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030
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[
11]
K
.
P
.
M
.
K
uma
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
P
r
iv
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c
y
p
r
e
s
e
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v
in
g
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
w
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r
ni
ng
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o
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e
l
f
o
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s
ma
r
t
c
it
i
e
s
,”
C
om
put
e
r
s
,
M
at
e
r
ia
ls
and C
ont
in
ua
, vo
l.
73, n
o
. 3, pp. 5299
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i:
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[
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J
.
W
e
ng,
J
.
W
e
ng,
J
.
Z
ha
ng,
M
.
L
i,
Y
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
W
.
L
uo
,
“
D
e
e
pC
ha
in
:
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udi
ta
bl
e
a
nd
pr
iv
a
c
y
-
pr
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s
e
r
v
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g
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r
ni
ng
w
it
h
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
in
c
e
n
ti
v
e
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
D
e
pe
ndable
and
Se
c
u
r
e
C
o
m
put
in
g
,
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1
–
1,
2019,
do
i:
10.1109/t
ds
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[
13]
M
.
G
upt
a
,
F
.
M
. A
w
a
y
s
he
h,
J
.
B
e
ns
o
n,
M
.
A
la
z
a
b,
F
.
P
a
twa
,
a
nd
R
.
S
a
ndhu,
“
A
n
a
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r
ib
ut
e
-
ba
s
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c
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s
s
c
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d
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r
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ve
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l
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,”
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E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
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ndus
tr
ia
l
I
nf
or
m
at
ic
s
,
v
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17,
n
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[
14]
M
.
R
a
ma
ia
h,
V
.
C
hi
th
a
nur
u,
A
.
P
a
dma
,
a
nd
V
.
R
a
v
i,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
of
s
e
c
ur
it
y
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ul
n
e
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a
bi
li
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s
in
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ndus
tr
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le
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o
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ti
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ns
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in
g bl
oc
kc
ha
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,”
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n
C
y
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r
Se
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ur
it
y
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ppl
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ti
ons
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or
I
ndus
t
r
y
4.0
, B
oc
a
R
a
to
n
:
C
ha
pma
n a
nd H
a
ll
/C
R
C
, 2022,
pp. 63
–
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i:
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[
15]
C
.
C
he
n,
J
.
Y
a
ng,
W
.
J
.
T
s
a
ur
,
W
.
W
e
ng,
C
.
W
u,
a
nd
X
.
W
e
i,
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nt
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ic
bl
oc
k
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ha
in
in
I
I
O
T
’
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
n
,”
Se
n
s
or
s
, vo
l.
22, n
o
. 3, p. 1146, F
e
b. 2022, d
o
i:
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[
16]
U
.
K
ha
li
l,
M
ue
e
n
-
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ddi
n,
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.
A
.
M
a
li
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a
nd
S
.
H
us
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in
,
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bl
o
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kc
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oT
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E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vo
l.
10,
pp.
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–
76
823,
2022, do
i:
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E
S
S
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[
17]
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.
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e
e
pa
e
t
al
.
,
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s
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r
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ut
ur
e
G
e
ne
r
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ti
on
C
om
put
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r
Sy
s
te
m
s
, v
o
l.
131, pp. 209
–
226, J
un. 2022, do
i
:
10.1
016/
j.
f
ut
ur
e
.2022.01.017.
[
18]
C
.
L
i,
M
.
D
o
ng,
X
.
X
in
,
J
.
L
i,
X
.
B
.
C
he
n,
a
nd
K
.
O
ta
,
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E
f
f
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c
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e
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g,”
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E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
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hi
ngs
J
ou
r
nal
, v
ol
.
10, n
o
. 2
4, pp. 22051
–
22064, De
c
. 2023, d
oi
:
10.1109/J
I
O
T
.2023.32965
95.
[
19]
H
.
H
.
P
a
jo
o
h,
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.
R
a
s
hi
d,
F
.
A
la
m,
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nd
S
.
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e
mi
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e
nk
o
,
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y
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s
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ur
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g
th
e
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e
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te
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n
e
t
of
th
in
gs
,”
Se
ns
or
s
, v
ol
. 21, n
o
. 2, p. 359, J
a
n. 2021, do
i:
10.3
390/
s
210203
59.
[
20]
N
.
K
.
T
y
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gi
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nd
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.
G
oy
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l,
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l
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onc
ur
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e
nc
y
and C
om
put
at
io
n:
P
r
ac
ti
c
e
and E
x
pe
r
ie
nc
e
, v
o
l.
35, n
o
. 16, J
ul
. 2023, d
o
i:
10.10
02/
c
p
e
.6249.
[
21]
A
.
P
a
dma
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nd
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.
M
a
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r
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a
s
i,
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ti
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ur
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ha
ll
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ng
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s
,”
in
C
ogni
ti
v
e
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vo
l.
P
a
r
t
F
1466,
2023,
pp.
361
–
369.
d
o
i:
10.10
07
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78
-
981
-
99
-
2742
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5_38.
[
22]
P
.
S
ha
r
ma
,
S
.
N
a
ma
s
udr
a
,
N
.
C
hi
la
mkur
ti
,
B
.
G
.
K
im
,
a
nd
R
.
G
.
C
r
e
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p
o
,
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l
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C
M
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r
ans
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ti
ons
on Se
ns
o
r
N
e
tw
or
k
s
, v
ol
. 19, no
. 3, pp. 1
–
17, Aug. 2023, d
o
i:
10
.1145/3577926.
[
23]
M
.
T
a
hi
r
,
M
.
S
a
r
da
r
a
z
,
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.
M
uha
mm
a
d,
a
nd
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.
S
.
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ha
n,
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li
ght
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ta
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abi
li
ty
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w
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
,
vo
l.
12,
n
o
.
17,
p.
6960,
A
ug.
2020,
do
i:
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U
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[
24]
F
.
A
.
H
a
s
hi
m,
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.
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us
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,
vo
l.
51,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
1531
–
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M
a
r
.
2021,
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i:
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z.
[
25]
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.
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.
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