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ia
n J
o
urna
l o
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E
lect
rica
l En
g
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nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
6
8
0
~
6
8
8
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
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1
1
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cs
.v
3
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.
i
1
.
pp
680
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Co
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y:
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2
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R
ev
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ted
Sep
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,
2
0
2
4
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
rters
h
a
v
e
g
a
in
e
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ir
a
b
il
it
y
to
a
c
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
v
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
l
o
we
r
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
isto
r
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
two
-
lev
e
l
in
v
e
rters
.
P
u
lse
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(P
WM
)
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
p
lay
a
c
ru
c
ial
ro
le
in
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rters
b
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
th
e
re
q
u
ired
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
sig
n
a
ls
fo
r
t
h
e
ir
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
i
c
d
e
v
ice
s.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
v
a
ri
o
u
s
P
WM
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
in
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
rters
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
sin
u
so
i
d
a
l
p
u
l
se
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(S
P
W
M
),
sp
a
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
p
u
lse
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(S
VPW
M
),
c
a
rrier
-
b
a
se
d
p
u
lse
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
(CBP
WM
)
,
a
n
d
se
lec
ti
v
e
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
e
li
m
in
a
ti
o
n
(
S
HEP
W
M
).
Eac
h
P
W
M
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
'
s
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
e
s,
li
m
it
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
su
it
a
b
il
it
y
fo
r
d
iffere
n
t
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
a
re
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
.
F
u
rt
h
e
rm
o
re
,
re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
h
y
b
ri
d
P
WM
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
a
re
a
lso
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
to
e
x
p
lo
re
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
ims
to
p
ro
v
id
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs,
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs,
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
ti
o
n
e
rs
with
v
a
l
u
a
b
le
i
n
si
g
h
ts
in
to
se
lec
ti
n
g
th
e
m
o
st
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
P
WM
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
th
e
ir
sp
e
c
ifi
c
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
rter
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
fa
c
to
rs
su
c
h
a
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts,
c
o
st
c
o
n
stra
in
ts,
a
n
d
e
a
se
o
f
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
B
PW
M
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
SHEPW
M
SP
W
M
SVP
W
M
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Selv
ak
u
m
ar
K
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
SR
M
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Kattan
k
u
lath
u
r
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
elv
ak
u
k
@
s
r
m
is
t.e
d
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
r
e
p
r
esen
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
er
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
two
-
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1]
-
[
2
]
.
U
n
lik
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
s
th
a
t
g
en
er
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
b
y
s
witch
in
g
b
etwe
en
two
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
b
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
s
ev
e
r
al
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
witch
es
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
is
r
o
o
ted
in
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
s
in
u
s
o
id
a
l
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
s
tep
p
ed
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
B
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices,
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
at
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
r
atin
g
s
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ev
ices
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
two
-
lev
el
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
4
]
-
[
5
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
ad
v
an
tag
es o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
e
l in
v
e
r
ter
s
is
th
eir
ab
il
ity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f d
iffer
en
t ty
p
es o
f p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
mo
d
u
la
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
…
(
P
a
l
a
n
is
a
my
R
)
681
to
g
en
e
r
ate
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
lev
els
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
r
at
in
g
s
f
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
o
wer
s
witch
es.
T
h
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
m
ak
es
th
em
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
ca
lab
ili
ty
is
cr
u
cia
l.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
o
f
f
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
lo
wer
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
E
MI
)
d
u
e
to
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
c
o
n
ten
t
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
6
].
Pu
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
is
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
t
o
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ices
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
t
h
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
p
u
ls
es
in
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
s
ig
n
al.
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
p
o
wer
i
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
ic
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
PW
M
in
v
o
lv
e
s
r
ap
id
ly
s
witch
in
g
a
p
o
wer
s
witch
b
etwe
en
f
u
lly
o
n
a
n
d
f
u
lly
o
f
f
s
tates
at
a
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
B
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
th
e
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
o
n
-
tim
e
with
in
ea
ch
s
witch
in
g
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
e
lo
a
d
ca
n
b
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
a
n
alo
g
-
lik
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
u
s
in
g
d
ig
it
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
].
S
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SP
W
M
)
is
a
b
asic
P
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
er
e
th
e
wid
th
o
f
ea
c
h
p
u
ls
e
is
ad
ju
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
to
g
en
e
r
ate
a
m
o
d
u
lated
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
SP
W
M
is
s
im
p
le
to
im
p
lem
en
t
b
u
t
m
ay
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Sp
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SVPW
M
)
is
an
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
aim
s
to
s
y
n
th
esize
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tim
es
o
f
th
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es.
B
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atin
g
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
SVPW
M
ca
n
ac
h
i
ev
e
lo
wer
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
b
etter
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
q
u
ality
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
SP
W
M
[
1
2
]
.
SVPW
M
is
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
es
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
i
n
to
s
m
aller
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ically
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
SVPW
M
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
l
o
wer
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
e
r
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
C
ar
r
ier
-
b
ased
p
u
ls
e
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
C
B
P
W
M
)
is
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
wa
r
d
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
er
e
th
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es is
m
o
d
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
a
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
an
d
a
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
s
ig
n
al.
C
B
PW
M
i
s
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
ss
[
1
5
].
T
h
ese
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
s
v
a
r
y
in
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
,
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
q
u
ality
,
h
ar
d
war
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
cir
cu
it o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
VSI
cir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
ir
cu
it o
f
th
r
ee
p
h
as
e
VSI
cir
cu
it
2.
M
UL
T
I
L
E
VE
L
I
N
VE
R
T
E
R
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
th
at
s
y
n
th
esize
a
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
ey
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
17
].
2
.
1
.
Dio
de
-
cla
m
ped m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
T
h
e
d
i
o
d
e
-
clam
p
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
te
r
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
in
a
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
a
co
m
m
o
n
n
eu
t
r
al
p
o
in
t
.
I
n
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
ea
c
h
p
h
ase
leg
is
clam
p
ed
t
o
th
e
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
io
d
es,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
[
18
]
,
[
19
]
.
B
y
s
elec
tiv
ely
tu
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
th
e
s
witch
es,
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
ca
n
b
e
g
en
e
r
ated
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
ter
m
in
als.
T
h
e
d
i
o
d
e
clam
p
in
g
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ice
r
em
ain
s
with
in
a
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t c
lam
p
ed
in
v
e
r
ter
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
5
:
680
-
6
8
8
682
2
.
2
.
Ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
-
cla
m
ped m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
clam
p
e
d
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
e
r
ter
u
tili
ze
s
f
ly
i
n
g
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
M
u
ltip
le
s
witch
es
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els.
B
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
th
e
f
ly
in
g
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
,
th
is
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
ca
n
s
y
n
th
esize
m
u
ltip
le
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
in
als
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
w
itch
es
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
lo
a
d
,
th
e
r
e
b
y
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
Vo
ltag
e
b
ala
n
cin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
is
cr
u
cial
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
w
h
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
2
.
3
.
Ca
s
ca
ded
H
-
b
ridg
e
m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
T
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
E
ac
h
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
ll
g
e
n
er
ates
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
B
y
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
ea
ch
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
ll,
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
s
y
n
th
esize
m
u
ltip
le
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
els
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
in
als
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
lls
o
p
er
ate
in
a
s
tair
c
ase
m
a
n
n
er
,
with
ea
ch
ce
ll
ad
d
in
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
em
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ce
ll'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies (
a
)
n
eu
t
r
al
p
o
in
t c
la
m
p
ed
in
v
er
ter
,
(
b
)
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cl
am
p
in
g
in
v
er
ter
,
an
d
(
c)
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
2
.
4
.
Reduced
s
wit
ches ba
s
e
d
po
rt
a
ble
m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
i
n
c
ip
le
o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
s
elec
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
to
s
y
n
th
esize
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
2
2
]
.
B
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
d
u
ty
cy
cles,
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
ti
o
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
an
d
p
h
ases
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
5
-
le
v
el
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
es
-
b
ased
in
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f d
iffer
en
t ty
p
es o
f p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
mo
d
u
la
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
…
(
P
a
l
a
n
is
a
my
R
)
683
3.
P
UL
S
E
WI
D
T
H
M
O
D
UL
A
T
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
S
PW
M
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
i
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
e
liv
er
ed
to
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ices
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
p
u
ls
es
in
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
s
ig
n
al.
PW
M
m
e
th
o
d
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
to
r
d
r
i
v
es,
p
o
wer
in
v
er
te
r
s
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
els
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
s
v
ar
y
in
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
q
u
ality
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
h
ar
d
war
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
er
s
u
n
iq
u
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
is
tailo
r
e
d
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
3
.
1
.
S
inu
s
o
ida
l puls
e
w
idth
m
o
du
la
t
io
n
SP
W
M
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
to
g
en
e
r
ate
a
m
o
d
u
lated
wav
ef
o
r
m
th
at
clo
s
ely
r
esem
b
les
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
I
t'
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
e
r
ter
s
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
an
d
g
r
id
-
tied
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
.
T
h
e
b
asic
id
ea
b
eh
i
n
d
SP
W
M
is
to
co
m
p
ar
e
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
with
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
to
g
en
er
ate
PW
M
s
ig
n
als.
A
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al,
ty
p
ically
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
is
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
is
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
d
ef
in
es
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
A
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
is
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
is
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
PW
M
p
u
ls
es.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
is
m
u
ch
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
a
l
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
u
s
u
ally
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
at
o
r
o
r
a
s
im
ilar
cir
cu
it.
Sin
u
s
o
id
al
Pu
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sin
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lt,
PW
M
p
u
ls
e
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
.
W
h
en
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
PW
M
o
u
tp
u
t
is
h
ig
h
(
1
)
;
o
t
h
er
wis
e,
it
is
lo
w
(
0
)
.
T
h
e
wid
th
o
f
ea
c
h
PW
M
p
u
ls
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ic
h
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
ig
n
al
.
T
h
is
wid
th
v
ar
ies
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es
g
en
er
ated
ar
e
a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
(
ty
p
i
ca
lly
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
o
r
I
GB
T
s
)
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
.
B
y
s
witch
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
g
en
er
ates
an
o
u
tp
u
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
th
at
f
o
llo
ws th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
in
u
s
o
id
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es,
th
er
eb
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
e
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
PW
M
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
ea
n
s
to
g
e
n
er
ate
h
ig
h
-
q
u
alit
y
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
4.
CARR
I
E
R
-
B
A
SE
D
P
UL
S
E
WI
D
T
H
M
O
DU
L
AT
I
O
N
C
B
PW
M
is
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
late
d
s
ig
n
als.
I
t's
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
(
UPS),
an
d
g
r
id
-
tied
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
C
B
PW
M
in
v
o
lv
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
5
:
680
-
6
8
8
684
co
m
p
ar
in
g
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
(
ty
p
ically
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
)
with
a
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
PW
M
s
i
g
n
als.
A
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
g
en
e
r
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
A
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
g
e
n
er
ated
.
T
h
is
ca
r
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
ty
p
ically
h
a
s
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
u
c
h
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ie
r
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
t
r
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
wav
e
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
ty
p
ically
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
o
r
a
s
im
ilar
cir
c
u
it.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lt,
PW
M
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
.
W
h
en
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
th
e
PW
M
o
u
tp
u
t
is
h
ig
h
(
1
)
;
o
th
er
wis
e,
it
is
lo
w
(
0
)
.
T
h
e
wi
d
th
o
f
ea
c
h
PW
M
p
u
ls
e
i
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
e
x
c
e
e
d
s
t
h
e
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
wid
th
v
a
r
ies
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es
g
en
er
ated
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
(
s
u
ch
as
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
o
r
I
GB
T
s
)
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
te
r
.
B
y
s
witch
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
g
e
n
er
ates
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
th
at
f
o
llo
ws th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
a
l.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
m
u
lticar
r
ier
b
ased
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Mu
ticar
r
ier
b
ased
P
W
M
m
eth
o
d
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
es,
th
er
eb
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
ed
to
t
h
e
lo
a
d
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
m
ay
b
e
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
t
o
r
em
o
v
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PW
M
s
witch
in
g
.
T
h
is
f
ilter
h
elp
s
s
m
o
o
th
o
u
t
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
C
B
P
W
M
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
als
b
ased
o
n
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
a
ca
r
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
I
t
allo
ws
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t,
m
ak
in
g
it su
itab
le
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
5.
SE
L
E
C
T
I
VE
H
AR
M
O
NIC
E
L
I
M
I
NA
T
I
O
N
SHE
is
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
P
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ics
to
elim
in
ate
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
io
d
e
-
clam
p
e
d
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
s
,
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
i
gh
-
q
u
ality
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
m
in
im
al
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws th
e
Selectiv
e
Har
m
o
n
ic
E
lim
in
atio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
ap
p
ly
in
g
SHE,
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
d
esir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
an
al
y
s
ed
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
es
id
en
tify
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
wh
ich
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
n
ee
d
to
b
e
elim
in
ated
o
r
m
in
im
ized
[
24
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
to
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
d
esire
d
a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
o
f
ea
ch
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
elim
in
ated
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ty
p
ically
in
clu
d
es
t
er
m
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
am
p
lit
u
d
es
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
SHE
in
v
o
lv
es
s
o
lv
i
n
g
a
s
et
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
al
g
eb
r
ai
c
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
r
elate
th
e
s
witch
in
g
an
g
les
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
to
th
e
d
esire
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f d
iffer
en
t ty
p
es o
f p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
mo
d
u
la
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
…
(
P
a
l
a
n
is
a
my
R
)
685
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Selectiv
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
e
lim
in
atio
n
T
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
s
o
lv
ed
iter
ativ
ely
u
s
in
g
n
u
m
er
ical
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
New
to
n
-
R
ap
h
s
o
n
m
eth
o
d
o
r
th
e
g
r
a
d
ien
t
d
escen
t
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
witch
in
g
a
n
g
les
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
elec
tiv
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
elim
in
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
witch
in
g
an
g
les
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
en
ea
ch
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
in
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
s
witch
in
g
an
g
les,
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
d
ictate
th
e
tim
in
g
a
n
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
witch
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
with
s
elec
tiv
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
elim
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
a
p
p
lied
to
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
to
s
y
n
th
esize
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
.
B
y
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
witch
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
s
w
itch
in
g
an
g
les,
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
g
e
n
er
ates
an
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
t
h
at
clo
s
ely
m
atch
es
th
e
d
esire
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Du
r
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
is
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
elim
in
a
ted
o
r
m
in
im
ized
.
Ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
m
ay
b
e
m
ad
e
iter
ativ
el
y
to
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
t
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
q
u
ality
[
2
5
]
.
Selectiv
e
Har
m
o
n
ic
E
lim
in
a
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
al
ity
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
m
in
im
al
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
.
B
y
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
an
g
les
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
,
SHE
all
o
ws
f
o
r
th
e
tar
g
eted
elim
in
ati
o
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
6.
SPAC
E
V
E
C
T
O
R
P
UL
S
E
WI
D
T
H
M
O
DU
L
AT
I
O
N
SVP
W
M
is
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
u
s
ed
in
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
l
e
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
SVPW
M
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
,
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
g
r
id
-
tied
in
v
e
r
ter
s
.
SVPW
M
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
as
a
v
ec
to
r
in
a
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
p
ac
e
k
n
o
wn
a
s
th
e
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
d
iag
r
am
.
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
g
eo
m
etr
ic
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
g
en
er
ate
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
d
iag
r
am
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
ix
s
e
cto
r
s
,
ea
ch
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al,
t
h
e
s
ec
to
r
in
wh
ich
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ec
to
r
lies
is
id
en
tifie
d
.
W
ith
in
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
ec
to
r
,
two
ad
jace
n
t
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
.
T
h
ese
two
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
latin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
t
o
r
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
alo
n
g
th
e
s
elec
ted
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
two
ac
ti
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
.
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
d
ictate
th
e
tim
in
g
a
n
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
witch
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
.
B
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cles
o
f
th
e
PW
M
s
i
g
n
als,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
g
en
er
ates
a
s
er
ies
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
a
tr
ajec
to
r
y
in
th
e
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
d
iag
r
a
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
SVPW
M
.
T
h
is
tr
ajec
to
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ates
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
if
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ec
to
r
cr
o
s
s
es
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
b
etwe
en
t
wo
s
ec
to
r
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
is
ad
ju
s
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
itio
n
an
d
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
,
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
t
o
r
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ex
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates w
ith
in
its
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t l
im
its
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
a
p
p
lied
to
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
to
s
y
n
th
esize
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
B
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
SVP
W
M
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
g
e
n
er
ates
a
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
SVPW
M
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
5
:
680
-
6
8
8
686
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
lo
wer
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
.
I
ts
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
n
tr
o
l
b
o
th
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
ak
es
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
em
an
d
in
g
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
g
r
i
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
eir
d
iv
er
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ad
v
an
t
ag
es,
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
f
e
r
s
u
n
iq
u
e
b
en
ef
its
an
d
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
cr
u
cial
to
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
wh
en
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
ef
f
icien
cy
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
t
o
o
p
tim
i
ze
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
J.
S
.
L
a
i
a
n
d
F
.
Z.
P
e
n
g
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
-
a
n
e
w
b
r
e
e
d
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
ry
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
9
–
5
1
7
,
1
9
9
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
2
8
.
5
0
2
1
6
1
.
[
2]
J.
R
o
d
r
í
g
u
e
z
,
J
.
S
.
L
a
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
Z
.
P
e
n
g
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s:
a
su
r
v
e
y
o
f
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s,
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
2
4
–
7
3
8
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
0
2
.
8
0
1
0
5
2
.
[
3]
G
.
G
h
o
s
h
,
S
.
S
a
r
k
a
r
,
S
.
M
u
k
h
e
r
j
e
e
,
T
.
P
a
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
e
n
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s,”
i
n
2
0
1
7
1
s
t
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
N
a
n
o
-
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
I
E
ME
N
T
e
c
h
2
0
1
7
,
I
EE
E,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EM
EN
T
EC
H
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
0
7
6
9
7
1
.
[
4]
B
.
M
a
h
a
t
o
,
P
.
R
.
Th
a
k
u
r
a
,
a
n
d
K
.
C
.
Ja
n
a
,
“
H
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
U
n
i
t
y
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
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.
4
1
–
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
17]
J.
Ja
c
o
b
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
a
c
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
p
u
l
s
e
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
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u
l
a
t
i
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f
o
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n
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o
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n
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n
d
u
c
t
i
o
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mo
t
o
r
d
r
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v
e
,
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i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
I
E
EE
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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o
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l
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e
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I
n
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o
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t
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o
n
s
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n
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e
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t
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c
a
l
,
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e
c
t
ro
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c
s,
I
n
s
t
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m
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n
t
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o
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n
d
M
e
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a
T
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h
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y
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C
I
EEIMT
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EEE,
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e
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.
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.
d
o
i
:
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1
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/
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C
I
EEI
M
T.
2
0
1
7
.
8
1
1
6
8
1
8
.
[
18]
R
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
sam
y
a
n
d
K
.
V
i
j
a
y
a
k
u
mar
,
“
W
i
n
d
-
P
V
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
r
c
e
f
e
d
t
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l
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v
e
l
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P
C
w
i
t
h
q
u
a
s
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z
s
o
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r
c
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e
t
w
o
r
k
,
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I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
J
PED
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
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o
.
3
,
p
.
1
2
8
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1
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s
.
v
8
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
2
8
5
-
1
2
9
3
.
[
19]
N
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
a
n
d
V
.
K
.
G
a
r
g
,
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o
m
p
a
r
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so
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o
f
S
P
W
M
V
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I
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n
d
S
V
P
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M
V
S
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F
ED
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n
d
u
c
t
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o
n
m
a
c
h
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u
s
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n
g
v
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l
t
p
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h
e
r
t
z
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
c
h
e
me,
”
I
m
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
P
o
w
e
r D
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
I
n
n
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t
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v
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En
e
rg
y
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a
t
h
s
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
–
2
4
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
20]
R
.
S
u
b
b
u
l
a
k
s
h
m
y
a
n
d
R
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
sa
my
,
“
S
V
P
W
M
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
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n
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n
t
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l
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v
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d
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g
a
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n
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C
c
o
n
v
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f
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d
3
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l
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l
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P
C
I
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v
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t
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f
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r
R
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w
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b
l
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n
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g
y
A
p
p
l
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c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
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S
A
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
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s
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l
.
1
4
0
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p
p
.
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2
6
–
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3
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o
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1
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.
i
s
a
t
r
a
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
5
.
0
1
9
.
[
21]
B
.
P
.
M
c
G
r
a
t
h
a
n
d
D
.
G
.
H
o
l
mes
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
P
W
M
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
t
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l
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v
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l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
El
e
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t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
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o
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4
,
p
p
.
8
5
8
–
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6
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,
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u
g
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,
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o
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:
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0
.
1
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0
9
/
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E.
2
0
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2
.
8
0
1
0
7
3
.
[
22]
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
M
.
M
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
.
I
sl
a
m
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
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r
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p
h
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se
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n
v
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t
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s
w
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t
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d
i
f
f
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r
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n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
P
W
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
”
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n
2
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
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re
n
c
e
o
n
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e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
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e
c
t
r
o
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i
c
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g
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n
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e
r
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n
g
,
I
C
EE
E
2
0
1
7
,
I
EEE,
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e
c
.
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0
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7
,
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p
.
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–
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.
d
o
i
:
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0
.
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1
0
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EE
E.
2
0
1
7
.
8
4
1
2
8
6
4
.
[
23]
R
.
A
.
K
r
i
sh
n
a
a
n
d
L.
P
.
S
u
r
e
s
h
,
“
A
b
r
i
e
f
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
I
E
EE
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
,
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
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C
C
PC
T
2
0
1
6
,
I
EEE,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
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p
.
1
–
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/
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C
C
P
C
T
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
5
3
0
3
7
3
.
[
24]
R
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
sa
my
,
K
.
B
a
l
a
s
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
a
n
,
a
n
d
F
.
S
.
M
a
h
a
mm
a
d
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
3
D
-
S
V
M
a
n
d
4
D
-
S
V
M
f
o
r
f
i
v
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
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n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
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o
n
s
o
n
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e
c
t
r
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c
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l
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e
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y
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s
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l
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o
.
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e
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2
0
5
0
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7
0
3
8
.
1
3
1
3
8
.
[
25]
R
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
sam
y
,
K
.
V
i
j
a
y
a
k
u
mar,
a
n
d
D
.
S
e
l
v
a
b
h
a
r
a
t
h
i
,
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S
P
W
M
b
a
sed
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
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o
f
n
o
v
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l
5
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l
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l
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n
v
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w
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p
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o
t
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v
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l
t
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c
s
y
st
e
m,
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
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o
w
e
r
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e
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t
r
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n
i
c
s
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n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
PED
S
)
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v
o
l
.
8
,
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o
.
4
,
p
.
1
4
9
4
,
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o
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s
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v
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4
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p
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4
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.
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G
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H
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la
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y
R
Re
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.
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d
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re
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tri
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tr
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g
in
e
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ri
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g
fro
m
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n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
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d
ia,
i
n
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.
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ti
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ly
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tl
y
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r
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.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
A
n
n
a
Un
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v
e
rsity
.
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r
re
se
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a
re
a
in
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re
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
i
v
e
jp
2
0
1
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
5
:
680
-
6
8
8
688
Ma
n
ik
a
n
d
a
n
T.
R
h
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s
b
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c
o
m
e
a
lec
tu
re
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
sc
ien
c
e
Ib
ra
(UTAS)
i
n
Om
a
n
i
n
2
0
1
6
.
He
a
c
h
iev
e
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
g
re
e
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
,
a
n
d
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
M
a
d
r
a
s
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
1
9
9
8
,
An
n
a
m
a
lai
Un
iv
e
rsity
i
n
In
d
ia
in
2
0
0
1
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
fiel
d
s
in
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l
u
d
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re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
e
n
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rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
n
ik
a
n
d
a
n
.
t.
r@u
tas
.
e
d
u
.
o
m
.
K
.
Meka
l
a
De
v
i
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
s
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
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rin
g
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t
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.
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En
g
in
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rin
g
Co
l
leg
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,
Ch
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n
n
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S
h
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a
tt
a
in
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d
h
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r
M
.
E
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
S
t.
P
e
ter'
s
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
2
0
1
1
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
a
n
d
h
e
r
BE
d
e
g
re
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fr
o
m
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k
ra
m
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ll
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e
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f
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g
in
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ri
n
g
in
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0
0
5
,
M
a
d
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ra
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Wi
t
h
1
3
y
e
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rs
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tea
c
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x
p
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rien
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e
,
h
e
r
p
rima
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re
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s
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f
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p
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rti
se
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n
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p
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ss
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p
li
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d
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e
c
tro
n
ics
,
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a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
M
a
c
h
in
e
Lea
rn
in
g
.
I
a
m
p
a
rt
ti
m
e
sc
h
o
lar
in
S
RM
In
sti
tu
te
o
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sc
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c
e
a
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d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
t
k
a
tt
a
n
k
u
lath
u
r
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
e
k
a
lad
e
v
i@sa
e
c
.
a
c
.
in
.
Ra
shi
m
a
Ma
h
a
j
a
n
h
a
s m
o
re
th
a
n
1
7
y
e
a
rs o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
with
s
tro
n
g
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
re
c
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rd
in
tea
c
h
in
g
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re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
a
d
m
in
istratio
n
a
t
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s
o
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re
p
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te
a
n
d
d
e
d
ica
ted
re
se
a
rc
h
c
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n
ters
li
k
e
NBRC
(Na
ti
o
n
a
l
B
ra
in
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
tre)
M
a
n
e
sa
r.
S
h
e
is
wo
r
k
in
g
wi
th
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
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t
o
f
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m
p
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ter
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c
ie
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c
e
a
n
d
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g
in
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rin
g
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a
n
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v
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c
h
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In
ter
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ti
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se
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rc
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n
d
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t
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ies
,
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a
rid
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b
a
d
.
P
ri
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r
t
o
jo
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th
is
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sti
tu
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sh
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h
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wo
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with
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D
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o
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n
k
a
Un
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rsity
a
n
d
Ap
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jay
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ty
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Un
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v
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u
rg
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h
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h
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s
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d
m
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th
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n
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rc
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p
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tern
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ti
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l
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o
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ls
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re
n
c
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s.
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h
e
is
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
a
b
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o
k
wit
h
El
se
v
ier’
s:
Ti
tl
e
-
EE
G
Ba
s
e
d
Bra
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
In
terfa
c
e
s:
Co
g
n
it
i
v
e
An
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
9
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
8
p
a
ten
ts
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
t
o
h
e
r
c
re
d
it
.
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h
e
is
a
re
v
iew
e
r
o
f
in
tern
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ti
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n
a
l
j
o
u
rn
a
ls
o
f
re
p
u
te
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
e
n
g
in
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rin
g
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EE
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rn
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o
m
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a
lt
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f
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rm
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ti
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s,
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e
a
su
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m
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tern
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fo
rm
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ti
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h
n
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l
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gy
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
sh
ima
m
a
h
a
jan
2
4
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
e
lv
a
b
h
a
r
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t
h
i
D
re
c
e
iv
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d
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E
d
e
g
re
e
in
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
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g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
.
E
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
b
o
t
h
fr
o
m
An
n
a
U
n
iv
e
rsity
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n
d
re
c
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d
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h
.
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.
in
De
re
g
u
late
d
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r
sy
ste
m
s
fr
o
m
S
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i
v
e
rsity
,
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tt
a
n
k
u
lat
h
u
r
,
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il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
1
8
.
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
S
RM
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
Un
it
Co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t,
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n
o
m
ic
Disp
a
tch
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o
we
r
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y
ste
m
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ti
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iza
ti
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n
d
sm
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rt
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rid
,
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u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
sb
srm
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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lv
a
k
u
m
a
r
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re
c
e
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d
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d
e
g
re
e
in
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fro
m
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ll
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m
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i
En
g
g
c
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ll
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g
e
,
Affili
a
ted
to
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n
a
Un
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e
rsit
y
,
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il
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d
u
,
In
d
ia
in
th
e
2
0
0
7
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
.
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h
d
e
g
re
e
in
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o
we
r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dri
v
e
s
fro
m
S
R
M
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
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tt
a
n
k
u
lath
u
r,
Tam
il
n
a
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia
in
2
0
1
2
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
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n
E
EE
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
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R
M
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
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h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
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tt
a
n
k
u
lat
h
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r
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
t
e
re
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
d
v
a
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
h
e
a
lt
h
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
re
a
l
ti
m
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
d
iag
n
o
stics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
se
lv
a
k
se
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.