I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
,
p
p
.
69
~
77
I
SS
N:
2
502
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4
7
52
,
DOI
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1
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i
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cs
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ia
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co
m
O
ptimi
zing
carrie
r t
ra
nspo
rt
prope
rties in
t
he
int
r
ins
ic lay
er of
a
-
Si sing
le and do
uble j
u
nction so
la
r ce
lls
throug
h
numerica
l desig
n
So
ni P
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i
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Da
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rm
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RAC
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ticle
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to
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y:
R
ec
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ed
May
30
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
13
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
29
,
2
0
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4
Th
is
re
se
a
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a
ims
to
imp
ro
v
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th
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a
n
c
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f
a
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S
i:
H
so
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ll
s,
p
a
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c
u
larly
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n
term
s
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c
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tran
sp
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p
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p
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s,
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h
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m
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rica
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ti
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sim
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lati
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ftwa
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y
p
e
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rm
in
g
a
se
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o
f
rig
o
ro
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s
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sim
u
latio
n
s,
we
e
x
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lo
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t
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sity
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d
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th
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in
tri
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Re
c
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in
a
ti
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d
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n
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li
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b
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ly
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se
d
wh
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tri
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a
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n
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f
th
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so
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e
p
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n
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o
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th
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Do
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n
d
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a
d
fa
c
to
rs.
F
u
rth
e
rm
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re
,
th
e
sim
u
lati
o
n
s
p
ro
v
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d
e
in
si
g
h
tf
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ti
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a
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th
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s
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twe
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n
c
ti
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n
s
in
so
lar
c
e
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s
with
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ju
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ti
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s.
O
u
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re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
v
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d
e
a
n
imp
o
rta
n
t
c
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n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
t
o
e
ffo
rts
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
o
re
e
fficie
n
t
a
n
d
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
a
-
S
i:
H
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
n
u
m
e
rica
l
d
e
sig
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s in
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AFOR
S
-
HE
T
a
-
Si:
H
Do
S
Op
tim
izatio
n
So
lar
ce
lls
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
So
n
i Pr
ay
o
g
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Per
tam
in
a
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
J
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: so
n
i.p
r
ay
o
g
i@
u
n
iv
er
s
itas
p
er
tam
in
a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
lar
en
er
g
y
is
a
p
o
ten
tially
lim
itles
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
,
an
d
s
o
lar
ce
l
ls
ar
e
a
k
e
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
h
a
r
n
ess
in
g
it
in
to
elec
tr
icity
[
1
]
.
As
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
s
o
lar
ce
lls
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
g
l
o
b
al
p
r
io
r
ity
[
2
]
.
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
(
a
-
Si:
H)
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
3
]
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
th
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
in
f
ilm
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
4
]
,
wh
ich
en
a
b
les
m
o
r
e
f
lex
i
b
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
c
ells
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
in
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
es
[
6
]
.
I
ts
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
is
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
a
d
v
an
tag
es,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
in
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
7
]
,
f
le
x
ib
le
[
8
]
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
with
o
th
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
1
0
]
,
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
s
till
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
in
v
o
lv
es
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
a
n
d
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
m
ate
r
ial
[
1
2
]
.
A
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
i
s
h
o
w
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
69
-
77
70
h
o
les
(
ca
r
r
ier
s
)
m
o
v
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
ater
ial
[1
3]
,
wh
ich
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
r
ier
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
l
ls
[
1
5
]
.
Nu
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
all
o
ws
u
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
lat
io
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
in
s
ig
h
t
in
t
o
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
a
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
n
u
m
e
r
ical
d
esig
n
h
as
em
er
g
e
d
as
a
v
er
y
u
s
ef
u
l
to
o
l
in
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
lay
er
s
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
[
1
8
]
.
Nu
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
allo
ws
en
g
in
ee
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
to
e
x
am
in
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
esig
n
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
an
d
in
t
r
in
s
ic
lay
er
p
ar
am
et
er
s
with
o
u
t
h
a
v
in
g
to
cr
ea
te
a
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
av
es tim
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
allo
ws in
-
d
ep
th
e
x
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lar
ce
ll p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
ca
r
r
ie
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
th
e
in
t
r
in
s
ic
lay
er
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
a
-
Si:
H
lay
er
th
at
is
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
t
in
g
s
o
la
r
en
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
in
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
s
u
n
lig
h
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
a
ir
s
th
at
will
m
o
v
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
On
e
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
asp
ec
ts
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
is
ca
r
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les,
th
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
ate,
an
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les
in
th
e
la
y
er
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
cr
iti
ca
l
r
o
le
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
r
ier
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
a
-
Si
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
B
y
r
e
f
in
in
g
t
h
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
la
y
er
th
ick
n
ess
,
c
ar
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
th
er
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
,
we
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
i
n
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
lead
to
s
h
o
r
t
er
tr
an
s
it
tim
es
an
d
b
etter
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
o
t
h
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
-
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
an
d
n
u
m
e
r
ic
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
-
Si s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
a
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
AF
OR
S
-
HE
T
s
o
f
twar
e.
AFOR
S
-
HE
T
i
s
a
s
p
ec
ialized
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
m
o
d
el
th
in
f
ilm
-
b
ased
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
d
ev
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
l
ar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
clu
d
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
:
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
co
llectin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
i
n
itial
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
elev
a
n
t
a
-
Si:
H
m
ater
ial
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ass
,
an
d
d
e
n
s
i
ty
o
f
s
tate
(
Do
S)
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
t
o
in
clu
d
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ater
ial
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
l
ay
er
m
o
d
elin
g
,
we
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
l
a
y
e
r
m
o
d
e
ls
o
n
a
-
S
i
:
H
s
o
l
a
r
ce
l
ls
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
s
in
g
l
e
-
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
ll
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
l
a
y
e
r
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
,
m
o
b
i
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
le
v
a
n
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
t
h
a
t
a
f
f
e
ct
c
ar
r
i
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
ti
o
n
.
W
e
u
s
e
A
FO
R
S
-
H
E
T
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
l
a
y
e
r
s
o
f
a
-
S
i:
H
s
o
la
r
c
e
l
ls
.
AF
OR
S
-
H
E
T
a
ll
o
ws
u
s
t
o
i
n
p
u
t
p
r
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
d
es
i
g
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
l
e
s
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
y
e
r
.
P
a
r
a
m
et
e
r
v
a
r
i
a
ti
o
n
,
w
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
l
a
y
e
r
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
i
c
k
n
ess
,
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
,
h
o
l
e
m
o
b
i
l
it
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
i
s
a
l
lo
w
s
u
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
h
o
w
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
es
e
p
a
r
a
m
ete
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
l
a
r
ce
l
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
A
FO
R
S
-
H
E
T
h
as
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
o
n
s
o
l
ar
c
e
l
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
W
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
,
t
h
e
1
-
D
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
l
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
ar
e
s
o
l
v
e
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
es
s
h
o
c
k
l
e
y
-
r
e
a
d
-
h
a
l
l
(
SR
H
)
s
t
at
is
t
ic
s
.
A
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
ctr
o
n
-
h
o
l
e
p
a
i
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
i
n
g
l
a
y
e
r
i
s
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
B
e
e
r
-
L
a
m
b
e
r
t
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
A
F
OR
S
-
H
E
T
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
u
s
in
g
AFOR
S
-
HE
T
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
-
lay
er
is
a
p
-
ty
p
e
lay
er
t
h
at
ac
ts
as
a
ca
r
r
ier
f
o
r
h
o
les
in
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
is
lay
er
is
u
s
u
ally
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
p
-
d
o
p
e
d
a
-
Si:
H
m
ater
ial
.
T
h
e
i
-
lay
er
(
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
)
is
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
icity
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
lay
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
d
o
p
i
n
g
,
s
o
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
p
u
r
e
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
m
ater
ial,
an
d
th
e
n
-
lay
er
is
an
n
-
ty
p
e
la
y
er
th
at
ac
ts
as
an
elec
tr
o
n
c
ar
r
ier
in
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
-
i
-
n
an
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
la
r
ce
ll
lay
er
s
.
T
h
is
lay
er
is
u
s
u
ally
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
n
-
d
o
p
ed
a
-
Si:
H
m
ater
ial.
I
n
a
p
-
i
-
n
s
in
g
le
ju
n
ctio
n
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
lay
er
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
th
e
r
e
is
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ju
n
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
-
lay
er
an
d
t
h
e
n
-
lay
e
r
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
(
i)
is
in
b
etwe
en
th
e
t
wo
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
in
th
e
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
lay
er
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
th
er
e
a
r
e
tw
o
ju
n
ctio
n
s
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ju
n
ctio
n
(
i
1
)
is
lo
ca
ted
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
p
-
lay
e
r
an
d
th
e
i
1
lay
er
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ju
n
ctio
n
(
i
2
)
is
lo
ca
ted
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
i
1
lay
er
an
d
th
e
n
-
l
ay
er
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
e
n
er
g
ies
b
y
ea
c
h
ju
n
ctio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
atic
d
r
awin
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
v
is
u
al
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
n
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
c
ell
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
(
i
la
y
er
)
ac
ts
as
a
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ce
n
ter
.
T
h
ese
s
o
lar
ce
lls
wo
r
k
b
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
wh
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
ab
s
o
r
b
e
d
an
d
th
en
d
ir
ec
tin
g
t
h
ese
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
ca
r
r
ier t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t p
r
o
p
erti
es in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
la
ye
r
o
f a
-
S
i sin
g
le
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
le
…
(
S
o
n
i P
r
a
y
o
g
i
)
71
p
air
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
in
tr
in
s
ic
la
y
e
r
to
g
en
e
r
ate
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
u
al
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es in
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
ll tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
[
2
7
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
u
s
in
g
AFOR
S
-
HE
T
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
(
p
)
a
-
S
i
:
H
(i
1
)
a
-
S
i
:
H
(i
2
)
a
-
S
i
:
H
(
n
)
a
-
S
i
:
H
Th
i
c
k
n
e
ss (n
m
15
3
0
0
3
0
0
25
D
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
1
1
.
9
1
1
.
9
1
1
.
9
1
1
.
9
El
e
c
r
o
n
a
f
f
i
n
i
t
y
(
e
V
)
3
.
8
0
3
.
8
0
3
.
8
0
3
.
8
0
B
a
n
d
g
a
p
(
e
V
)
2
.
0
0
1
.
7
0
1
.
8
5
2
.
2
0
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
d
.
b
a
n
d
d
e
n
si
t
y
(
c
m
-
3
)
2
.
5
×
1
0
20
2
.
5
×
1
0
20
2
.
5
×
1
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20
2
.
5
×
1
0
20
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
v
a
l
.
b
a
n
d
d
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n
si
t
y
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c
m
-
3
)
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5
×
1
0
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2
.
5
×
1
0
20
2
.
5
×
1
0
20
2
.
5
×
1
0
20
A
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
N
a
(
c
m
-
3
)
3
.
0
×
1
0
18
0
0
0
D
o
n
o
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
N
d
(
c
m
-
3
)
0
0
0
1
.
0
×
1
0
19
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
c
m
2
V
-
1
s
-
1
)
10
20
20
10
H
o
l
e
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
c
m
2
V
-
1
s
-
1
)
1
2
2
1
Th
e
r
m
a
l
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
(
c
ms
-
1
)
1
.
0
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1
0
7
1
.
0
×
1
0
7
1
.
0
×
1
0
7
1
.
0
×
1
0
7
Th
e
r
m
a
l
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
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h
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e
(
c
ms
-
1
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×
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1
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1
0
7
1
.
0
×
1
0
7
1
.
0
×
1
0
7
D
e
f
e
c
t
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
a
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
)
b
a
n
d
e
d
g
e
(
c
m
−3
eV
−1
)
6
.
6
7
×
1
0
20
(
6
.
6
7
×
1
0
20
)
2
.
3
3
×
1
0
21
(
2
.
3
3
×
1
0
21
)
2
.
0
×
1
0
21
(
2
.
0
×
1
0
21
)
2
.
0
×
1
0
21
(
2
.
0
×
1
0
21
)
U
r
b
a
c
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
)
b
a
n
d
t
a
i
l
(
e
V
)
0
.
0
3
(
0
.
0
6
)
0
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0
3
(
0
.
0
6
)
0
.
0
3
(
0
.
0
6
)
0
.
0
3
(
0
.
0
6
)
C
a
p
t
u
r
e
c
r
o
ss
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
σ
e
(σ
h
)
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
b
a
n
d
t
a
i
l
(
c
m
2
)
1
.
0
×
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0
-
17
(
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.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
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.
0
×
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0
-
17
(
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.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
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.
0
×
1
0
-
17
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
17
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
C
a
p
t
u
r
e
c
r
o
ss
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
σ
e
(σ
h
)
f
o
r
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
b
a
n
d
t
a
i
l
(
c
m
2
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
17
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
17
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
17
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
17
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
G
a
u
ss
i
a
n
d
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
s
t
a
t
e
s
(
c
m
−3
)
8
.
0
×
1
0
17
8
.
0
×
1
0
15
8
.
0
×
1
0
15
8
.
0
×
1
0
17
G
a
u
ss
i
a
n
p
e
a
k
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
d
o
n
o
r
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
)
(
e
V
)
1
.
2
2
(
0
.
7
0
)
1
.
2
2
(
0
.
7
0
)
1
.
2
2
(
0
.
7
0
)
1
.
2
2
(
0
.
7
0
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
a
u
ss
i
a
n
f
o
r
d
o
n
o
r
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
)
(
e
V
)
0
.
2
3
(
0
.
2
3
)
0
.
2
3
(
0
.
2
3
)
0
.
2
3
(
0
.
2
3
)
0
.
2
3
(
0
.
2
3
)
C
a
p
t
u
r
e
c
r
o
ss
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
σe
(
σh
)
f
o
r
d
o
n
o
r
-
l
i
k
e
G
a
u
ss
i
a
n
s
t
a
t
e
s (
c
m
2
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
1
5
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
C
a
p
t
u
r
e
c
r
o
ss
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
σ
e
(σ
h
)
f
o
r
a
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
-
l
i
k
e
G
a
u
ss
i
a
n
s
t
a
t
e
s (
c
m
2
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
14
(
1
.
0
×
1
0
-
15
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
(
a
)
s
in
g
le
(
p
-
i
-
n
)
an
d
(
b
)
d
o
u
b
le
(
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
)
ju
n
ctio
n
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
e
r
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
J
-
V
(
cu
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
ltag
e)
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
.
T
h
e
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
d
ar
k
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
in
g
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
(
p
-
i
-
n
)
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
(
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
)
a
-
Si:
H
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
s
o
lar
ce
lls
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
Her
e
y
o
u
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
.
ea
ch
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
I
n
p
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
in
g
le
ju
n
ctio
n
s
,
th
e
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
r
ef
lects
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
c
ell.
Z
er
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
o
ten
tial
(
V
oc
)
r
ef
lects
th
e
o
p
e
n
v
o
ltag
e
in
d
ar
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
h
ile
s
h
o
r
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
sc
)
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
g
e
n
er
ated
i
n
d
ar
k
n
ess
wh
en
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
ze
r
o
.
Peak
p
o
wer
(
P
max
)
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
d
a
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
la
r
ce
ll
is
a
d
o
u
b
le
ju
n
ctio
n
wh
ich
h
as
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
,
n
am
ely
i
1
an
d
i
2
.
E
ac
h
ju
n
ctio
n
h
as
its
o
wn
J
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
69
-
77
72
p
o
ten
tial (
V
oc
)
in
th
e
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll h
as two
v
alu
es,
n
am
ely
V
oc1
an
d
V
oc2
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lect
th
e
o
p
en
p
o
ten
tial
at
ea
ch
ju
n
ctio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
s
h
o
r
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
alu
es
(
I
sc1
an
d
I
sc2
)
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ea
ch
ju
n
ctio
n
wh
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
ze
r
o
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
also
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
(
P
max
)
o
f
th
e
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
wh
ich
will
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
tio
n
,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
illu
m
in
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
n
also
b
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
n
er
g
ies
at
ea
ch
ju
n
ctio
n
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
J
-
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
in
d
ar
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
ty
p
es
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
ar
k
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
[
2
9
]
.
P
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
in
d
ar
k
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
ab
s
o
r
b
l
ig
h
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
en
er
g
ies,
b
u
t
th
is
also
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
m
o
r
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
J
-
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
(a
)
in
d
ar
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
(
b
)
in
illu
m
in
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
b
an
d
d
iag
r
am
an
d
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
lay
er
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
r
ib
b
o
n
d
iag
r
am
d
ep
icts
th
r
ee
m
a
in
lay
er
s
p
-
ty
p
e
lay
er
(
p
)
,
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
(
i)
,
an
d
th
e
n
-
ty
p
e
lay
er
(
n
)
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
.
I
n
th
e
b
an
d
d
ia
g
r
am
,
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
e
r
is
a
l
ay
er
with
a
n
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
wid
th
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
t
o
elec
tr
o
n
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
ac
ts
as
a
lay
er
wh
e
r
e
f
r
ee
ca
r
r
ier
s
(
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
les)
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ated
wh
e
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
p
-
i
-
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
er
e
is
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ju
n
ctio
n
,
n
a
m
ely
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
-
lay
e
r
an
d
n
-
lay
er
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
in
a
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
th
e
s
ch
em
at
ic
r
ib
b
o
n
d
iag
r
am
will
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ju
n
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
-
la
y
er
a
n
d
th
e
i
1
lay
er
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ju
n
cti
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
i
1
lay
er
an
d
l
ay
er
n
.
I
n
th
is
b
an
d
d
iag
r
am
,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
e
n
er
g
y
b
a
n
d
wid
th
b
etwe
en
lay
e
r
i
1
an
d
lay
e
r
i
2
r
ef
lects
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
at
th
e
r
esp
ec
t
iv
e
ju
n
ctio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
allo
ws
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
en
er
g
ies
at
ea
ch
ju
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
ese
s
ch
em
atic
b
an
d
d
iag
r
am
s
r
ef
lect
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
m
ax
im
ize
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t e
n
er
g
ies an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
,
th
e
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll in
a
way
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
in
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
in
a
-
Si
s
o
lar
ce
lls
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
n
u
an
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
r
ie
r
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
with
in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
f
in
e
-
tu
n
i
n
g
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
th
ic
k
n
ess
,
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
Do
S
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
im
p
ac
t
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Op
tim
izin
g
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
im
p
r
o
v
es
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
es,
wh
ile
en
h
an
ce
d
ca
r
r
ie
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
h
o
r
ten
s
tr
an
s
it
tim
es,
th
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
b
alan
cin
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
i
s
cr
u
cial,
as
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
th
ick
n
ess
ca
n
lead
to
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
,
wh
ile
o
v
er
ly
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
alwa
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s
tr
a
n
s
late
to
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
u
e
to
p
o
ten
t
i
al
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
wit
h
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
d
y
n
am
ics.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
v
a
r
y
in
g
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
Do
S
s
ettin
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
ath
way
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
ca
lib
r
atio
n
to
av
o
i
d
u
n
in
ten
d
e
d
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
i
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
ath
way
t
o
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
a
-
Si
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
Ou
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
b
etwe
en
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
-
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
c
ells
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
d
o
u
b
le
-
j
u
n
ctio
n
ce
lls
wh
en
o
p
tim
iz
ed
,
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
th
an
s
in
g
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
ce
lls
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
m
o
r
e
r
e
f
in
ed
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
ca
r
r
ier t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t p
r
o
p
erti
es in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
la
ye
r
o
f a
-
S
i sin
g
le
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
le
…
(
S
o
n
i P
r
a
y
o
g
i
)
73
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
u
r
wo
r
k
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
m
o
d
els
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
by
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
et
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
ad
d
r
ess
es
lim
itatio
n
s
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
r
ie
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
d
etailed
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
in
a
ch
iev
in
g
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
a
-
S
i:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
r
ef
lect
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
f
lo
w
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
s
id
e
t
h
em
.
I
n
p
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
is
u
s
u
ally
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
at
a
s
in
g
le
ju
n
ctio
n
lo
ca
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
-
lay
er
an
d
th
e
n
-
lay
e
r
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
p
lace
wh
er
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
h
elp
s
s
ep
ar
ate
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
wh
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
(
i)
.
T
h
is
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
p
lay
s
a
r
o
le
in
d
ir
ec
tin
g
th
e
p
air
to
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
elec
tr
o
d
e,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
[
3
4
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
in
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
,
as
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
ele
ctr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
th
is
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
at
ju
n
ctio
n
i
1
will
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
s
ep
ar
atin
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
i
1
lay
e
r
,
wh
ile
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
at
ju
n
ctio
n
i
2
will p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t sep
ar
ate
d
at
ju
n
ctio
n
i
1
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
en
er
g
ies
at
ea
ch
ju
n
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
d
o
u
b
le
ju
n
ctio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
a
n
ag
e
im
p
e
r
f
ec
t
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
r
ea
cti
o
n
s
th
at
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ju
n
ctio
n
,
th
u
s
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
ef
lects
h
o
w
th
e
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
way
th
e
ce
ll
o
p
tim
ize
s
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
d
ir
ec
ts
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
m
ax
im
izi
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
icity
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
iz
atio
n
p
-
i
-
n
an
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
d
b
u
f
f
e
r
(
n
m)
V
oc
(
mV
)
J
sc
(
mA
/
c
m
2
)
FF
Ef
f
(
%)
p
-
i
-
n
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
7
2
0
.
0
1
5
.
7
0
.
5
5
0
5
.
6
1
A
F
O
R
S
-
H
ET
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
8
4
6
.
6
1
4
.
3
4
0
.
4
6
3
5
.
6
2
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
7
9
0
.
0
1
7
.
2
0
0
.
6
2
0
8
.
8
6
A
F
O
R
S
-
H
ET
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
8
5
7
.
1
1
5
.
6
9
0
.
6
6
1
8
.
9
2
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
(
a
)
th
e
b
an
d
d
ia
g
r
am
p
-
i
-
n
a
n
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
-
i
-
n
a
n
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
le
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
es
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
H
o
l
e
t
r
a
p
p
e
d
d
e
n
s
it
y
p
-
i
-
n
a
n
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n,
an
d
to
tal
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
ate
p
-
i
-
n
an
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
.
T
h
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
tr
ap
p
ed
h
o
les
in
p
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
o
f
ten
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
r
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
e
twee
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lay
e
r
s
in
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
l
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
as
s
ee
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
.
T
h
is
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
b
an
d
en
er
g
y
,
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
,
an
d
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
b
et
wee
n
th
ese
lay
er
s
.
p
-
i
in
ter
f
ac
es,
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
-
lay
er
(
p
o
s
iti
v
e
)
an
d
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
(
i)
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
W
h
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
,
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
ai
r
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
p
r
esen
t
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
p
-
i
ju
n
cti
o
n
h
elp
s
s
e
p
ar
ate
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
ai
r
s
[
3
7
]
.
E
lectr
o
n
s
will
m
o
v
e
to
war
d
th
e
n
-
lay
e
r
,
wh
i
le
h
o
les,
wh
ich
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
g
e,
will
m
o
v
e
to
war
d
th
e
p
-
lay
er
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
h
o
les
r
ea
c
h
in
g
th
e
p
-
lay
er
m
ay
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
tr
ap
p
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
is
r
eg
io
n
,
m
ain
l
y
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
h
ig
h
er
h
o
le
in
th
e
p
-
lay
er
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
i
-
n
in
t
er
f
ac
e,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
b
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
two
.
Ho
les
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
69
-
77
74
th
at
r
ea
ch
th
is
in
ter
f
ac
e
m
a
y
h
av
e
q
u
ite
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
.
Ho
le
s
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
im
m
e
d
iately
ex
tr
ac
ted
to
lay
er
n
m
ay
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
tr
ap
p
in
g
alo
n
g
th
eir
jo
u
r
n
ey
to
war
d
lay
e
r
n
.
T
h
is
o
f
te
n
o
cc
u
r
s
n
ea
r
i
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
s
ep
ar
atin
g
elec
tr
o
n
-
h
o
le
p
air
s
[
3
8
]
.
Ho
le
tr
a
p
p
in
g
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
th
ese
lay
er
s
is
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
an
a
g
ed
wis
ely
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
o
o
m
an
y
tr
ap
p
e
d
h
o
les
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
to
elec
tr
icity
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
o
le
tr
ap
p
in
g
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
th
ese
lay
er
s
an
d
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
to
tal
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
at
e
in
a
-
Si:
H
p
-
i
-
n
an
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
wh
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
ex
tr
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
P
-
i
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
a
v
e
lo
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
in
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
u
n
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
in
t
o
elec
tr
icity
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
c
ells
as
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
s
ee
n
in
q
u
an
tu
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
en
er
g
y
d
u
e
t
o
h
i
g
h
er
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
elec
tr
icity
th
a
n
p
-
i
-
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
ca
n
ex
tr
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
wav
elen
g
th
s
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
th
em
m
o
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
is
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
,
s
u
ch
a
s
co
m
m
er
cial
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
lar
g
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es c
o
n
tain
in
g
(
a)
h
o
le
t
r
ap
p
ed
d
en
s
ity
p
-
i
-
n
an
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
,
an
d
(
b
)
to
tal
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
ate
p
-
i
-
n
a
n
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Qu
a
n
tu
m
ef
f
icien
cy
p
-
i
-
n
a
n
d
p
-
i
1
-
i
2
-
n
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
AFO
R
S
-
HE
T
s
h
o
w
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ca
r
r
ie
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
in
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
ju
n
ctio
n
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
e
r
th
ick
n
ess
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
p
lay
s
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
in
a
-
Si:
H
s
in
g
le
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
l
i
g
h
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
s
r
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
4
2
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
in
d
o
u
b
le
-
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
th
er
e
is
a
b
alan
ce
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
lay
er
th
ick
n
e
s
s
es a
t b
o
th
ju
n
ctio
n
s
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
ca
r
r
ier t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t p
r
o
p
erti
es in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
la
ye
r
o
f a
-
S
i sin
g
le
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
le
…
(
S
o
n
i P
r
a
y
o
g
i
)
75
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
el
ec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les
in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
lead
s
to
s
h
o
r
ter
tr
a
n
s
it
tim
es
an
d
lo
wer
r
ec
o
m
b
in
a
tio
n
r
ates,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
L
o
a
d
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
Do
S,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
Do
S
also
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
'
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
[
4
3
]
.
Ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
th
ese
p
ar
am
et
er
s
allo
ws
u
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
it
tim
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
b
lu
n
ter
D
o
S
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
in
im
izes
n
o
n
-
r
ad
i
ca
l
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
illu
s
tr
ate
th
at
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
la
tio
n
u
s
in
g
AFOR
S
-
HE
T
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ie
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
is
a
k
e
y
s
tep
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Sev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t
in
clu
d
e
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
.
Settin
g
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
lay
er
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
b
tain
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Usi
n
g
an
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
th
at
is
to
o
th
i
n
r
e
d
u
ce
s
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
wh
ile
a
lay
er
th
at
is
to
o
th
ic
k
in
cr
ea
s
es th
e
r
is
k
o
f
h
ig
h
er
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
is
a
v
er
y
v
alu
ab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
r
i
g
h
t th
ick
n
ess
.
E
lectr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
lectr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
is
k
ey
.
Hig
h
e
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
allo
ws
o
p
er
ato
r
s
to
m
o
v
e
f
aster
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
,
wh
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
an
s
it
tim
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
L
o
ad
f
a
cto
r
an
d
Do
S,
v
a
r
iatio
n
o
f
lo
a
d
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
Do
S
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
ato
r
'
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
4
4
]
.
B
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
ese
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
,
we
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
a
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
D
o
u
b
le
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
o
f
f
er
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
u
t
p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
s
y
n
er
g
y
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ici
en
t
s
in
g
l
e
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
ju
n
ctio
n
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
,
we
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
c
ar
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
,
wh
ich
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
u
r
g
e
n
t
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
,
th
is
ef
f
o
r
t
h
as
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
v
alid
ate
th
at
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
AFO
R
S
-
HE
T
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
i
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
in
a
-
Si:
H
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
,
we
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
in
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
to
elec
tr
i
city
.
I
n
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
ey
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
th
at
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
lay
er
o
f
a
-
Si
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
ju
n
cti
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ca
n
lead
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
.
Ou
r
n
u
m
er
ical
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
f
il
es
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
lay
er
t
h
ick
n
es
s
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
h
as
s
h
o
wn
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
d
o
u
b
le
ju
n
ctio
n
ce
lls
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ad
d
r
ess
es
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
esig
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
m
u
ltip
le
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
tar
g
eted
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
ates
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
cin
g
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ield
,
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ef
f
icien
cy
g
ain
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
etailed
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
el
in
g
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
ath
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
licati
o
n
s
ex
ten
d
to
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
an
d
co
st
-
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
els
an
d
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
ater
ial
q
u
ality
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
.
B
y
ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
th
ese
ar
ea
s
,
we
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
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