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1
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ian
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e
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d
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o
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ly
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g
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fa
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f
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d
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b
a
n
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s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Activ
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
Gr
id
-
tied
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
L
o
w
v
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ltag
e
r
id
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
Mu
lti
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lay
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eu
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n
etwo
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k
R
ea
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T
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n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Me
h
tab
Fatim
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
J
am
ia
Millia
I
s
lam
ia
New
Delh
i,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: m
eh
tab
f
atim
a@
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m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
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g
y
s
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ce
s
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ep
lo
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m
en
t
o
f
r
en
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y
s
y
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tem
s
h
av
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
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g
r
id
s
.
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o
n
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ewa
b
l
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ce
s
,
g
r
id
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tied
s
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lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
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ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
e
m
er
g
ed
as
a
p
iv
o
tal
p
lay
e
r
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
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s
an
d
a
d
v
an
cin
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
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id
-
tied
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
clea
n
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
ea
n
s
o
f
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
an
d
in
jectin
g
it
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
to
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
eir
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
o
wer
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
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e
co
m
es
with
its
o
wn
s
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o
f
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
it c
o
m
es to
m
ain
tain
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g
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y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
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f
au
lt c
o
n
d
itio
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s
.
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id
f
au
lt
s
ce
n
ar
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s
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g
v
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ag
s
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v
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s
h
o
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t
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its
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ar
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in
ev
it
ab
le
in
an
y
p
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d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Su
ch
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
ca
n
d
is
r
u
p
t
th
e
s
m
o
o
t
h
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
g
r
id
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tied
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
eir
p
er
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m
an
ce
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tially
jeo
p
ar
d
izin
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g
r
id
s
tab
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.
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id
-
t
ied
PV
s
y
s
t
em
s
ar
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r
eq
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ir
ed
to
ad
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d
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s
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g
r
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co
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t
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s
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th
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s
tab
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o
f
th
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s
y
s
tem
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
its
r
esil
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en
ce
in
th
e
ev
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t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
4
2
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
ey
g
r
id
c
o
d
es
is
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
d
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
L
VR
T
)
.
T
h
e
L
VR
T
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
v
o
lv
es
s
tay
in
g
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
d
esp
ite
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eg
u
lated
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
t
o
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
to
b
o
ls
ter
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Prio
r
to
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
L
V
R
T
g
r
id
co
d
e,
if
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
e
x
ce
ed
ed
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
alu
e,
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
h
alt
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ati
o
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ce
s
s
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
co
u
ld
in
itiate
a
cu
m
u
lativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
u
ltima
tely
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
y
s
tem
co
llap
s
e.
So
,
ev
er
y
co
u
n
tr
y
h
as
L
VR
T
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
its
g
r
id
co
d
e
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
to
r
em
ain
co
n
n
ec
te
d
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
in
ca
s
e
o
f
f
a
u
lt.
I
n
d
ia
also
h
as
its
o
wn
L
VR
T
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
in
its
g
r
id
co
d
e
.
T
h
er
e
h
as b
ee
n
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
L
VR
T
f
o
r
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV sy
s
tem
.
Af
s
h
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
m
itig
ati
n
g
d
o
u
b
le
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
d
c
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
two
s
tag
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
er
ter
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
f
au
lts
.
W
ith
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
g
en
e
r
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
in
jecte
d
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
cu
r
r
en
t
lim
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
at
r
estricts
in
jecte
d
cu
r
r
en
t
to
r
a
ted
v
alu
e.
Pap
er
b
y
Af
s
h
a
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
L
VR
T
s
tr
ateg
y
u
s
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
g
e
n
er
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
wh
ich
ca
n
elim
in
ate
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
d
c
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
.
Al
-
Sh
etwi
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
b
r
ak
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lim
iter
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ab
s
o
r
b
ex
c
ess
iv
e
d
c
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
lim
its
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
a
c
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
ely
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
id
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
au
l
t
s
af
ely
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
e
o
f
f
a
u
lts
.
A
p
ap
er
b
y
L
in
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
u
s
es
in
telli
g
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
o
n
T
SKPF
NN
-
AM
F
wh
ich
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
a
v
alu
e
th
at
co
m
p
lies
with
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
L
VR
T
u
n
d
er
g
r
id
f
a
u
lts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ab
le
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
d
c
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
id
f
au
l
ts
.
I
n
wo
r
k
[
8
]
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
id
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
au
lt
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
g
r
id
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
at
th
e
PC
C
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
c
h
an
g
es
as
p
er
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
lev
el.
I
s
m
ail
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
is
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
au
t
o
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
to
r
eg
u
late
P
an
d
Q
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
n
etwo
r
k
im
p
ed
an
ce
.
Gr
id
o
p
er
atio
n
is
t
h
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
g
en
er
atin
g
P a
n
d
Q
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
s
.
So
n
awa
n
e
an
d
Um
ar
ik
a
r
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
v
e
r
ter
b
ase
d
PV
STAT
C
O
M.
I
n
p
ar
tial
STAT
C
O
M
m
o
d
e,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ab
le
to
u
s
e
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
wh
ile
in
f
u
ll
STAT
C
OM
m
o
d
e
it
f
u
lly
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Als
o
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
b
le
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
PC
C
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
L
VR
T
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
Z
ah
lo
u
l
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
with
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
MW.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
n
e
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
(
MPP
)
an
d
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
(
VSC
)
to
m
ai
n
tain
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
at
PC
C
.
W
ith
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
s
tem
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
is
ab
le
to
r
eg
ai
n
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
wh
en
th
e
f
au
lt is
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
ed
.
C
h
o
wd
h
u
r
y
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
L
VR
T
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
lies
ad
eq
u
ate
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
ax
i
s
cu
r
r
en
t
(I
q
)
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
as
p
e
r
g
r
id
co
d
e.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lts
is
p
r
ev
en
ted
b
y
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ax
is
cu
r
r
en
t(
I
d
).
T
h
e
in
v
er
te
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
r
estrice
d
to
1
.
5
%
with
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
a
u
lts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
f
o
cu
s
s
es
o
n
L
VR
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
au
lts
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
r
em
ai
n
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
g
r
id
b
u
t
d
id
n
’
t
a
d
o
p
t
an
y
in
tellig
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
alo
n
g
with
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
.
I
n
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
o
u
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
wo
r
k
with
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
ased
MPPT
an
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
g
r
i
d
d
u
r
in
g
b
alan
ce
d
f
au
lts
as
p
er
th
e
L
VR
T
I
n
d
ian
g
r
id
co
d
e
[
13]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
ab
l
e
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
D
C
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
as
well
as
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
l
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
ab
le
to
d
eliv
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
s
o
a
s
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
a
1
0
0
k
W
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
wh
ich
h
as
d
o
u
b
le
s
tag
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
o
we
r
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
PV
p
an
els
an
d
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
in
v
er
ter
is
th
e
r
e
wh
ic
h
c
o
n
v
er
ts
DC
to
AC
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
f
e
d
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Un
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
e
n
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
is
u
n
ity
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
f
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
to
g
r
id
.
Fo
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
a
s
ed
MPPT
is
u
s
ed
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
B
u
t
,
u
n
d
er
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
in
ce
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
n
o
t
ab
le
to
f
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
t
h
e
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
will
r
is
e
th
at
m
ay
d
a
m
ag
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
th
u
s
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
av
o
i
d
th
is
MPPT
is
to
b
e
d
is
ab
led
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
t
y
p
ically
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
n
o
m
in
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
f
ten
f
all
s
h
o
r
t
wh
e
n
th
e
g
r
id
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
cc
u
r
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
a
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
ex
is
ts
f
o
r
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ca
n
ad
ap
t
d
y
n
a
m
ically
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
g
r
id
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
g
r
id
-
tied
PV sy
s
tem
s
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt
ev
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
ctive
a
n
d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l u
s
in
g
mu
lti
-
la
y
er n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
… (
Meh
ta
b
F
a
tima
)
3
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
a
p
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
cr
itical
n
ee
d
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
c
in
g
an
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
g
r
id
-
tied
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lies
in
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
(
ML
NN)
b
ased
MPPT
with
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
ex
h
i
b
it
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
le
ar
n
an
d
ad
a
p
t
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
t
h
u
s
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
g
r
id
f
a
u
lts
o
n
PV sy
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
ar
e
two
-
f
o
l
d
.
First,
we
s
ee
k
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
t
a
ML
NN
-
MPPT
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
in
tellig
en
tly
m
an
ag
es
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
g
r
id
-
tied
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
we
aim
to
ass
ess
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
f
au
lt
s
ce
n
a
r
io
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ap
id
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
o
v
id
es o
v
er
v
i
ew
o
f
L
VR
T
as d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
I
n
d
ian
g
r
id
co
d
e
an
d
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
Sec
tio
n
3
o
f
f
er
s
d
etailed
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Sectio
n
5
d
etails
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
it.
Sectio
n
6
g
iv
es
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Sectio
n
7
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
t
h
e
d
etailed
r
esu
lts
o
f
an
aly
s
is
.
I
t
d
elv
es
in
to
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
ap
er
co
n
cl
u
d
es
b
y
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
th
e
k
e
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
p
o
in
tin
g
to
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
n
a
wo
r
ld
co
m
m
itted
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
r
e
s
ilien
t
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
tr
iv
es
to
m
ak
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
b
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
tied
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
f
au
lt c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2.
L
O
W
VO
L
T
AG
E
R
I
D
E
T
H
RO
UG
H
(
L
VRT)
I
N
I
NDIA
N
G
RID CO
DE
As
p
er
th
e
I
n
d
ian
g
r
id
co
d
e
[
1
3
]
th
e
PV
Sy
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
r
e
m
ain
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
wh
e
n
ev
er
th
e
r
e
is
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
s
u
p
p
ly
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
till
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
o
v
er
s
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
3
0
0
m
s
wh
ich
ev
er
is
lo
wer
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
L
VR
T
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
in
I
n
d
ia
n
c
o
d
e.
As
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
v
er
ter
m
u
s
t
r
em
ain
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
g
r
id
ab
o
v
e
r
ed
lin
e
ar
ea
wh
ile
b
el
o
w
th
e
r
ed
lin
e
ar
ea
it
s
h
o
u
ld
s
to
p
an
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
its
elf
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
VR
T
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t i
n
I
n
d
ia
n
g
r
i
d
co
d
e
[
3
]
Du
r
in
g
L
VR
T
o
p
er
atio
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
s
u
p
p
ly
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
i
n
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
i
n
jectio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
lev
el
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
n
d
ian
g
r
id
co
d
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Du
r
in
g
f
a
u
lt
th
e
in
jectio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t is g
o
v
er
n
e
d
b
y
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
−
I
n
ject
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
u
r
in
g
L
VR
T
I
n
d
ian
g
r
i
d
co
d
e
[
9
]
:
=
{
0
(
)
0
.
85
.
≤
≤
1
.
1
.
×
(
1
−
)
×
0
.
50
.
≤
<
0
.
85
.
<
0
.
50
}
(
1
)
−
R
ef
er
en
ce
ac
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
u
r
in
g
L
VR
T
[
9
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
4
4
=
{
0
.
85
≤
≤
1
.
1
.
√
(
2
−
2
0
.
85
≤
≤
1
.
1
0
<
0
.
50
}
(
2
)
I
n
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
K
is
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t f
ac
to
r
a
n
d
it is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
K
=
≥
2
(
3
)
K
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
o
r
eq
u
al
to
2
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
o
l
tag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
d
er
g
r
i
d
f
ailu
r
e
s
an
d
V
g
=g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
in
p
.
u
,
I
n
=
r
ated
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t o
r
r
ated
i
n
v
er
ter
c
u
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
s
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
[
3
]
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
T
H
E
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
t
ag
es.
First
s
tag
e
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
b
asically
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
p
o
wer
co
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
i.e
.
,
it
e
n
s
u
r
es
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
is
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
an
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
d
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
co
m
p
r
is
es o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
VS
C
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t is co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
VS
C
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
VSC
o
u
tp
u
t
is
t
h
en
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
g
r
id
at
PC
C
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
L
C
L
Fil
ter
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fo
r
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
m
ax
im
u
m
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV,
we
h
av
e
u
s
ed
ANN
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t h
as
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
s
o
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
am
e
L
C
L
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
[
1
5
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
m
p
lete
d
esig
n
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
T
ab
le
s
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
l
ete
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
b
y
(
4
)
a
n
d
(
5
)
[
1
1
]
:
=
(
−
)
∆
×
×
(
4
)
a
nd,
=
(
−
)
∆
×
×
(
5
)
T
ab
le
1
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
I
n
p
u
t
V
in
2
5
0
-
3
5
0
V
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
o
6
0
0
V
R
a
t
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
(
P
MPP
)
1
0
0
k
W
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
B
5
k
H
z
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
R
i
p
p
l
e
(
∆V
)
1%
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
R
i
p
p
l
e
(
∆I
)
5%
B
o
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
L
b
1
.
2
5
mH
B
o
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
C
b
4
0
0
0
ⴎ
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
ctive
a
n
d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l u
s
in
g
mu
lti
-
la
y
er n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
… (
Meh
ta
b
F
a
tima
)
5
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
v
er
ter
d
ata
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
G
r
i
d
n
o
mi
n
a
l
R
M
S
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
i
n
e
t
o
l
i
n
e
(
V
gL
-
L
)
4
1
5
V
G
r
i
d
N
o
mi
n
a
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
5
0
H
z
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
S
i
d
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
LC
L
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
L
1
)
5
0
0
ⴎ
H
G
r
i
d
S
i
d
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
LC
L
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
L
2
)
5
0
0
ⴎ
H
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
LC
L
F
i
l
t
e
r
(
C
)
1
0
0
ⴎ
F
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
f
SW
)
1
0
k
H
z
D
C
Li
n
k
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
dc
3
2
2
7
ⴎ
F
D
C
Li
n
k
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
dc
6
0
0
V
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV sy
s
tem
(
GC
PS
)
4.
CO
NT
RO
L
AP
P
RO
A
CH
Un
d
er
l
ow
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lts
th
er
e
is
m
i
s
m
atch
b
etwe
en
g
en
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
an
d
d
eliv
er
ed
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
g
en
er
at
ed
p
o
wer
an
d
d
eliv
er
ed
p
o
we
r
will
ca
u
s
e
r
is
e
in
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ich
m
ay
d
am
ag
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
L
VR
T
co
n
d
iti
o
n
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
MPPT
o
p
er
atio
n
is
d
is
ab
led
an
d
s
y
s
tem
will
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
-
MPPT
m
o
d
e
s
o
as
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
will
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
M
PP
T
m
o
d
e
an
d
th
u
s
d
eliv
er
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
b
u
t
wh
en
th
e
r
e
is
d
r
o
p
in
v
o
ltag
e
at
PC
C
d
u
e
to
f
au
lt
t
h
en
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
l
d
s
witch
to
non
-
MPPT
m
o
d
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
er
ter
till
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
PC
C
r
ec
o
v
er
s
.
On
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
o
v
er
s
an
d
f
au
lt
is
clea
r
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
witc
h
ed
b
ac
k
to
MPPT
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
4
6
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
MPPT
to
n
o
n
-
MPPT
m
o
d
e
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el.
T
h
u
s
,
if
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
V
g
<0
.
8
5
th
en
f
au
lty
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ac
tiv
a
ted
an
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
ag
in
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
witch
in
g
to
n
o
n
-
MPPT
m
o
d
e
an
d
d
eliv
er
in
g
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
as
p
r
escr
ib
e
d
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
co
d
e
.
T
h
is
f
a
u
lty
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
is
d
ea
ctiv
a
ted
o
n
ce
th
e
f
a
u
lt
is
clea
r
ed
an
d
s
y
s
tem
is
s
witch
ed
b
ac
k
t
o
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
5.
ANN
B
A
SE
D
M
P
P
T
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
ANNs
to
ac
cu
r
ately
tr
ac
k
th
e
MPP
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
A
NN
-
b
ased
MPPT
is
ass
es
s
ed
v
ia
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
i
es
[
2
4
]
an
d
co
n
tr
asted
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
p
er
t
u
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
an
d
in
cr
e
m
en
t
al
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
n
c
C
o
n
d
)
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
ef
f
icac
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
to
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
A
NNs)
h
av
e
g
ar
n
e
r
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
ter
est
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
tr
icate
p
atter
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ec
is
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
[
2
6
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
MPPT,
ANNs
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
h
a
r
n
ess
in
g
th
eir
a
d
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
wess
to
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
ANN
co
m
p
r
is
es
an
in
p
u
t
lay
er
,
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
h
id
d
e
n
lay
er
s
,
a
n
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
r
ec
eiv
es
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
e
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
5
.
1
.
T
ra
ini
ng
o
f
t
he
ANN
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
s
o
lar
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
o
r
wh
ich
1
0
0
0
d
ata
o
n
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
g
e
n
er
ated
f
o
r
o
n
e
s
et
o
f
s
am
p
les.
Ou
t
p
u
t
is
MPP
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
f
u
r
th
er
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
d
u
ty
r
a
tio
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
u
s
,
to
tr
ain
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
1
0
0
0
d
ata
is
tak
en
i.e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
is
f
r
o
m
(
1
5
°C
to
3
5
°C
)
an
d
f
o
r
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
r
an
g
e
is
f
r
o
m
(
0
W
/m
2
to
1
,
0
0
0
W
/m
2
).
T
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
is
tan
s
ig
an
d
p
u
r
elin
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
ed
ANN
lear
n
s
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
en
ab
lin
g
it
to
a
d
ap
t
to
v
ar
y
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
tr
ac
k
t
h
e
MPP
ac
cu
r
ately
.
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
ctive
a
n
d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l u
s
in
g
mu
lti
-
la
y
er n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
… (
Meh
ta
b
F
a
tima
)
7
d
if
f
er
en
t
lay
er
s
f
o
r
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
MPPT.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
af
ter
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
Vm
p
p
(
Vp
v
*
)
v
alu
e
at
v
ar
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lev
els.
T
h
is
Vp
v
*
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
Vp
v
,
g
en
er
atin
g
an
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
t
h
a
t
is
f
ed
to
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
th
en
s
u
p
p
lied
to
t
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
u
ty
cy
c
le.
Op
tim
al
tu
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
i
n
g
in
MA
T
L
A
B
.
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ev
e
r
al
tr
ain
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ea
ch
with
its
ad
v
an
tag
es
a
n
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
L
ev
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
is
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
its
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
On
ce
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
a
n
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
s
elec
ted
,
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
.
Du
r
in
g
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
iter
ativ
ely
ad
ju
s
ts
its
weig
h
ts
an
d
b
iases
to
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
its
p
r
ed
icted
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
o
u
tp
u
t
in
th
e
t
r
ain
in
g
d
ataset.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
test
ed
u
s
in
g
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
.
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
lo
ck
g
en
e
r
ated
af
ter
tr
ain
in
g
is
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
lo
c
k
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
with
its
h
id
d
en
lay
er
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
tr
ain
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
d
ata
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
all
s
am
p
les
ar
e
alig
n
ed
i
n
s
am
e
lin
e
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
eir
v
alid
ity
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ad
m
is
s
ib
le
MSE
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
wh
ich
is
4
.
3
4
5
1
e
-
1
1
o
b
tain
ed
at
e
p
o
ch
1
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
tr
ain
e
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
ased
MPPT
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
cu
r
v
es
o
f
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
,
MPPT
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
an
d
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
c)
wh
er
e
it
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
is
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ly
an
d
is
ab
le
t
o
tr
ac
k
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
e
r
all
v
ar
y
in
g
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
1
0
0
k
W
at
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
r
ad
iatio
n
s
.
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
th
e
MPP
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
en
with
n
o
is
e
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
ANN
Stru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
MPPT
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
in
g
in
MA
T
L
AB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
4
8
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
lo
c
k
an
d
h
id
d
e
n
lay
er
s
(
a)
tr
ain
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
lo
ck
a
n
d
(
b
)
h
id
d
en
la
y
er
s
in
s
id
e
b
lo
ck
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
t
r
ain
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
a)
tar
g
ets co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
(
b
)
b
est v
alid
a
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
ctive
a
n
d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l u
s
in
g
mu
lti
-
la
y
er n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
… (
Meh
ta
b
F
a
tima
)
9
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
as
ed
MPPT
r
esu
lts
: (
a)
PV o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
(
W
)
,
(
b
)
MPPT
-
PV o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
(
W
)
,
an
d
(
c)
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
W
/m
2
)
o
n
PV p
an
el
6.
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
D
E
SIG
N
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
L
o
g
ic
Diag
r
am
is
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Dep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
witch
e
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
to
th
e
o
th
er
th
at
is
f
r
o
m
MPPT
to
n
o
n
-
M
PP
T
m
o
d
e.
Fo
r
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
K
p
an
d
K
i
is
as
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
3
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
MPPT
m
o
d
e
o
n
ly
th
e
ac
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
f
ed
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
b
y
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
wh
ile
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
its
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t
i.e
I
d
=I
n
.
I
n
n
o
n
-
MPPT
m
o
d
e
th
e
ac
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
as
p
er
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
r
o
p
in
g
r
id
v
o
lt
ag
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
an
d
is
b
elo
w
0
.
8
5
b
u
t
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
b
o
t
h
ac
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
f
e
d
f
r
o
m
in
v
er
ter
as
p
er
t
h
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
d
ef
in
e
d
i
n
L
VR
T
co
d
e.
An
d
if
th
e
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
is
b
el
o
w
0
.
5
p
.
u
th
en
o
n
ly
t
h
e
r
ea
ct
iv
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
will
b
e
f
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
i.e
I
q
=I
n
wh
er
e
I
n
is
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
with
K
p
an
d
K
i
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
co
n
tr
o
l a
r
e
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
.
v
d
∗
=
v
d
+
R
i
d
+
L
d
i
d
dt
−
ω
L
i
q
(
6
)
v
q
∗
=
v
q
+
R
i
q
+
L
d
i
q
dt
−
ω
L
i
d
(
7
)
T
ab
le
3
.
Vo
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
O
u
t
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
K
p
K
i
0
.
2
5
3
0
0
T
ab
le
4
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
I
n
n
e
r
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
K
p
K
i
10
20
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
4
10
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
7.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
wit
h
co
n
tr
o
ller
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
two
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
PC
C
.
First
m
o
d
e
is
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
wh
ich
is
also
MPPT
m
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
is
f
au
lty
m
o
d
e
in
wh
ich
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wil
l
b
e
in
n
o
n
-
MPPT
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
two
m
o
d
es
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
with
th
eir
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
etails in
th
e
b
elo
w
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
7
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
:
M
P
P
T
m
o
de
T
h
is
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
i.e
wh
e
n
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
8
5
p
.
u
i.e
V
g
>0
.
8
5
p
.
u
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
is
g
e
n
er
atin
g
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
as
p
er
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
r
ad
iatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
PV p
o
wer
in
v
ar
y
in
g
I
r
r
ad
iatio
n
s
.
Fo
r
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
p
o
wer
is
1
0
0
k
W
i.e
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
4
s
ec
.
T
h
e
n
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
to
0
.
8
s
ec
as
th
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
s
f
alls
t
o
6
0
0
W
/m
2
p
o
we
r
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
PV
p
an
el
is
6
0
k
W
an
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
s
ec
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
3
0
k
W
f
o
r
3
0
0
W
/m
2
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
3
an
d
1
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
la
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