I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
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lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
1
96
~
207
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
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.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
1
96
-
207
196
Jou
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V
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:
R
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c
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Apr
28,
2024
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vis
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p
3,
2024
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c
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s
ca
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K
e
y
w
o
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d
s
:
B
iom
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dica
l
a
mpl
if
ier
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
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tr
a
ns
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onduc
tanc
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M
onte
C
a
r
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lec
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diogr
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m
a
mpl
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Nois
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a
nd
powe
r
a
na
lys
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Ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ka
ka
r
la
Ha
r
i
Kis
hor
e
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
onics
a
nd
C
omm
unica
ti
on
E
n
ginee
r
ing
,
Kone
r
u
L
a
ks
hmaia
h
E
duc
a
ti
on
F
ounda
t
ion
Va
dde
s
wa
r
a
m
,
Guntur
,
Andh
r
a
P
r
a
de
s
h,
I
ndia
E
mail:
ka
ka
r
la
.
ha
r
iki
s
hor
e
@kluni
ve
r
s
it
y.
in
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
he
de
s
ign
a
nd
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
d
biom
e
dica
l
a
mpl
if
ier
s
pos
e
s
igni
f
ica
nt
e
nginee
r
ing
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
pa
r
t
icula
r
ly
in
ter
ms
o
f
a
c
hieving
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
high
nois
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
I
t
mus
t
f
unc
ti
on
c
ons
is
tently
withi
n
the
human
body
f
or
e
xtende
d
pe
r
iods
of
ti
me
in
or
de
r
to
be
us
e
d
f
or
c
onti
nuous
pa
ti
e
nt
moni
tor
ing.
E
lec
tr
oc
a
r
diogr
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m
(
E
C
G)
moni
tor
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is
a
c
r
uc
ial
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
domain
f
or
thes
e
de
vice
s
,
a
s
pr
e
c
is
e
diagnos
is
a
nd
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
de
pe
n
d
on
the
high
-
f
idelit
y
a
c
quis
it
ion
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
of
c
a
r
diac
s
ignals
.
L
ong
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
li
f
e
ti
mes
a
nd
mi
ni
mal
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
r
e
r
e
quir
e
ments
f
or
im
planta
ble
de
vice
s
,
whic
h
a
ls
o
c
a
ll
f
or
s
upe
r
ior
s
ignal
int
e
g
r
it
y.
How
e
ve
r
,
c
r
e
a
ti
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s
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c
ir
c
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s
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quir
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ba
l
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nc
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dif
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tr
a
de
-
of
f
be
twe
e
n
no
is
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
a
nd
po
we
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
nois
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
c
a
n
r
e
s
ult
in
h
igher
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
c
ir
c
ui
t
c
o
mpl
e
xit
y,
whi
le
t
r
a
dit
ional
low
-
powe
r
s
tr
a
tegie
s
f
r
e
que
ntl
y
s
a
c
r
if
ice
nois
e
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
wor
k
f
oc
us
e
s
on
the
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
t
r
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
(
OT
A)
,
a
thr
e
e
-
input
ter
mi
na
l
de
vice
with
high
o
utput
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
,
in
c
ontr
a
s
t
to
the
op
-
a
mp,
whic
h
ha
s
two
input
ter
mi
na
ls
a
nd
low
output
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
.
T
he
OT
A
ope
r
a
tes
a
s
a
volt
a
ge
-
c
ontr
oll
e
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
,
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
s
it
s
output
[
1]
–
[
3]
.
C
omp
a
r
e
d
to
op
-
a
mps
,
OT
As
e
xhibi
t
s
upe
r
ior
high
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
HSP
I
C
E
s
imulat
ion
and
analys
is
of
c
ur
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e
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r
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us
e
d
ope
r
ati
onal
…
(
Udar
i
Gnane
s
hw
ar
a
C
har
y
)
197
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
.
OT
As
c
ome
in
va
r
ious
types
,
includin
g
volt
a
ge
-
c
ontr
oll
e
d
OT
A
(
VC
O)
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
-
c
ontr
oll
e
d
OT
A
(
C
C
O)
,
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
OT
A,
va
r
iable
ga
in
OT
A
,
a
nd
s
witche
d
-
c
a
pa
c
it
or
OT
A
[
4
]
–
[
6]
.
I
n
many
a
ppli
c
a
t
ions
,
the
OT
A
s
tands
a
s
the
a
na
log
int
e
g
r
a
ted
c
i
r
c
uit
block
with
the
highes
t
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
De
s
igni
ng
lo
w
-
powe
r
OT
As
pos
e
s
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
c
ons
ider
ing
the
incr
e
a
s
ing
im
por
tanc
e
of
low
-
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
in
mobi
le
de
vice
s
.
T
his
is
due
to
the
t
r
a
de
-
of
f
be
t
we
e
n
s
pe
e
d,
powe
r
,
a
nd
ga
in,
a
s
thes
e
pa
r
a
met
e
r
s
of
ten
c
onf
li
c
t
[
7]
–
[
10]
.
Va
r
ious
tec
hniques
a
r
e
a
va
il
a
ble
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
c
onc
e
r
ns
,
a
nd
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
a
ppr
opr
iate
tec
hnology
be
c
omes
c
r
uc
ial,
e
s
pe
c
ially
f
or
medic
a
l
a
ppli
a
nc
e
s
.
One
s
uc
h
tec
hnique
is
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
[
11]
–
[
13
]
.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
in
O
T
A
de
s
igns
e
nha
nc
e
s
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
[
14]
,
[
15]
.
I
t
invol
ve
s
r
e
c
yc
li
ng
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
that
f
lows
thr
ough
the
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
load
ba
c
k
to
the
inp
ut
s
tage
,
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
d
thr
ough
the
int
r
oduc
ti
on
of
a
f
e
e
dba
c
k
loop
[
16]
–
[
18
]
.
B
y
a
ll
owing
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
to
r
e
tur
n
to
the
input
s
tage
ins
tea
d
of
dis
s
ipating
he
a
t,
the
OT
A
c
a
n
a
c
hieve
higher
ga
in,
im
pr
ove
d
li
ne
a
r
it
y
,
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
[
19]
,
[
20]
.
T
his
tec
hnique
is
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
be
ne
f
icia
l
in
low
-
powe
r
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
s
whe
r
e
mi
nim
izing
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
c
r
it
ica
l
[
21]
–
[
2
4]
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
c
a
n
be
im
pleme
nted
in
va
r
ious
wa
ys
,
a
s
e
xplaine
d
be
low.
T
he
f
olded
-
c
a
s
c
ode
OT
A
is
a
w
idely
us
e
d
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
that
f
e
a
tur
e
s
two
s
tage
s
-
a
c
a
s
c
ode
s
tage
a
nd
a
c
omm
on
-
s
our
c
e
s
tage
.
I
t
e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
r
e
us
e
s
the
bias
c
ur
r
e
nts
,
ther
e
by
r
e
duc
ing
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
he
c
a
s
c
ode
s
tage
pr
ovides
high
ga
in,
while
the
c
omm
on
-
s
our
c
e
s
tage
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
or
,
e
na
bli
ng
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
[
25
]
,
[
26
]
.
T
he
f
old
e
d
-
c
a
s
c
ode
OT
A
e
xhibi
ts
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
li
ne
a
r
it
y
a
nd
h
igh
ga
in,
making
it
s
uit
a
ble
f
o
r
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
27]
.
T
he
bulk
-
dr
iven
O
T
A
us
e
s
the
bulk
ter
mi
na
l
of
meta
l
oxide
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
(
M
OS
)
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
bias
c
ur
r
e
nts
,
r
e
duc
ing
the
ne
e
d
f
or
e
xt
r
a
bias
ing
c
ir
c
uit
r
y.
B
y
doing
s
o,
it
a
c
hieve
s
powe
r
e
f
f
ic
ienc
y
by
r
e
us
ing
c
ur
r
e
nts
in
the
bias
ing
ne
twor
k.
T
his
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
is
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
a
dva
ntage
ous
f
o
r
low
-
powe
r
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
whe
r
e
mi
nim
izing
powe
r
c
on
s
umpt
ion
is
c
r
it
ica
l
[
28]
,
[
29]
.
T
he
a
da
pti
ve
bias
ing
OT
A
dyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
a
djus
ts
the
b
ias
c
ur
r
e
nts
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
input
s
ignal
a
mpl
it
ude
.
I
t
e
mpl
oys
a
f
e
e
dba
c
k
mec
ha
nis
m
to
va
r
y
the
bias
c
ur
r
e
nts
,
e
ns
ur
ing
opti
mu
m
powe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
while
maintaining
li
ne
a
r
it
y.
T
his
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
us
e
f
ul
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
with
va
r
ying
s
ignal
c
ondit
ions
,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
r
e
c
e
iver
s
,
wh
e
r
e
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
c
a
n
be
r
e
duc
e
d
dur
ing
low
s
ignal
leve
ls
[
30]
–
[
32]
.
Ope
r
a
ti
ng
in
the
s
ubthr
e
s
hold
r
e
gion
a
ll
ows
the
OT
A
to
a
c
hieve
ult
r
a
-
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
B
y
leve
r
a
ging
s
ubthr
e
s
hold
ope
r
a
ti
o
n,
the
OT
A
take
s
a
dva
ntage
of
the
e
xpone
nti
a
l
r
e
la
ti
ons
hip
be
twe
e
n
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
volt
a
ge
in
we
a
k
inver
s
ion,
lea
ding
to
r
e
duc
e
d
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
[
33]
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
is
c
r
uc
ial
in
s
ubthr
e
s
hold
OT
As
to
maintain
r
e
a
s
ona
ble
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
leve
ls
while
mi
nim
izin
g
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
[
34]
.
T
he
c
a
s
c
ode
OT
A
us
e
s
a
c
a
s
c
ode
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
to
a
c
hieve
high
ga
in
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
B
y
r
e
us
ing
bias
c
ur
r
e
nts
be
twe
e
n
the
c
a
s
c
ode
s
tag
e
s
,
thi
s
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
uti
li
z
e
s
powe
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
[
35]
,
[
36]
.
T
he
c
a
s
c
ode
c
ur
r
e
nt
-
r
e
us
e
d
O
T
A
is
we
ll
-
s
uit
e
d
f
or
high
-
ga
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
f
il
ter
s
a
nd
ins
tr
umenta
ti
on
a
mpl
if
ier
s
[
37]
.
T
he
s
witche
d
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
OT
A
e
mpl
oys
c
ha
r
ge
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
tec
hniques
to
a
c
hieve
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
.
I
t
uti
li
z
e
s
c
locke
d
s
witche
s
to
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
c
ha
r
ge
s
be
twe
e
n
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
tage
s
,
e
na
bli
ng
e
f
f
icie
nt
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
c
yc
li
ng.
T
his
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
is
c
omm
only
us
e
d
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
r
e
quir
ing
h
igh
-
s
pe
e
d
a
na
log
s
ignal
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
witche
d
-
c
a
pa
c
it
or
f
il
ter
s
a
nd
da
ta
c
onve
r
ter
s
[
38
]
.
T
his
OT
A
c
ombi
ne
s
the
a
dva
ntage
s
o
f
a
da
pti
ve
bias
ing
a
nd
bulk
-
dr
iven
tec
hniques
.
Us
ing
the
bulk
-
dr
iven
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
bias
ing
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
a
n
a
da
pti
v
e
bias
ing
mec
ha
nis
m
a
c
hieve
s
high
powe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
a
da
ptabili
ty
to
va
r
ying
s
ignal
c
ondit
ions
[
39]
.
T
his
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
f
inds
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
low
-
powe
r
s
e
ns
or
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
-
powe
r
e
d
s
ys
tems
.
T
he
s
our
c
e
-
de
ge
ne
r
a
ted
OT
A
int
r
oduc
e
s
a
r
e
s
is
tor
in
the
s
our
c
e
br
a
nc
h
of
the
t
r
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
s
tag
e
,
e
nha
nc
ing
the
li
ne
a
r
it
y
a
nd
powe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
I
t
e
na
bles
be
tt
e
r
c
ontr
ol
ove
r
the
ga
in
a
nd
f
a
c
il
it
a
tes
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
,
making
it
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
whe
r
e
high
li
ne
a
r
it
y
a
nd
powe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l,
s
uc
h
a
s
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
.
As
e
xplaine
d
a
bove
,
e
a
c
h
method
o
f
f
e
r
s
it
s
own
a
dva
ntage
s
a
nd
dis
a
dv
a
ntage
s
,
de
pe
nding
on
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
r
e
qui
r
e
ments
of
the
O
T
A
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
[
40
]
–
[
42
]
.
As
e
xplaine
d
a
bove
,
the
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
e
xplor
e
d
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
thes
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
L
ow
-
powe
r
de
s
ign
tec
hniques
s
uc
h
a
s
duty
c
yc
li
ng,
s
ub
-
thr
e
s
hold
ope
r
a
ti
on,
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
ha
r
ve
s
ti
ng
ha
ve
be
e
n
e
mpl
oye
d
to
e
xtend
ba
tt
e
r
y
l
i
f
e
.
How
e
ve
r
,
thes
e
methods
of
ten
c
ompr
omi
s
e
nois
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
or
a
dd
c
ompl
e
xit
y
to
the
c
i
r
c
uit
de
s
ign.
Nois
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
tec
hniques
li
ke
c
hoppe
r
s
tabili
z
a
ti
on
c
or
r
e
late
d
double
s
a
mpl
ing,
a
nd
f
il
ter
ing
ha
s
a
ls
o
be
e
n
uti
li
z
e
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
ignal
int
e
gr
it
y.
W
hil
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
c
e
r
tain
c
ontexts
,
thes
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
c
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
or
r
e
qui
r
e
mor
e
c
ompl
e
x
c
ir
c
uit
r
y
,
making
them
les
s
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
powe
r
-
c
ons
tr
a
ined
im
planta
ble
de
vice
s
.
I
n
s
ome
c
a
s
e
s
,
the
c
onc
e
pt
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
ha
s
be
e
n
inves
ti
ga
ted
i
n
a
na
log
c
ir
c
uit
s
to
im
pr
ove
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
invol
ve
s
r
e
c
yc
li
ng
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
withi
n
the
c
ir
c
uit
to
r
e
duc
e
ove
r
a
ll
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
Although
pr
omi
s
ing,
it
s
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
in
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
domain
of
E
C
G
a
na
logue
c
ir
c
uit
s
f
or
im
planta
ble
de
vice
s
r
e
mains
unde
r
e
xplor
e
d,
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
a
n
oppor
tuni
ty
f
or
innovation.
C
ur
r
e
n
t
r
e
us
e
d
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
s
(
C
R
-
OT
As
)
a
ls
o
play
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
ole
in
the
r
e
a
lm
of
qua
ntum
c
omput
ing
a
nd
qua
ntum
e
lec
tr
onics
due
to
thei
r
a
bil
it
y
to
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
mana
ge
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
io
n
while
maintaining
high
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
[
43]
–
[
45
]
.
T
he
s
e
a
mpl
if
ier
s
a
r
e
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
va
luable
in
qua
ntum
s
ys
tems
whe
r
e
the
pr
e
c
is
ion
a
nd
s
tabili
ty
of
s
ignal
a
mpl
if
i
c
a
ti
on
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ial.
C
R
-
OT
As
ope
r
a
te
by
r
e
us
ing
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
96
-
207
198
in
mul
ti
ple
s
tage
s
of
the
a
mpl
i
f
ier
,
r
e
duc
ing
the
o
ve
r
a
ll
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
e
nha
nc
ing
the
li
ne
a
r
it
y
a
nd
ba
ndwidth
of
the
de
vice
.
T
his
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
is
vit
a
l
i
n
qua
ntum
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
46]
–
[
51
]
,
whe
r
e
maintai
ning
low
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
is
c
r
it
ica
l
to
m
ini
mi
z
e
ther
mal
nois
e
a
nd
de
c
ohe
r
e
nc
e
.
T
he
im
pr
ove
d
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
C
R
-
OT
As
e
ns
ur
e
s
that
qua
ntum
s
ignals
c
a
n
be
a
mpl
if
ied
wi
th
mi
nim
a
l
dis
tor
ti
on,
pr
e
s
e
r
ving
the
int
e
g
r
it
y
o
f
qua
ntum
inf
or
mation.
F
u
r
ther
mor
e
,
thei
r
c
ompac
t
de
s
ign
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
powe
r
r
e
quir
e
ments
make
them
s
ui
table
f
or
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
int
o
the
highl
y
s
e
ns
it
ive
a
nd
s
pa
c
e
-
c
ons
tr
a
ined
e
nvir
onments
typi
c
a
l
of
qua
ntum
c
omput
ing
ha
r
dwa
r
e
[
52]
–
[
55
]
.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
C
R
-
OT
As
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
c
omponents
in
a
dva
nc
ing
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
s
c
a
lable
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nt
qua
ntum
s
ys
tems
.
T
he
or
ga
niza
ti
on
of
the
r
e
maining
pa
pe
r
is
a
s
f
ol
lows
:
s
e
c
ti
on
2
de
lves
int
o
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique,
e
xplaining
it
s
p
r
inciples
a
nd
va
r
iations
.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
r
e
s
ult
s
obtaine
d
thr
ough
s
im
ulations
,
va
li
da
ti
ng
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
tec
hnique.
S
e
c
ti
on
4
pr
ovides
a
n
in
-
de
pth
a
na
lys
is
a
nd
int
e
r
pr
e
tation
of
the
r
e
s
ult
s
with
a
de
tailed
dis
c
us
s
ion.
F
inally,
the
pa
pe
r
is
c
onc
luded
in
s
e
c
ti
on
5.
T
hr
ough
the
e
xplor
a
ti
on
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
in
O
T
A
s
,
thi
s
pa
pe
r
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
the
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
lo
w
-
powe
r
a
na
log
c
ir
c
uit
de
s
igns
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
in
the
c
ontext
o
f
medic
a
l
a
ppli
a
nc
e
s
.
2.
P
ROP
OS
E
D
CU
RR
E
NT
RE
USE
AR
CHI
T
E
C
T
UR
E
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
is
a
be
ne
f
icia
l
tec
hnique
e
mpl
oye
d
i
n
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
s
(
OT
As
)
to
e
nha
nc
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
O
T
As
typi
c
a
ll
y
c
ons
ume
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
a
mount
of
powe
r
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
the
t
r
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
s
tage
.
B
y
im
pleme
nti
ng
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
,
the
OT
A
c
a
n
r
e
c
yc
le
a
por
ti
on
of
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lowing
thr
ough
thi
s
s
tage
ins
tea
d
of
dis
s
ipating
it
a
s
he
a
t
[
29]
–
[
32
]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
one
dr
a
wba
c
k
of
O
T
A
de
s
ign
is
the
inc
r
e
a
s
e
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
thi
s
,
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
ha
s
be
e
n
int
r
oduc
e
d
to
opti
mi
z
e
powe
r
uti
li
z
a
ti
on.
B
y
e
mpl
oying
s
ha
r
e
d
bias
de
vice
s
to
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
he
a
dr
oom,
or
thogonal
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
tr
a
de
-
of
f
be
twe
e
n
nois
e
a
nd
powe
r
.
I
n
a
two
-
c
ha
nne
l
de
s
ign,
or
thogonal
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
r
e
quir
e
s
s
pli
tt
ing
the
in
put
of
the
s
e
c
ond
c
ha
nne
l
in
to
two
identica
l,
h
a
lf
-
s
ize
d
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
pa
ir
s
that
u
ti
li
z
e
the
d
r
a
in
c
u
r
r
e
nts
f
r
om
the
f
i
r
s
t
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
tail
c
ur
r
e
nts
[
33
]
.
T
h
is
de
s
ign
c
a
n
a
c
c
omm
oda
te
mul
ti
ple
s
ignal
c
ha
nne
ls
,
e
a
c
h
with
the
s
a
me
a
mpl
if
ier
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
,
by
s
tac
king
a
ddit
ional
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
pa
ir
s
,
f
ur
the
r
i
mpr
oving
th
e
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
it
a
ll
ows
f
o
r
ult
r
a
-
low
powe
r
ope
r
a
ti
on
unde
r
ve
r
y
low
volt
a
ge
s
uppli
e
s
without
c
ompr
omi
s
ing
nois
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
OT
A
de
s
ign
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
1
inco
r
por
a
tes
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
o
r
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
e
f
f
icie
nt
c
ur
-
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
.
T
he
us
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hniques
is
wide
s
pr
e
a
d
in
a
na
log
c
ir
c
ui
t
de
s
ign
a
s
it
m
ini
mi
z
e
s
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
c
hip
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
is
tec
hniqu
e
invol
ve
s
r
e
us
ing
a
n
a
lr
e
a
dy
ge
ne
r
a
ted
c
ur
r
e
nt
in
one
pa
r
t
of
the
c
i
r
c
uit
r
a
ther
than
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
a
ne
w
c
ur
r
e
n
t
f
r
om
s
c
r
a
tch
in
a
nother
pa
r
t.
T
he
c
ompl
e
menta
r
y
meta
l
oxide
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
(
C
M
OS
)
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
or
,
a
vi
tal
c
omponent
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hniques
,
is
e
mpl
oye
d
to
a
c
hieve
thi
s
goa
l.
I
n
a
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
c
ir
c
uit
,
the
out
put
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
one
s
tage
is
f
e
d
ba
c
k
to
s
e
r
ve
a
s
t
he
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
or
a
nother
s
tage
.
T
his
e
na
bles
s
ubs
e
que
nt
s
tage
s
to
uti
li
z
e
the
s
a
me
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
a
s
the
pr
e
vious
s
tage
s
,
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
r
e
duc
ing
the
ove
r
a
ll
powe
r
c
o
ns
umpt
ion
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
.
T
he
c
or
e
p
r
inciple
o
f
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
with
C
M
OS
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
or
s
is
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
by
bias
ing
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
tr
a
ns
is
tor
in
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion
a
nd
then
r
e
us
ing
thi
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
in
mul
t
ipl
e
c
i
r
c
uit
blocks
.
T
his
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
a
n
be
r
e
pli
c
a
ted
by
e
mpl
oying
a
s
e
r
ie
s
of
mi
r
r
or
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
c
onne
c
ted
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
,
w
it
h
e
a
c
h
s
upplyi
ng
the
r
e
quir
e
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
to
the
load
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
in
e
a
c
h
block
.
I
n
the
C
M
OS
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
o
r
c
onc
e
pt,
two
matc
he
d
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
,
typi
c
a
ll
y
a
p
-
c
ha
nne
l
a
nd
a
n
n
-
c
ha
nne
l
meta
l
–
oxide
–
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
f
i
e
ld
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
tr
a
ns
is
tor
(
M
OSF
E
T
)
,
a
r
e
ut
il
ize
d
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
“
mi
r
r
or
”
c
ur
r
e
nt
that
is
pr
opor
t
ional
to
the
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
ur
r
e
nt.
T
he
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lows
thr
ough
the
s
our
c
e
of
t
he
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
tr
a
ns
is
tor
a
nd
is
mi
r
r
o
r
e
d
thr
ough
the
dr
a
in
of
the
mi
r
r
o
r
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
.
T
he
C
M
OS
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
or
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ons
is
ts
of
two
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
c
onne
c
ted
in
a
c
omm
on
s
our
c
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on,
with
their
ga
tes
a
nd
dr
a
ins
c
onne
c
ted
in
s
e
r
ies
.
T
he
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
is
typi
c
a
ll
y
bias
e
d
in
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion,
while
the
mi
r
r
o
r
tr
a
ns
is
tor
ope
r
a
tes
in
the
tr
iode
r
e
gion.
B
y
c
a
r
e
f
ull
y
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
a
s
pe
c
t
r
a
ti
o
of
the
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
,
the
mi
r
r
or
e
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
a
n
c
los
e
ly
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
the
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
ur
r
e
nt.
O
ne
of
the
pr
im
a
r
y
a
dva
ntage
s
of
C
M
OS
c
ur
r
e
nt
mi
r
r
or
s
is
t
he
ir
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
making
them
highl
y
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
low
-
powe
r
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
Addit
ionally,
us
ing
c
ompl
e
menta
r
y
M
OSF
E
T
s
in
the
c
i
r
c
uit
e
ns
ur
e
s
mi
nim
a
l
volt
a
ge
dr
op
a
c
r
os
s
the
m
ir
r
o
r
tr
a
ns
is
tor
,
ther
e
by
mi
nim
izing
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
T
he
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
)
o
f
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
pa
ir
c
a
n
be
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
:
=
1
−
2
=
∗
(
(
1
−
)
−
(
2
−
)
)
=
∗
(
1
−
2
)
T
he
output
vo
lt
a
ge
(
)
of
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
ial
pa
ir
can
be
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
HSP
I
C
E
s
imulat
ion
and
analys
is
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
d
ope
r
ati
onal
…
(
Udar
i
Gnane
s
hw
ar
a
C
har
y
)
199
=
−
3
∗
(
(
−
∗
)
−
)
=
−
3
∗
(
−
(
∗
(
1
−
2
)
)
∗
−
)
F
igur
e
1.
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
i
r
c
ui
t
3.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ON
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
AN
AL
Y
S
I
S
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
i
r
c
uit
wa
s
de
s
igned
a
nd
s
im
ulate
d
us
ing
the
HSP
I
C
E
s
im
ulato
r
,
a
wide
ly
r
e
c
ognize
d
a
nd
tr
us
ted
tool
in
the
indus
tr
y
f
or
C
M
OS
c
ir
c
uit
de
s
ign
a
nd
a
na
lys
is
.
HSP
I
C
E
is
r
e
nowne
d
f
o
r
it
s
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
in
modeling
c
ompl
e
x
e
lec
tr
onic
c
ir
c
uit
s
,
making
it
an
idea
l
c
hoice
f
o
r
our
wo
r
k.
T
he
s
i
mul
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
invol
ve
d
de
ve
lopi
ng
a
de
tailed
HSP
I
C
E
c
ode
tailor
e
d
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
f
or
our
c
ir
c
uit
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
that
a
ll
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
it
s
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
we
r
e
tho
r
oughly
e
xa
mi
ne
d.
T
his
include
d
the
im
pleme
ntation
o
f
our
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
a
nd
the
e
va
luation
of
c
r
it
ica
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
nois
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
i
on.
T
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
96
-
207
200
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
HSP
I
C
E
c
ode
p
r
ovided
a
pr
e
c
is
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
ntation
of
the
c
i
r
c
uit
’
s
be
ha
vior
,
e
na
bli
ng
us
to
ve
r
if
y
a
nd
opti
mi
z
e
it
s
de
s
ign
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly.
3.
1.
I
n
p
u
t
n
e
t
li
s
t
f
il
e
(
HS
P
I
CE
c
o
d
e
)
HSP
I
C
E
c
ode
is
a
powe
r
f
ul
a
na
log
a
nd
mi
xe
d
-
s
ignal
c
ir
c
uit
s
im
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ign
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r
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ted
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ir
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C
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ious
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ir
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it
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ys
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HSP
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C
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e
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ult
s
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it
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s
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r
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f
or
c
ir
c
uit
de
s
igner
s
.
T
he
de
ve
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HSP
I
C
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ode
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d
c
ir
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uit
is
a
s
de
tailed
a
s
f
o
l
l
ows
.
.option
post
n
om
od
.op
.temp
30
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Use
_
AGAUSS
_
F
or
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t=
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PARHIER
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L
O
CA
L
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MODMONTE
=
0
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MONTECON
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1
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PORT
_
VOLTAGE
_
SCALE
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TO
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2X
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1
.
va
ri
at
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n
Option
OUTPUT
_
SIGMA
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V
A
L
UE
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.end
_
variation vdd
1
0
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0.4
mt1
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mt4 vout1n vinp 3 1 p12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt5 vout1p vinn 3 1 p12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt6
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vout1n
4
1
p12
l=0.56u
w=0.5u
mt7
voutn
vout1p
4
1
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w=0.5u
mt8 vout1n vinp
5 0 n12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt9 vout1p vinn 5 0 n12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt10 6 6 voutp 1 p12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt11
6
6
voutn
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w
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0
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mt12
5
vout1n
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0
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0
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mt16
16
15
0
0
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mt17
15
15
0
0
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u
mt18
14
16
0
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mt19
15
vinn
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1
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mt20
16
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1
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m21
14
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1
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mt22 13 ibias 1 1 p12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt23 ibias ibias 1 1 p12 l=0.56u w=0.5u
mt24 22 voutp 24 0 n12 l=0.3u w=0.29u
mt25
Out
voutn
24
0
n12
l=0.3u
w=0.29u
mt26 22 22 1 1 p12 l=0.3u w=0.29u
mt27
Out
22
1
1
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l=0.3u
w
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9u
mt28
24
vbias
0
0
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vb
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0
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0.4
.tran
1n
450n
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sweep
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0
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tran
vdd
_
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v
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Af
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unning
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HS
P
I
C
E
s
im
ul
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tor
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the
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e
tr
ieve
d
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
a
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lyze
d
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ter
ms
o
f
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r
a
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ient
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lys
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r
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M
onte
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a
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lo
a
na
ly
s
is
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whic
h
a
r
e
de
tailed
a
s
f
o
ll
ows
.
3.
2.
T
r
an
s
ient
an
alys
is
T
r
a
ns
ient
a
na
lys
is
is
a
vit
a
l
tec
hnique
e
mpl
oye
d
in
a
na
log
c
ir
c
uit
de
s
ign
to
e
xa
mi
ne
the
dyna
mi
c
be
ha
vior
of
a
c
ir
c
uit
ove
r
ti
me.
I
ts
p
r
im
a
r
y
ob
jec
ti
ve
is
to
s
im
ulate
the
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
r
e
s
pons
e
to
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
input
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
HSP
I
C
E
s
imulat
ion
and
analys
is
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
d
ope
r
ati
onal
…
(
Udar
i
Gnane
s
hw
ar
a
C
har
y
)
201
s
ignal
a
nd
a
na
lyze
the
r
e
s
ult
ing
output
wa
ve
f
or
m
.
Du
r
ing
tr
a
ns
ient
a
na
lys
is
,
a
ti
me
-
va
r
ying
input
s
ignal
is
a
ppli
e
d
to
the
c
ir
c
uit
,
a
nd
the
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
r
e
s
pons
e
is
obs
e
r
ve
d
a
s
the
s
ignal
c
ha
nge
s
ove
r
ti
me.
T
he
be
h
a
vior
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
,
including
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
or
m
s
,
is
r
e
c
or
de
d
a
nd
a
na
lyze
d
to
e
xtr
a
c
t
c
r
uc
ial
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
s
uc
h
a
s
r
is
e
ti
me
(
the
ti
me
take
n
f
or
a
s
ignal
to
tr
a
ns
it
ion
f
r
o
m
a
low
to
a
high
leve
l)
,
f
a
ll
ti
me
(
the
ti
me
take
n
f
or
a
s
ignal
to
tr
a
ns
it
ion
f
r
om
a
high
to
a
low
leve
l
)
,
s
e
tt
li
ng
ti
me
(
the
t
im
e
r
e
quir
e
d
f
or
the
output
to
s
tabili
z
e
withi
n
a
s
pe
c
if
ied
tol
e
r
a
nc
e
)
,
a
nd
ove
r
s
hoot
(
the
e
xtent
to
whic
h
the
output
e
xc
e
e
ds
the
f
inal
de
s
ir
e
d
va
lue
be
f
or
e
s
e
tt
li
ng)
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2.
B
y
pe
r
f
or
mi
ng
tr
a
ns
ient
a
na
lys
is
,
de
s
igner
s
c
a
n
e
va
luat
e
the
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
it
mee
ts
the
de
s
ir
e
d
s
pe
c
if
ica
ti
ons
.
T
his
a
na
lys
is
a
ids
in
identif
ying
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
potential
is
s
ue
s
s
uc
h
as
s
ignal
dis
tor
ti
on,
ins
tabili
ty,
or
e
xc
e
s
s
ive
r
e
s
pons
e
ti
mes
,
a
ll
owing
f
or
f
ine
-
tu
ning
a
nd
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
be
ha
vior
.
F
igur
e
2.
T
r
a
ns
ient
a
na
lys
is
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
3.
3
.
P
owe
r
a
n
alys
is
P
owe
r
a
na
lys
is
is
us
e
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
a
de
s
ign.
I
t
invo
lves
e
xa
mi
ning
the
powe
r
c
ons
umed
by
a
de
vice
whe
n
it
is
powe
r
e
d
up
but
n
o
s
ignals
a
r
e
c
ha
nging
va
lue
,
indi
c
a
ti
ng
that
the
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
a
r
e
not
s
witching.
I
n
C
M
OS
de
vice
s
,
thi
s
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
s
tatic
powe
r
a
nd
is
pr
im
a
r
il
y
c
a
us
e
d
by
lea
ka
ge
.
S
ub
-
thr
e
s
hold
lea
ka
ge
oc
c
ur
s
whe
n
a
C
M
OS
ga
te
is
not
c
ompl
e
tely
tur
ne
d
of
f
.
T
he
powe
r
a
na
lys
is
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
is
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
3.
T
he
e
qua
ti
on
f
or
c
a
lcula
ti
ng
the
r
oot
mea
n
s
qua
r
e
(
R
M
S
)
powe
r
,
de
noted
a
s
,
in
a
dir
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
DC
)
c
ir
c
uit
is
given
by
(
1)
:
=
2
(
1)
w
h
e
r
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
in
wa
t
t
s
(
W
)
.
is
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
in
v
o
l
t
s
(
V)
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
or
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
.
R
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
in
o
h
ms
(
ω
)
of
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
or
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
va
lues
f
or
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
r
e
as
in
(
2
)
a
nd
(
3
)
:
=
7
.
9748
−
06
(
2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
96
-
207
202
_
=
8
.
3797
−
06
(
3)
F
igur
e
3.
P
owe
r
a
na
lys
is
of
O
T
A
3.
4
.
AC
an
a
lys
is
AC
a
na
lys
is
is
a
c
r
uc
ial
tool
in
e
lec
tr
onics
,
e
na
bli
ng
e
nginee
r
s
to
unde
r
s
tand
how
c
ir
c
uit
s
r
e
s
pond
to
va
r
ious
input
s
ignal
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
T
h
is
a
na
lys
is
i
s
vit
a
l
f
or
de
s
igni
ng
a
nd
opti
mi
z
ing
f
il
ter
s
,
a
mpl
if
i
e
r
s
,
a
nd
other
c
ir
c
uit
s
that
mus
t
f
unc
ti
on
a
c
c
ur
a
tely
at
s
pe
c
i
f
ic
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
By
e
va
luating
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
,
AC
a
na
lys
is
he
lps
in
identif
ying
how
c
ir
c
uit
s
be
ha
ve
unde
r
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ondit
ions
,
e
ns
ur
ing
they
mee
t
the
r
e
quir
e
d
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
s
tanda
r
ds
.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
AC
a
na
lys
is
is
ins
tr
umenta
l
in
de
ter
mi
ning
a
n
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
ga
i
n,
whic
h
is
the
r
a
ti
o
of
the
output
volt
a
ge
to
the
input
vol
tage
.
S
ince
a
n
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
ga
in
c
a
n
va
r
y
a
c
r
os
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
,
AC
a
na
lys
is
a
ll
ows
e
nginee
r
s
to
pinp
oint
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
whe
r
e
the
a
mpl
if
ier
mai
ntains
it
s
de
s
ir
e
d
ga
in,
e
ns
ur
ing
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
nd
r
e
li
a
ble
ope
r
a
ti
on
withi
n
the
s
pe
c
if
ied
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
.
T
his
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
unde
r
s
tanding
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
de
ve
lopi
ng
high
-
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
e
lec
tr
onic
de
vice
s
a
nd
s
ys
tems
.
AC
An
a
lys
is
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
is
out
li
ne
d
in
F
igur
e
4.
F
igur
e
4.
AC
a
na
lys
is
of
O
T
A
3.
5
.
Nois
e
an
alys
is
Ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
nois
e
a
na
lys
is
(
OT
NA
)
is
a
tec
hnique
us
e
d
in
e
lec
tr
onic
c
i
r
c
uit
s
igns
to
e
va
luate
a
nd
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
the
im
pa
c
t
of
t
r
a
n
s
c
onduc
tanc
e
nois
e
in
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
a
mpl
if
ier
s
a
n
d
other
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
HSP
I
C
E
s
imulat
ion
and
analys
is
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
d
ope
r
ati
onal
…
(
Udar
i
Gnane
s
hw
ar
a
C
har
y
)
203
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ir
c
uit
s
.
T
r
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
nois
e
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
r
a
ndom
f
luctua
ti
ons
in
th
e
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
f
a
de
vice
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
ther
mal
a
git
a
t
io
n
of
c
ha
r
ge
c
a
r
r
ier
s
.
OT
NA
a
im
s
to
pr
e
dict
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
thi
s
nois
e
on
c
ir
c
uit
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
s
uc
h
a
s
volt
a
ge
ga
in,
s
ignal
-
to
-
nois
e
r
a
ti
o,
a
nd
dis
tor
ti
on.
Nois
e
a
na
lys
is
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
F
igur
e
5.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
be
gins
by
modelli
ng
the
nois
e
s
our
c
e
s
withi
n
the
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
de
vice
s
,
c
ons
ider
ing
f
a
c
tor
s
li
ke
c
ha
nne
l
length
modul
a
ti
on,
f
li
c
ke
r
no
is
e
,
a
nd
ther
mal
nois
e
.
T
he
s
e
nois
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
then
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
de
ns
it
ie
s
,
whic
h
pr
ovide
a
mea
s
ur
e
of
nois
e
powe
r
ove
r
a
r
a
nge
o
f
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
B
y
c
a
lcula
ti
ng
the
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
de
ns
it
ies
of
the
c
i
r
c
uit
's
input
a
nd
output
c
ur
r
e
nts
,
OT
NA
e
na
bles
the
e
s
ti
mation
of
the
n
ois
e
c
ontr
ibut
ion
a
t
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
tage
s
.
O
T
NA
inv
olves
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
nois
e
modeling
tec
hniques
s
uc
h
as
the
e
quivale
nt
input
nois
e
model
a
nd
the
e
quivale
nt
input
nois
e
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
model.
T
he
s
e
models
a
ppr
ox
im
a
te
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
nois
e
in
ter
ms
of
e
q
uivale
nt
input
volt
a
ge
a
nd
e
quivale
nt
input
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
B
y
inco
r
por
a
ti
ng
thes
e
models
int
o
th
e
ove
r
a
ll
c
ir
c
uit
a
na
lys
is
,
e
nginee
r
s
c
a
n
e
va
luate
the
nois
e
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
a
nd
make
in
f
or
me
d
de
s
ign
de
c
is
ions
.
F
igur
e
5.
Nois
e
a
na
lys
is
of
O
T
A
T
he
ult
im
a
te
goa
l
of
OT
NA
is
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
im
pa
c
t
of
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
nois
e
on
the
s
ignal
int
e
gr
it
y
a
nd
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
.
I
t
he
lps
de
s
igner
s
opti
mi
z
e
ke
y
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
bias
c
ur
r
e
nts
,
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
ize
s
,
a
nd
f
e
e
dba
c
k
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
ons
to
mi
nim
ize
the
im
pa
c
t
of
nois
e
on
the
de
s
ir
e
d
s
i
gna
l.
B
y
uti
li
z
ing
O
T
NA
,
e
nginee
r
s
c
a
n
a
c
hieve
lowe
r
nois
e
f
igu
r
e
s
,
im
p
r
ove
d
li
ne
a
r
it
y,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
d
ove
r
a
l
l
c
ir
c
uit
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
lea
ding
to
be
tt
e
r
s
ys
tem
de
s
ign
a
n
d
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
in
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
i
nc
ludi
ng
a
udio
a
mpl
if
ier
s
,
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
,
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
.
3.
6
.
M
on
t
e
Car
lo
an
alys
is
T
he
M
onte
C
a
r
lo
s
im
ulation
is
a
modeling
tec
hnique
us
e
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
outcome
s
in
s
it
ua
ti
ons
whe
r
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
p
r
e
dicti
ons
a
r
e
c
ha
ll
e
nging
due
to
the
invol
ve
ment
of
r
a
ndom
va
r
iable
s
.
T
his
method
pr
ovides
ins
ight
s
int
o
the
im
pa
c
t
of
r
is
k
a
nd
unc
e
r
tainty.
Of
ten
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
a
mul
ti
ple
pr
oba
bil
i
ty
s
im
ulation,
the
M
onte
C
a
r
lo
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
a
n
inher
e
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
in
s
im
ulation
tec
hniques
.
I
t
r
e
c
ognize
s
that
the
pr
e
c
is
e
pr
oba
bil
i
ti
e
s
of
va
r
ious
outcome
s
c
a
nnot
be
de
ter
mi
ne
d
de
f
ini
ti
ve
ly
due
to
the
inf
luenc
e
of
r
a
ndom
va
r
iable
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
the
f
oc
us
is
on
r
e
pe
a
tedly
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
r
a
ndom
s
a
mpl
e
s
.
I
n
a
M
onte
C
a
r
lo
s
im
ulation
,
a
n
unc
e
r
tain
va
r
iable
i
s
a
s
s
igned
a
r
a
ndom
va
lue,
a
nd
the
model
is
e
xe
c
uted
to
pr
oduc
e
a
r
e
s
ult
.
T
his
p
r
oc
e
s
s
is
r
e
pe
a
ted
numer
ou
s
ti
mes
,
each
time
a
s
s
igni
ng
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
va
lues
to
the
va
r
iable
unde
r
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on.
Onc
e
the
s
im
ulation
is
f
ini
s
he
d,
the
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
d
to
obtain
an
e
s
ti
mate
.
T
h
e
pr
opos
e
d
wor
k
M
onte
C
a
r
lo
s
im
ulation
a
nd
his
togr
a
m
output
a
r
e
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
s
6
a
nd
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
96
-
207
204
F
igur
e
6.
M
onte
C
a
r
lo
s
im
ulation
F
igur
e
7.
His
togr
a
m
outpu
t
4.
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
AN
D
RE
S
UL
T
AN
AL
Y
S
I
S
WI
T
H
E
XI
S
T
I
N
G
S
T
AT
E
-
OF
-
T
HE
-
AR
T
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
im
planta
ble
medic
a
l
de
vice
s
de
mands
a
r
igor
ous
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
c
i
r
c
uit
de
s
ign,
pr
im
a
r
il
y
f
oc
us
ing
on
mi
nim
izing
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
opti
mi
z
ing
nois
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
thor
oughly
e
xplor
e
s
a
n
innovative
mi
c
r
owa
tt
-
leve
l
E
C
G
a
na
log
c
ir
c
uit
de
s
igned
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
thes
e
c
r
it
ica
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
T
he
c
or
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
in
de
s
igni
ng
im
p
lanta
ble
medic
a
l
de
vice
s
is
e
ns
ur
ing
unobtr
us
ive
ne
s
s
a
nd
longevity,
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
ti
ng
c
ir
c
uit
s
with
e
xc
e
pti
ona
ll
y
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
high
nois
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
r
a
dit
ional
de
s
igns
of
ten
f
a
c
e
tr
a
de
-
of
f
s
be
twe
e
n
t
he
s
e
two
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
but
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
ir
c
uit
leve
r
a
ge
s
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
ba
lanc
e
a
n
d
e
nha
nc
e
both
a
s
pe
c
ts
.
R
e
c
yc
li
ng
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
w
it
hin
the
c
ir
c
uit
r
e
duc
e
s
the
ove
r
a
ll
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
wit
hout
c
ompr
omi
s
ing
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
,
a
c
r
uc
ial
a
dva
nc
e
ment
f
or
e
xtending
the
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
l
if
e
o
f
im
planta
ble
de
vice
s
.
T
he
c
hoice
of
90
nm
C
M
OS
tec
hnology
plays
a
pivot
a
l
r
o
le
in
the
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
im
p
leme
ntation.
T
his
tec
hnology
node
of
f
e
r
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
dva
ntage
s
,
includi
ng
r
e
duc
e
d
lea
ka
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
im
pr
ove
d
s
c
a
li
ng,
whic
h
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
a
c
hieving
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
h
e
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
de
s
ign
p
r
oc
e
s
s
invol
ve
d
e
xtens
ive
s
im
ul
a
ti
ons
to
va
li
da
te
its
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
with
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
f
oc
us
on
n
ois
e
a
nd
pow
e
r
metr
ics
.
S
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
de
mons
tr
a
te
t
h
a
t
at
100
Hz
f
r
e
que
nc
y
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
to
E
C
G
s
ignals
,
th
e
nois
e
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
r
e
a
c
he
s
an
i
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
ve
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
HSP
I
C
E
s
imulat
ion
and
analys
is
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
d
ope
r
ati
onal
…
(
Udar
i
Gnane
s
hw
ar
a
C
har
y
)
205
62.
095
nV/√
Hz
.
T
his
low
nois
e
is
c
r
uc
ial
f
o
r
maint
a
ini
ng
s
ignal
int
e
gr
it
y
a
nd
e
ns
ur
ing
a
c
c
ur
a
te
E
C
G
r
e
a
d
in
gs
,
whic
h
a
r
e
vit
a
l
f
or
pa
ti
e
nt
moni
tor
ing
.
T
he
pow
e
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
a
ls
o
mea
s
ur
e
d
a
t
a
mer
e
8.
379
7
µ
W
,
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
e
duc
ti
on
c
ompar
e
d
to
e
xis
ti
ng
de
s
i
gns
.
T
his
ult
r
a
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
e
ns
ur
e
s
that
the
im
planta
ble
de
vice
can
ope
r
a
te
f
o
r
e
xtende
d
pe
r
iod
s
without
f
r
e
que
nt
ba
tt
e
r
y
r
e
plac
e
ments
,
ther
e
by
e
n
ha
nc
ing
pa
ti
e
nt
c
onve
nienc
e
a
nd
d
e
vice
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
a
na
lys
is
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
method
with
the
e
xi
s
ti
ng
s
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
the
-
a
r
t
methods
in
ter
ms
of
s
upply
volt
a
ge
,
c
ur
r
e
nt,
nois
e
,
ga
in
,
powe
r
,
a
nd
tec
hnology
a
r
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nted
in
T
a
ble
1.
T
a
ble
1.
R
e
s
ult
a
na
lys
is
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
P
r
op
o
s
e
d
[
7]
[
22]
[
28]
S
uppl
y
vo
lt
a
g
e
(
V
)
0.4
0.9
1
0.7
N
o
is
e
0
.
68
60
1.46
1.22
4.11
G
a
in
(
db
)
51.2
4
7
.6
6
4
0
.7
4
38.9
P
ow
e
r
(
W
)
2
.
85
u
3.7u
1
1
.9
u
4
.
32
u
T
e
c
h
nol
og
y
0
.
90
um
0
.
35
um
0
.
35
um
0
.
5um
5.
C
ON
CL
U
S
I
ON
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
mar
ks
a
s
ign
if
ica
nt
a
dva
nc
e
ment
in
the
de
s
ign
o
f
im
planta
ble
medic
a
l
de
vice
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
thr
ough
the
de
ve
lop
ment
of
a
m
icr
owa
tt
-
leve
l
E
C
G
a
na
log
c
ir
c
uit
that
e
xc
e
ls
in
both
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
nois
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
By
leve
r
a
ging
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
us
e
tec
hnique
a
nd
im
pleme
nti
ng
the
c
i
r
c
uit
us
ing
90
nm
C
M
OS
tec
hnology,
we
ha
ve
de
mons
tr
a
ted
that
a
c
hieving
s
ubs
tantial
im
pr
ove
ments
in
thes
e
c
r
it
ica
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
is
pos
s
ibl
e
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
longs
tanding
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
the
f
ield.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
wor
k
int
r
oduc
e
s
a
nove
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
ive
f
e
e
dba
c
k
a
mpl
if
ier
that
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
ne
e
d
s
of
E
C
G
r
e
c
or
dings
by
a
c
hieving
low
nois
e
a
nd
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
he
a
mpl
if
ier
de
s
ign
is
ba
s
e
d
on
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
-
r
e
us
e
d
OT
A.
To
op
ti
mi
z
e
powe
r
-
to
-
nois
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
the
OT
A
incor
por
a
tes
inver
ter
-
ba
s
e
d
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
pa
ir
s
in
it
s
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
.
T
his
c
hoice
im
pr
ove
s
the
tr
a
de
-
of
f
be
twe
e
n
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
nois
e
pe
r
f
or
man
c
e
,
whic
h
is
c
r
uc
ial
f
or
a
c
c
ur
a
te
E
C
G
s
ignal
a
c
quis
it
ion.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
a
c
las
s
-
AB
output
s
tage
is
e
mpl
oye
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
gm/
I
(
t
r
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
pe
r
unit
c
ur
r
e
nt)
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
O
T
A
is
im
pleme
nted
us
ing
a
dva
nc
e
d
90
nm
C
M
OS
tec
hnology
,
leve
r
a
ging
the
be
ne
f
it
s
of
s
c
a
led
-
down
tr
a
ns
is
tor
dim
e
ns
ions
.
T
hr
ough
e
xtens
ive
mea
s
ur
e
ment
a
nd
e
va
luation,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
tea
m
de
mons
tr
a
tes
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
e
xhibi
ts
e
xc
e
pti
ona
l
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
in
ter
ms
of
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
nois
e
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
T
he
a
mpl
if
ier
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
mee
ts
the
r
e
quir
e
ments
f
o
r
c
a
ptu
r
ing
high
-
qua
li
ty
E
C
G
s
ign
a
ls
.
B
y
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
thi
s
low
nois
e
a
nd
low
powe
r
c
a
pa
c
it
ive
f
e
e
dba
c
k
a
mpl
if
ier
,
the
pa
pe
r
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
the
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
E
C
G
r
e
c
or
ding
tec
hnology
.
T
he
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
a
bil
it
y
to
a
c
hieve
good
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
in
ter
ms
of
p
owe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
nois
e
r
e
duc
ti
on,
a
nd
a
c
c
ur
a
te
E
C
G
s
ignal
r
e
c
or
ding
highl
ight
s
it
s
potential
f
or
va
r
ious
he
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
a
nd
biom
e
dica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
ons
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
K
.
B
.
P
a
ndy
a
a
nd
K
.
A
.
S
ha
h,
“
P
e
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
e
vol
ut
io
n
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ty
pe
s
of
C
M
O
S
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
t
a
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ie
r
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
and R
e
s
e
ar
c
h (
I
J
SR
)
, vol
. 2, no. 3, pp. 91
–
96, 2013.
[
2]
L
.
S
he
n,
N
.
L
u,
a
nd
N
.
S
un,
“
A
1
-
V
0.25
-
μ
W
in
ve
r
te
r
s
ta
c
ki
ng
a
mpl
if
ie
r
w
it
h
1.07
noi
s
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
f
a
c
to
r
,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
Sol
id
-
St
at
e
C
ir
c
ui
ts
, vol
. 53, no. 3, pp. 896
–
905, M
a
r
. 2018, doi
:
10.1109/J
S
S
C
.2017.2786724.
[
3]
S
.
M
onda
l
a
nd
D
.
A
.
H
a
ll
,
“
A
13.9
-
nA
E
C
G
a
mpl
i
f
ie
r
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
0.86/0.99
N
E
F
/P
E
F
us
in
g
A
C
-
c
oupl
e
d
O
T
A
-
s
ta
c
ki
ng,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
Sol
id
-
St
at
e
C
ir
c
ui
ts
, vol
. 55, no. 2, pp. 414
–
425, F
e
b
. 2020, doi:
10.1109/J
S
S
C
.2019.2957193.
[
4]
B
.
J
ohns
on
a
nd
A
.
M
ol
na
r
,
“
A
n
or
th
ogona
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
-
r
e
us
e
a
mpl
if
ie
r
f
or
mul
ti
-
c
ha
nne
l
s
e
ns
in
g,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
Sol
id
-
St
at
e
C
ir
c
ui
ts
, vol
. 48, no. 6, pp. 1487
–
1496, J
un. 2013, doi:
10.1109
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S
S
C
.2013.2257478.
[
5]
J
.
Z
ha
ng,
H
.
Z
ha
ng,
Q
.
S
un,
a
nd
R
.
Z
ha
ng,
“
A
lo
w
-
noi
s
e
,
lo
w
-
pow
e
r
a
mpl
if
ie
r
w
it
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
-
r
e
us
e
d
O
T
A
f
or
E
C
G
r
e
c
or
di
ngs
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
B
io
m
e
di
c
al
C
i
r
c
ui
ts
and
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
vol
.
12,
no.
3,
pp.
700
–
708,
J
un.
2018,
doi
:
10.1109/T
B
C
A
S
.2018.2819207.
[
6]
S
.
H
.
H
e
s
a
r
i,
A
.
H
e
da
ya
ti
pour
,
S
.
A
s
la
n
z
a
de
h,
a
nd
S
.
K
.
I
s
la
m,
“
U
lt
r
a
lo
w
-
pow
e
r
O
T
A
f
or
bi
ome
di
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,”
in
2
019
U
ni
te
d
St
at
e
s
N
at
io
nal
C
om
m
it
te
e
of
U
R
SI
N
at
io
nal
R
adi
o
Sc
ie
nc
e
M
e
e
ti
ng
(
U
SN
C
-
U
R
SI
N
R
SM
)
,
J
a
n.
2019,
pp.
1
–
2,
doi
:
10.23919/US
N
C
-
U
R
S
I
-
N
R
S
M
.2019.8712968.
[
7]
G
.
C
.
U
,
B
.
L
,
a
nd
V
.
C
h,
“
500nW
a
lo
w
pow
e
r
s
w
it
c
he
d
c
a
pa
c
it
or
ba
s
e
d
a
c
ti
ve
lo
w
pa
s
s
f
il
te
r
f
or
bi
ome
di
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
V
L
SI
D
e
s
ig
n
&
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
vol
.
7,
no.
5/
6,
pp.
25
–
32,
D
e
c
.
2016,
doi
:
10.5121/vl
s
ic
.2016.7603.
[
8]
B
.
K
.
S
in
gh,
G
.
S
ha
nka
r
,
a
nd
B
.
B
.
J
a
in
,
“
A
n
ove
r
vi
e
w
on
lo
w
vol
ta
ge
lo
w
pow
e
r
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
ta
n
c
e
a
mpl
if
ie
r
(
O
T
A
)
f
or
bi
ome
di
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng T
r
e
nds
and A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
(
I
J
E
T
A
)
, vol
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[
9]
P
.
G
upt
a
a
nd
S
.
L
.
T
r
ip
a
th
i,
“
L
ow
pow
e
r
de
s
ig
n
o
f
bul
k
d
r
iv
e
n
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
ta
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ie
r
,”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
2nd
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
2017
D
e
v
ic
e
s
fo
r
I
nt
e
gr
at
e
d
C
ir
c
ui
t,
D
e
v
I
C
2017
,
M
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r
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2017,
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doi
:
10.1109/DE
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[
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C
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J
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D
e
e
pu,
X
.
Z
ha
ng,
W
.
S
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L
ie
w
,
D
.
L
.
T
. W
ong,
a
nd
Y
.
L
ia
n,
“
A
n
E
C
G
-
on
-
c
hi
p
w
it
h
535
nW
/c
ha
nne
l
in
te
gr
a
te
d
lo
s
s
le
s
s
da
ta
c
ompr
e
s
s
or
f
or
w
ir
e
le
s
s
s
e
ns
or
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
So
li
d
-
St
at
e
C
ir
c
ui
ts
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[
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T
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Y
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W
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ng,
M
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R
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L
a
i,
C
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M
.
T
w
ig
g,
a
nd
S
.
Y
.
P
e
ng,
“
A
f
ul
ly
r
e
c
onf
ig
ur
a
bl
e
lo
w
-
noi
s
e
bi
opot
e
nt
ia
l
s
e
ns
in
g
a
mpl
if
ie
r
w
it
h
1
.96
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